Applied Animal Science最新文献

{"title":"\"June\" Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00044-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00044-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":"Page OFC"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of combining value-added programs on sale prices of calf lots sold through the Superior Livestock Auction","authors":"V. Horton ,&nbsp;G.T. Tonsor ,&nbsp;J.P. Hutcheson ,&nbsp;N. Cernicchiaro ,&nbsp;L.M. Horton ,&nbsp;D.G. Renter","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02638","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>(1) Estimate sale prices of calf lots sold through the Superior Livestock Auction (SLA) with differ- ent combinations of value-added program claims (COM- BO), and (2) compare results from 2 models for estimating prices.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Data included lots of heifers, steers, or mixed-sex calves, averaging 113 to 365 kg, sold from US$50 to $300/45.4 kg, containing 5 to 5,000 home- raised, nonbreeding animals of US origin. Holstein and Holstein-mixed breed, and feeder lots were excluded. Sale channels included country page, internet, private treaty, or video sales. Linear mixed models estimated effects of value-added programs (VAP) for vaccination protocols (VAC24, VAC34(+), VAC45(+), VAC60; full descriptions of each of these Superior Livestock Auction protocols can be found at <span><span>https://superiorlivestock.com/value-added-programs</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>), non-hormone-treated cattle (NHTC), Beef Quality Assurance (BQA), and Global Animal Partner- ship (GAP), on sale prices, controlling for sex, weight, region, and sale month.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Data from 12,158 calf lots sold through SLA in 2019 and 2020 were analyzed. Prices were significantly associated with VAP combina- tion, but dependent on sex (sex × COMBO). Region and weight also significantly affected sale prices. Calf lots with VAC45, NHTC, with or without BQA, and GAP received the highest prices, whereas VAC24 only, VAC34 only, and VAC34 with BQA (no NHTC or GAP) received equal or lower prices than no VAP, regardless of sex. Both regres- sion models supported similar interpretations when con- sidering these specific VAP combinations.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Understanding the marginal impacts of VAP combinations may help produc- ers make informed decisions for profitable management and marketing strategies. Producers should consider whether expected VAP premiums outweigh added costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":"Pages 252-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the use of beef semen on dairy operations: A survey of Idaho dairies","authors":"P.S. Smith ,&nbsp;J.B. Glaze Jr ,&nbsp;H. Tejeda ,&nbsp;J. Piaskowski ,&nbsp;R.J. Collier ,&nbsp;M. Chahine","doi":"10.15232/aas.2025-02660","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2025-02660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to survey current Idaho dairies on their use of beef semen and gain insights into the criteria and decisions made on farm.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>A mail-in survey was sent to all registered Idaho dairies (n = 369). The survey consisted of 40 questions consisting of multiple choice, ranking, and open answer styles. The survey was mailed on August 8, 2022, with a reminder postcard sent on October 8, 2022, to dairies that had not returned the initial survey. The survey was mailed a second time on November 5, 2022, to all the dairies that had not responded to the initial survey. Responses were categorized by dairy herd size and region within Idaho.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>We had a total response rate of 14.1%; of the dairies that responded, 78.8% breed a portion of their herd to beef semen. The use of beef semen was significantly affected by dairy herds size. “Failure to conceive” was ranked most important when deciding which cows were bred to beef, followed by “milk production.” Black Angus was the most chosen breed of a sire, followed by Charolais. Dairies ranked the “breeding service picks the bulls” as most important when selecting beef sires, followed by “calving ease” and “semen cost.” Only 26.8% of dairies raise their own beef × dairy calves, and 69.4% sell the beef × dairy calves as day-old calves. The economic benefit of breeding to beef was evident, with the average price for beef × Holstein, beef × Jersey, and beef × Holstein × Jersey being 3.14×, 1.36×, and 4× that for pure dairy, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>These results add knowledge regarding the on-farm decision when breeding dairy cattle to beef sires. This will help guide future research in beef × dairy animals by keeping on-farm decisions in mind.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":"Pages 265-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole blood immune gene expression in Angus bulls with divergent residual feed intake expected progeny differences","authors":"Yarahy Leal ,&nbsp;Samanthia Johnson ,&nbsp;Modoluwamu Idowu ,&nbsp;Taylor Sidney ,&nbsp;Deborah Ologunagba ,&nbsp;Ibukun M. Ogunade","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02645","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objective was to examine the differ- ences in the whole blood mRNA expression profiles of im- mune-related genes in Angus bulls with either negative or positive residual feed intake expected progeny differences (RFI-EPD).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Twenty Angus bulls with the most negative (n = 10; RFI-EPD = −0.29) and most positive (n = 10; RFI-EPD = 0.26) RFI-EPD values were selected from a group of 106 Angus bulls (average BW = 376 ± 36 kg; 370 ± 1.3 d of age) after a 78-d feed ef- ficiency testing period. At the end of this testing period, blood samples were collected for RNA extraction followed by the mRNA expression analysis of 84 genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity using pathway-focused PCR-based arrays. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were determined using false discovery rate (FDR) ≤0.10.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Results from the analysis revealed a total of 5 DEG (FDR ≤0.10) in bulls with divergent RFI-EPD values. We found <em>IL23A</em> to be up- regulated, whereas <em>IL18</em>, <em>TRAF6</em>, <em>TLR2</em>, and <em>MX1</em> were downregulated in negative RFI-EPD bulls, compared with the positive group. Gene ontology analysis of the DEG indicated the enrichment of different biological pathways linked to innate immune response, NF-κB signaling, cy- tokine and T cell regulation, lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway, and cellular response to bacteria.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>These findings re- vealed that negative RFI-EPD bulls exhibit mRNA ex- pression of genes directly related to immune cell function and biological pathways involved in the activation of anti- microbial mechanisms, pathogen recognition mechanisms, and inflammatory response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":"Pages 230-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture- and polymerase chain reaction–based prevalence of bacterial pathogens in liver abscesses and ruminal wall tissues of beef-on-dairy feedlot cattle fed finishing diets with no additives, tylosin, or antibiotic alternatives to control liver abscesses*","authors":"Mina Abbasi ,&nbsp;Reese Wilson ,&nbsp;Alyssa Deters ,&nbsp;Xiaorong Shi ,&nbsp;Leigh Ann George ,&nbsp;Dale R. Woerner ,&nbsp;Miles Theurer ,&nbsp;Raghavendra G. Amachawadi ,&nbsp;T.G. Nagaraja","doi":"10.15232/aas.2025-02678","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2025-02678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objectives were to investigate the prevalence and concentrations of major bacterial pathogens associated with liver abscesses and ruminal epithelial tissues of beef-on-dairy heifers fed finishing diets containing no additives (negative control), tylosin, or a probiotic (yeast) and zeolite combination to control liver abscesses.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>A total of 74 liver abscesses and 69 ruminal epithelial tissues, collected at slaughter, were subjected to culture-based methods to isolate 5 bacterial species, <em>Fusobacterium necrophorum</em> ssp. <em>necrophorum</em>, <em>F. necrophorum</em> ssp. <em>funduliforme</em>, <em>Trueperella pyogenes</em>, <em>Salmonella enterica</em>, and <em>Escherichia coli</em>, and to a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to determine prevalence and concentrations of the 2 <em>F. necrophorum</em> subspecies. Statistical analyses included Fisher’s exact test for prevalence and ANOVA for bacterial concentrations to compare the treatment groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Both culture method and qPCR assay indicated that the ssp. <em>necrophorum</em> was the dominant pathogen, and the prevalence tended to be greater in the negative control group than in the tylosin or yeast-plus-zeolite groups. The prevalence of ssp. <em>funduliforme</em> was not different between the treatment groups. Concentrations of both subspecies were in log 6 to 7 cfu/g and were not affected by treatment. The prevalence of <em>T. pyogenes</em> and <em>S. enterica</em> were low, but the prevalence of <em>E. coli</em> was high. A total of 5 liver abscesses were negative for both subspecies, suggesting that 6% of abscesses were caused by pathogens other than <em>F. necrophorum</em>. In ruminal tissues, the prevalence of ssp. <em>funduliforme</em> was greater than the ssp. <em>necrophorum</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>The combination of culture method and qPCR assay provided complementary assessment of the prevalence of the major pathogens in liver abscesses of beef-on-dairy cattle, which was similar to that of liver abscesses in cattle of beef breeds. This is the first study that used a qPCR assay to detect and quantify the 2 subspecies of <em>F. necrophorum</em> in liver abscesses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":"Pages 162-175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Call for Submissions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00049-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00049-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 3","pages":"Pages iv-vi"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacillus spp. supplementation stimulates the growth of preweaning bull calves offered milk replacer and pelleted starter supplement","authors":"Giuseppe Copani ,&nbsp;Kimberley Morrill ,&nbsp;Oscar C.M. Queiroz ,&nbsp;Bruno I. Cappellozza","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02626","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>In 2 experiments, the objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a <em>Bacillus</em>-based direct-fed microbial (<strong>DFM</strong>) on growth rates of preweaning dairy bull calves.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>In experiment (Exp.) 1, 62 Holstein-Friesian bull calves were ranked by initial BW and assigned to (1) no DFM supplementation (n = 31; CON) or (2) supplementation of a <em>Bacillus</em>-based DFM in the milk replacer and pelleted feed (n = 31; DFM). Throughout the study, calves were housed individually, milk replacer was offered twice daily with equal amounts being offered twice daily following a programmed feeding. Starting on wk 3 of the study, pelleted feed was offered in controlled amounts to all calves, whereas corn silage and lucerne hay were offered <em>ad libitum</em>. In Exp. 2, 52 Holstein-Friesian bull calves were assigned to the same treatments as reported in Exp. 1 and maintained in group pens, with individual milk and solid feed intake recordings. All data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4), using calf as the experimental unit.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>In Exp. 1, DFM-fed bull calves were heavier versus CON on d 42 and 63 of the study. A similar treatment × day interaction tended to be observed for ADG, so that ADG was greater in DFM from d 21 to 42 and tended to be greater from d 0 to 63. Similarly, in Exp. 2, calves fed DFM were heavier on d 56 (treatment × day interaction). For ADG, DFM-fed bull calves had a greater ADG from d 28 to 56 and 0 to 56. Daily pellet intake and G:F for calves fed milk replacer were greater for DFM-fed calves.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>In summary, feeding a <em>Bacillus</em>-based DFM improved growth rates of low-risk, preweaning Holstein-Friesian bull calves, while also positively affecting milk and solid feed intake. These results indicate that bacterial-based DFM are a feasible strategy to promote the growth rate of calves offered milk replacer preparations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":"Pages 76-84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Effects of select tannin-free grain sorghum varieties on the performance, carcass traits, intestinal morphology, and gene expression of jejunal mucosa of broiler chickens” (Appl. Anim. Sci. 38: 592–606)","authors":"Alissa H. Moritz,&nbsp;William C. Bridges,&nbsp;Stevin Wilson,&nbsp;Michael E. Blair,&nbsp;Robert E. Buresh,&nbsp;James R. Strickland,&nbsp;Mireille Arguelles-Ramos","doi":"10.15232/aas.2025-41-2-0146","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2025-41-2-0146","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":"Page 146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting methane emissions from feedlot cattle and application of prediction equations to a synthetic feedlot steer population","authors":"M.L. Galyean ,&nbsp;K.E. Hales ,&nbsp;B.P. Holland","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02664","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objectives were to develop equations to predict CH₄ emissions specific to feedlot cattle and to apply the equations we derived to a synthetic population of feedlot steers created from a commercial database of close-out data.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>We built a database from the published literature of 98 treatment means from 32 studies that included measures of enteric CH₄ emissions and diet composition in cattle fed feedlot-type diets. Enteric CH₄ emissions averaged 93.2 g/d, with a mean DMI of 6.6 kg/d, and TDN, NDF, and starch concentrations averaging 82.9%, 20.5%, and 48.5%, respectively. Stepwise regression was used to screen potential dietary variables related to daily CH₄ emissions, followed by mixed-model regression to adjust prediction equations for the random effects of study. Close-out data from 3,483 lots of native steers obtained from commercial feedlots in the High Plains region were used to develop a synthetic multivariate normal population of feedlot steers for application of resulting prediction equations.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Two regression equations were derived from the database to predict CH₄ emissions (g/d): one that included only DMI, and one with DMI and TDN. A third equation that included only TDN was derived to predict CH₄ emissions as grams/kilogram of DMI. In addition to regression equations, the use of the database average (adjusted for random effects of study) of 14.11 g of CH₄/kg of DMI also was evaluated. Based on resampling analyses of observed versus predicted values, the equation with both DMI and TDN yielded a lower prediction error (24.7 g/d) and greater r² (0.622) than the DMI-only equation (30.8 g/d and 0.461, respectively). Using the database average of 14.11 g of CH₄/kg of DMI gave similar results to the DMI-only regression equation. When applied to the synthetic feedlot steer population, mean, minimum, and maximum daily CH₄ emissions were 111.2, 64.7, and 183.3 g/d, respectively, for the DMI plus TDN regression equation.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>The regression equations we developed, which use commonly available animal and diet information, can be applied to commercial feedlot data to monitor enteric CH₄ emissions. As additional CH₄ emission data from cattle fed typical feedlot diets become available, our equations can be updated to provide more accurate and precise predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":"Pages 119-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of inclusion of urea and wet distillers grains with solubles in diets based on dry-rolled corn on heifer performance and carcass characteristics","authors":"Brad M. Boyd ,&nbsp;Bryan W. Neville ,&nbsp;Kristin E. Hales ,&nbsp;Andrew P. Foote ,&nbsp;Steven D. Shackelford ,&nbsp;Galen E. Erickson","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02612","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of urea and wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) inclusion on heifer growth performance and carcass characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Crossbred heifers (n = 96) were used to study the effects of 2 inclusion levels of both WDGS and urea in a finishing diet based on dry-rolled corn on performance and carcass characteristics. Heifers were individually fed using a Calan gate system with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were inclusion of WDGS at either 10% or 20% of diet DM and dietary urea at a concentration of either 0.2% or 1.2% DM basis. Cattle were stratified by BW and assigned randomly to treatment. Blood samples were collected at 3 time points during the feeding period and analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen content. The statistical model included urea and WDGS inclusions and their interactions as fixed effects.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>There were no interactions between WDGS and urea inclusion for any performance or carcass characteristics, so only main effects are discussed. There were no differences for final BW, ADG, and G:F on a live or carcass-adjusted basis for either urea or WDGS inclusion in the diet. Dry matter intake was less with increased urea inclusion; however, WDGS inclusion did not influence DMI. No differences were observed for any carcass characteristics because of urea or WDGS inclusion. Plasma urea nitrogen was greater for cattle as either urea or WDGS inclusion increased.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>These data would suggest that when feeding diets based on dry-rolled corn, adding urea beyond that of the 0.2% treatment is not necessary when at least 10% WDGS is included in the diet</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":"Pages 85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}