Asian Journal of Civil Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Investigations on non-linear behavior of castellated steel beams with circular, hexagonal and diamond-shaped openings using CFRP stiffeners","authors":"Kunal Jagdale,&nbsp;Popat Kumbhar,&nbsp;Sachin Kadam","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01421-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01421-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Castellated beams (CSB) are widely used for long-span structural applications due to their high strength-weight ratio. The perforations in CSB causes stress-concentrations at edges and web-post buckling. The provision of stiffeners in the web of CSB contribute in preventing such failures. In recent years, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is preferred material over mild steel for stiffeners. Studies have indicated that FRP stiffeners improves performance of CSB under linear behaviour. However, linear behaviour of CSBs may underestimate actual behaviour leading to inaccurate design decisions. Hence, for accurate representation of CSBs behaviour, its non-linear analysis becomes ‘essential’. In this paper, non-linear behaviour of CSBs consisting ‘circular’, ‘hexagonal’ and ‘diamond’ openings is analyzed under two-point loading (till failure) using ABAQUS and results are validated experimentally. Analysis is done considering without and with provision of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) stiffeners for determining ultimate load-carrying capacity (ULCC) and deflection. Results indicate that, ‘ULCC’ of CSBs consisting ‘diamond’ openings without considering provision of ‘CFRP-stiffeners’ increased by an average value of 14.18% while deflection reduced by an average value of 3.76% when compared over CSBs with circular and hexagonal openings. Additionally, ULCC of CSBs consisting diamond openings with CFRP stiffeners increased by an average value of 17.09% while ‘deflection’ reduced by an average value of 3.25% when compared over CSBs with other openings. Study concludes that CSBs with diamond openings outperforms over CSBs consisting circular and hexagonal openings in respect of ULCC and deflection without and with CFRP stiffeners when subjected to loading till failure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 10","pages":"4219 - 4233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of 3D-printed fiber geometry and content on the mechanical and fracture behavior of cemented sand","authors":"Mohammad Hematibahar,&nbsp;Ali Hasanzadeh,&nbsp;Makhmud Kharun,&nbsp;Amir Ali Milani,&nbsp;Amir Bakhtiyari,&nbsp;Jonas Yoshiriro Namba,&nbsp;Carlos Humberto Martins","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01412-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01412-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study assessed the influence of geometry and dosage of 3D-printed PLA + fibers on the mechanical and fracture behavior of cemented sand stabilized with silica fume. Four fiber geometries—straight (S), enlarged-end (E), indented (I), and hooked-end (H)—were manufactured via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and incorporated into sand specimens stabilized with 7% Portland cement and 0.5% silica fume (by dry weight). After 42 days of curing, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The addition of 5% silica fume enhanced compressive strength by 15%, contributing to improved particle bonding and matrix cohesion. Moreover, the incorporation of 3D-printed fibers enhanced mechanical performance, with gains of up to 30% in compressive strength, 18% in tensile strength, and 25% in flexural strength compared to unreinforced specimens. The stiffness increased significantly with silica fume (E₅₀ = 285.7 MPa) and with indented 3D-printed fibers at 0.6% content (E₅₀ = 236.8 MPa), indicating the contribution of silica fume in refining the soil matrix and enhancing particle bonding through pozzolanic activity. Specimens with enlarged-end fibers (E) exhibited the best overall performance. The energy absorption capacity (EAC) increased by 45%, with values rising from 128.1 MJ/m³ to 209.6 MJ/m³ for specimens containing 0.6% fiber, indicating enhanced toughness and crack resistance. Failure mode analysis revealed a transition from brittle to more ductile and progressive behavior in fiber-reinforced composites. Statistical analyses confirmed the significance of these improvements. Overall, the study highlights the promising role of 3D-printed fibers combined with silica fume as a sustainable and effective reinforcement strategy for improving the strength, ductility, and durability of cemented soils in geotechnical and civil construction applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 9","pages":"3969 - 3992"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of crack sealing efficiency using super absorbent polymer at concrete layer interfaces: a statistical approach","authors":"Rasha Jasim Al Karawi,&nbsp;Merool Vakil","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01417-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01417-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the self-sealing capabilities of concrete enhanced with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) by employing a comprehensive statistical approach to assess crack-sealing efficiency at concrete layer interfaces. The experimental design includes varying SAP ratios (0.2% &amp; 0.4%) and particle sizes (&gt; 600 μm, 600–300 μm, and 300–150 μm), with samples subjected to different sealing mediums, such as water and calcium hydroxide solutions. Key statistical analyses, including empirical cumulative distribution function (CDF), probability plot analysis, and regression analysis. Results indicate a crack-closing ratio of up to 0.947 for SAP particles ≥ 600 μm in Ca (OH)₂ at a 0.4% SAP ratio, outperforming smaller particle sizes (300 − 150), which achieved only 0.64. In water, larger particles (≥ 600 μm) yielded a crack-closing ratio of 0.733, while smaller particles (300–150) reached 0.57. The 0.4% SAP ratio demonstrated greater consistency, as evidenced by lower standard deviations (0.131 in Ca (OH)₂, 0.155 in water) compared to the 0.2% ratio. The application of probability theory, employing Buffon’s needle and Poisson distribution, modeled the SAP-crack interaction, enhancing understanding of sealing probabilities based on SAP distribution within the concrete.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 10","pages":"4151 - 4165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of various types of gum for sustainable construction applications","authors":"Alaa M. E. A. Saleem,&nbsp;Tareg Abdalla Abdalla","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01414-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01414-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural gums, known for their stabilizing and binding properties, are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. They are gaining attention as eco-friendly and biodegradable additives in construction materials. However, their full potential in enhancing construction materials is not yet well understood. This study critically reviews their application in soil stabilization and cement-based materials. A semantic analysis of existing literature was conducted to evaluate their influence on mechanical properties, durability, and environmental performance. Results indicate that natural gums can enhance workability, strength, and soil stability, as well as support more sustainable construction practices. Despite these advantages, challenges remain, including inconsistent biopolymer characteristics, a lack of standardized testing protocols, and limited data on long-term performance. Further research is needed to optimize dosage, establish consistent treatment methods, and assess behavior under varying environmental and loading conditions for broader practical adoption. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 9","pages":"3607 - 3625"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal energy based seismic design of inelastic tuned mass damper","authors":"Mohan K. Rahekwal,&nbsp;Atulkumar Manchalwar,&nbsp;P. B. Nangare","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01406-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01406-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An isolator is a seismic device that reduces the transfer of earthquake forces to a structure by adding flexibility and dissipating energy, effectively decoupling it from ground motion. This enhances structural performance by minimising damage, ensuring safety, and maintaining functionality during seismic events. This project focuses on optimising energy dissipation and improving the seismic resilience of RCC structures through advanced design methodologies and performance evaluation using analytical tools. This study develops an optimal design methodology to protect both structural segments divided by the inter-story isolation system, optimising energy dissipation by the isolation system relative to the total input energy. The research evaluates using lead rubber bearings to improve seismic performance in a six-story moment-resisting RC building, assuming a linear elastic response under dynamic excitations. Using SAP2000, non-linear time history analysis was conducted to analyse seismic responses, focusing on RC structures with non-linear dampers arranged in the inter-story configuration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 9","pages":"3915 - 3925"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing stiffener orientation in cold-formed shear panel dampers for enhanced ductility and energy dissipation","authors":"Ahmed Elgammal,&nbsp;Yasmin Ali","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01398-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01398-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shear panel dampers (SPDs) are essential passive energy dissipation devices in earthquake-resistant structures, designed to yield in shear before other primary members, thereby mitigating seismic damage. The hysteretic response of SPDs is significantly affected by stiffener configurations on their webs, which prevent shear buckling. This study investigates SPDs with three distinct stiffener orientations (transverse, longitudinal, and diagonal) to identify the optimal configuration for enhanced ductility and energy dissipation. A 3D finite element model was developed in ANSYS Workbench to analyze SPDs under lateral cyclic loading, incorporating geometric imperfections and material nonlinearity. The model was validated against experimental data, confirming its accuracy. Subsequently, 18 SPDs, fabricated from cold-formed steel and cold-formed stainless steel, were numerically analyzed to evaluate their hysteretic performance. Results indicate that both transversely stiffened (TSPDs) and longitudinally stiffened (LSPDs) SPDs exhibited more stable hysteretic responses than diagonally stiffened (DSPDs). While DSPDs showed higher initial shear capacity, they demonstrated diminished ductility and energy dissipation due to rapid strength deterioration. LSPDs consistently outperformed TSPDs in buckling resistance, deformation capacity, ductility, and overall energy dissipation. Based on these findings, preliminary predictive design formulae for cold-formed stainless steel LSPDs were derived, offering valuable insights for optimized design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 9","pages":"3797 - 3820"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated deep retrofitting framework for progressive collapse control in RC frames using physics infused graph and multi-agent learning process","authors":"Minakshi Chauragade,&nbsp;Vaishali Mendhe,&nbsp;Shradhesh Marve,&nbsp;Sanket Padishalwar,&nbsp;Tejas R. Patil,&nbsp;Rohit Pawar,&nbsp;Haytham F. Isleem","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01418-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01418-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Progressive collapse is an issue in reinforced concrete (RC) frames and it is one of the most substantial threats concerning safety and economy under extreme loading conditions or partial damage scenarios. Heuristic-based methods also fail to generalise over different frame geometries and loading histories in the process. Addressing these shortcomings is done by a completely deep hybrid framework, which consists of five new modules. First, a Spatio-Temporal Graph Attention Network (ST-GAT) models the damages as they occur through the superstructure topology while using dynamic attention weights to find nodes that are most vulnerable with 92.8% efficiency. Second, Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Retrofit Design (CVAE-RD) performs inverse design of retrofitting layouts conditioned on collapse resistance targets, achieving 97.5% valid design rate and 28.4% cost savings. Third, a Physics Informed Neural Network (PINN-RC) acts as mesh-free surrogate model embedding structural equilibrium laws for efficient prediction of collapse responses (R² = 0.987, 85.6% faster than FEM) in the process. Fourth, Multi-Objective Deep Reinforcement Learning agent (MODRL-Retro) learns sequential retrofit policies using Pareto dominating reward vectors, and process improves cost efficiency by 33.9% in process. Finally, a Bayesian Optimization layer (UABO) improves the calibration of retrofitting plans under uncertainty using Gaussian Processes, increasing the confidence in resistance predictions to 95% (± 3%) in process. This integrated framework significantly advances retrofit optimization by capturing the physics, temporal evolution, and uncertainty of collapse phenomena, offering scalable and intelligent retrofitting strategies for real-world RC structures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 10","pages":"4167 - 4179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropical-friendly self-compacting concrete: fresh, mechanical and durability performance using Indigenous Sudanese Arabic gum, limestone powder and natural pozzolan","authors":"K. Salah Eldin Babikir,&nbsp;Yousif Hummaida Ahmed,&nbsp;M. O. Mahgoub,&nbsp;Tareg Abdalla Abdalla","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01407-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01407-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates the performance of three types of Self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes containing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with different additions of Arabic gum (AG), limestone powder (LSP), and natural pozzolan (NP) to achieve self-compactability. To minimize generated hydration heat, these materials reduce 400 kg/m³ OPC content up to 15% by weight. Primarily, the SCC fresh properties tests are carried out on 22 trial mixes with various water/powder (W/P) ratios to achieve the optimums fresh performance. Then six SCC mixes are selected and, furthermore, tested for extra fresh and hardened SCC properties, including durability against sulfate attack and chloride ingress. The findings indicate that SCC containing 0.2% AG exhibited superior fresh behavior and mechanical performance compared to other mixtures. Additionally, NP incorporation increased shrinkage, whereas LSP enhanced sulfate resistance by reducing surface erosion. In terms of chloride ingress, SCC with 0.2% AG demonstrated improved resistance, while the inclusion of 15% LSP negatively affected chloride penetration resistance. These results provide valuable insights into the potential of AG, LSP, and NP as sustainable alternatives for enhancing SCC performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 9","pages":"3927 - 3949"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-aided regression modeling for green concrete mix optimization with fly ash and recycled aggregates","authors":"Sawan Bahaalddin Rahman,&nbsp;Meer Kamil Hassan,&nbsp;Ahmed Salih Mohammed","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01402-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01402-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to optimize the compressive strength (CS) of eco-concrete mixes that contain fly ash (FA), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Using 324 datasets, a multivariate predictive modeling framework was created to guarantee excellent quality and consistency in production processes. CS optimization is crucial as a performance measure for industrial manufacturing of these alternatives. This research aims to develop a novel combination of designs and testing methods to improve the compressive strength of sustainable building materials. By enhancing their construction sustainability, these materials can support the sector's sustainability and meet the structural needs of various applications. This study employs multivariate predictive modeling to assess important variables systematically. This approach enables a comprehensive analysis of the various factors that interact to predict outcomes. Researchers can better understand the complex relationships by considering multiple variables simultaneously. Analytical models were built using 324 datasets collected from earlier research and nine input factors, including curing age, RCA replacement ratio, and W/C ratio, to assess the performance of four regression models: power equation (PE), non-linear (NLR), linear (LR), and multilinear (MLR). The independent variables are cement, 40 to 635 kg/m³; SCMs, 0 to 592 kg/m³; W/CMs, 0.25 to 0.45; fine aggregate (FA), 676 to 1033 kg/m³; coarse aggregate (RCA), 478 to 890 kg/m³; superplasticizer (SP), 1.21 to 8.60 kg/m³; recycled content, 0 to 1; cube size (CSZ), 70 to 150 mm; and curing age (CAG), 7 to 120 days. The study's compressive strength (CS), which ranged from 7.17 to 84.72 MPa, claimed different mix proportions and curing regimes. Four models were developed to predict the compressive strength (CS) of FA and SCM-based concrete using recycled aggregates, employing four different regression techniques: linear regression (LR), multiple linear regression (MLR), non-linear regression (NLR), and power equation (PE). The MLR model performed better, with a testing R² of 0.8856 and RMSE of 4.39 MPa. The MLR model ranked second, achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.8857 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.50 MPa. A sensitivity analysis revealed that W/CM and curing age were the most influential factors affecting the compressive strength. Additionally, replacing more than 40% of the coarse aggregate with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) resulted in a 20% reduction in compressive strength, due to increased material porosity. These findings suggest that MLR-based models offer reasonably accurate predictions suitable for non-structural concrete applications, while also addressing economic and environmental considerations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 9","pages":"3843 - 3863"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANN-based prediction of natural frequencies in MWCNT-reinforced GFRP hybrid composite plates with double delaminations","authors":"Dhivya Elumalai,&nbsp;Mohit Gupta,&nbsp;Anuj Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s42107-025-01390-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s42107-025-01390-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach is employed to predict natural frequencies in multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced GFRP hybrid composite plates with double delaminations considering without overlapping two delaminations. This methodology is implemented to overcome the computational challenges associated with modeling complex double delamination scenarios implemented in developed finite formulation using higher order shear deformation theory. It was understood from the study that influence of double delamination is significantly more than single delaminations in the plates. It was demonstrated that by utilizing four ANN models that machine learning approaches, particularly Random Forest Regression, can effectively predict properties of MWCNT interfaces with high accuracy (R2 of 0.995). The significant performance gap between linear regression (MSE of 17.20) and ensemble methods like RFR (MSE of 0.26, representing a 98.5% reduction in error) highlights the complex, non-linear nature of the relationships in MWCNT interface systems. The findings conclude that the Random Forest Regression (RFR) model offers the most accurate predictions, closely aligning with the results obtained from the Finite Element Model (FEM) developed for composite plates with double delamination. The complete computational effort using FEM involved analyzing 71,280 delamination scenarios, which required approximately 61.875 days to complete on an HP Workstation Z8 G4. This effort was undertaken to determine the natural frequencies corresponding to various combinations of double delamination positions, weight fractions, and interface characteristics under CCCC boundary conditions. In contrast, by employing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) prediction techniques, the same predictive coverage can be achieved using only 14,256 FEM cases, completing the task in just 12.375 days with significantly reduced error thereby offering a more efficient and reliable alternative to exhaustive FEM simulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8513,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"26 9","pages":"3671 - 3684"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145168269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}