International journal of mass emergencies and disasters最新文献

{"title":"Measuring Community Resilience: An Empirical Evaluation of Two Instruments","authors":"Charleen C. McNeill, M. Garrison, T. Killian","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000201","url":null,"abstract":"Communities’ attempts to recover from disasters will be strengthened if efforts are guided by evidence about community resilience and its underlying components. However, both the definition and operationalization of community resilience are disputed. Currently, there is no single measurement of resilience for all elements comprising resilience for all communities. Exploring what constructs and dimensions of resilience are measured by community resilience instruments may elucidate what components of community resilience are being measured by a particular instrument. This research focuses on two empirical approaches to measure community resilience: The Conjoint Community Resilience Assessment Measure (CCRAM) and the Communities Assessing Resilience Toolkit (CART) to ascertain whether the CCRAM and CART measure a single emergent construct unifying the two instruments or if the instruments measured separate, but related constructs. Comparative psychometric properties of the measures were examined. Data were analyzed using theory-driven Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) models. All CFA models were constructed using Weighted Least Squares Means Variance-adjusted estimators. Model fit was estimated by examining the Comparative Fit Index, the Tucker-Lewis Fit Index, the Root-Mean-Square of Approximation, and the Standardized-Root-Mean-Residual. Results indicate the CCRAM and the CART do not measure the same unifying construct; they each represent their own separate, yet related unifying factors. The individual latent variables in the CCRAM and the CART have generally acceptable psychometric properties. An agreed upon definition of community resilience continues to elude the field. However, studies that compare and contrast measurements of the construct illuminate the core underlying components of the construct providing evidence for common ground about the key components of community resilience. The findings of this research may serve to aid in determining which instrument measuring community resilience is preferred based on the goals of those measuring it as well as the context and community in which it is being measured.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"111 1","pages":"117 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80674308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Review of Earthquake Children: Building Resilience from the Ruins of Tokyo, 2020","authors":"L. Peek","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000205","url":null,"abstract":"“I was at school when the big earthquake struck. I got a terrible shock. Before long it turned into a great fire. We went to the Honjo Clothing Depot to escape the fires. My father got burned and died. My big sister was crushed by people and died. Now it is just me, my mother, my other big sister, and my big brother.” A testimony from Kimura Sayoko, a first-grader in the 1923 Great Kantω Earthquake. (The Big Earthquake 1924 [p. 66 in Earthquake Children]).","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"47 1","pages":"205 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86608297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Qualitative Study of Immediate and Evolving Reactions of Directly-Exposed Survivors of the Oklahoma City Bombing","authors":"S. Abu-Hamad, D. Pollio, Michaela Moden, C. North","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000204","url":null,"abstract":"This study's purpose was to learn about survivors' raw personal experiences of the Oklahoma City bombing in terms of reported actions, thoughts, and feelings, and to examine the evolution of their feelings with the passage of time, post-disaster. A randomly selected sample of 182 directly-exposed survivors of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing were interviewed approximately six months after the disaster and asked four open-ended questions about reactions to the bombing and to reminders of it. Responses to questions were conceptually divided, providing structure for a subsequent qualitative content analysis. Initial thoughts and actions at the time of the bomb blast included efforts to make sense of what was happening and helping themselves and others to safety. Feelings evolved in type and intensity, with varied time courses. Based on these findings, responders, clinicians, and health authorities can anticipate different emotional responses over time, allowing tailoring of mental health interventions to needs.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"IA-21 1","pages":"184 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84609801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stuck in the Middle: The Challenges of Local Government Administration of Post-Hurricane Disaster Mitigation","authors":"Leah Campbell, N. L. Schwaller, M. Nguyen, Gavin Smith","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000203","url":null,"abstract":"The use of post-disaster mitigation strategies such as buyouts and home elevations as climate change adaptation and risk reduction strategies has become increasingly common. Little research to-date, however, has examined the experience of local administrators of these programs, despite the critical role they play as on-the-ground implementers. We interviewed 18 county and town officials from North Carolina who administered the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) following Hurricane Matthew in 2016. Our goal was to better understand the difficulties local administrators face in program implementation and the complexities of their relationship with other program stakeholders. We identified several recurring challenges facing these officials, including limited capacity; staff turnover, program delays; and a lack of flexibility, clarity, and communication. These issues make implementation challenging for administrators and strain their relationships with program participants and higher levels of government, in turn reducing program success and credibility. These results provide valuable insight into the perspective and experience of local administrators as HMGP implementers.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"8 1","pages":"155 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87795587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 2016 Kaikωura Earthquake: Experiences of Safety, Evacuation, and Return for Apartment Dwellers in Te Whanganui-a-Tara, Aotearoa New Zealand","authors":"D. Blake, J. Becker, Darrin Hodgetts, Angela Hope","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000103","url":null,"abstract":"This research explores the ways in which safety and emotion were drivers of evacuation for people residing in high-density inner-city housing in the Central Business District of Te Whanganui-a-Tara (Wellington) following the 2016 Kaikωura earthquake. Drawing predominantly on qualitative free-response answers from a survey of 803 people approximately one year after the Kaikωura earthquake, the study argues that ontological insecurity was a key driver of people's actions. Key themes identified in relation to ontological insecurity and emotional responses were the severity of the shaking and how it was experienced, the building damage, official warnings, the ongoing earthquake aftershocks, and the social actions of others. This work argues that with the ongoing growth in high-density inner-city living, disaster risk and emergency management should encompass preparedness, response, and recovery strategies that include emotional responses and social processes while valuing the specificity of inner-city living.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"50 1","pages":"58 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86707838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting Emergency Service Workers’ Resilience: Resources and Coping Strategies","authors":"L. Gerhold, Sophie Kröling, S. Sterl","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000104","url":null,"abstract":"Emergency service workers are exposed to many stressors during their work that can lead to pressure, strain and other negative consequences. If they recover after traumatic events and do not show long-term negative consequences, this is referred to as resilience. Certain individual, institutional, and social resources and strategies are key factors that influence people's ability to cope successfully. However, those specific resources and coping strategies that can enhance resilience have not yet been studied in detail among emergency service workers, even though they are exposed to various impacts on a daily basis. The present study investigated a total of 774 emergency service workers operating in Germany. It used well-established questionnaires designed to investigate resources, coping styles, and resilience, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the responses. The results indicate that emergency service workers are exposed to stressors, especially on the institutional level. However, they possess personal, social, and institutional resources and coping strategies that enhance resilience. Personal resources like self-efficacy and ambiguity tolerance prove to be the strongest predictors of emergency service workers’ resilience. Problem-focused coping is found to increase resilience, whereas emotion-oriented coping seems to be related negatively. Measures that increase resilience should be included in education and training, as is discussed in the practical implications. Training materials such as learning games support the development of ambiguity tolerance and self-efficacy of emergency service personnel while stress tests for organizations enhance the operating capabilities of emergency organizations even.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"38 1","pages":"86 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76362987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disaster Subculture in Greater Concepción, Chile: Resourcefulness in the Face of Earthquake and Tsunami Events","authors":"K. Engel, J. Warner, G. Frerks","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000101","url":null,"abstract":"On February 27, 2010, Greater Concepción (GC), Chile, was hit by a magnitude 8.8 earthquake that triggered a tsunami. This article presents the findings in a qualitative and exploratory study format that used the disaster subculture framework as a lens to learn more about the vulnerability, specifically capacity of response, that people in GC experience vis-a-vis substantial earthquake and tsunami events. By applying the disaster subculture lens we shed light on the means or assets that have emerged over time in response to recurring disasters and which form the basis of people's capacity of response. We found that the GC region is characterized by a long-standing, broad, and comprehensive disaster subculture that provides people with relevant resources to ensure resistance, agility, and adaptability in the face of substantial earthquake and tsunami events. Their disaster specific cultural reservoir included a clever mixture of tangible and intangible assets, ranging from values and beliefs to more complex technical systems.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"43 1","pages":"1 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88905091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transdisciplinary Disaster Research: A Case Study from the U.S. Virgin Islands after Hurricanes Irma and Maria","authors":"Lily Bui, Shanasia Sylman, Génesis Álvarez Rosario, Miriam Commodore-Mensah, S. Derakhshan, Covel R. McDermot, Farah Nibbs, Isaiah Higgs, Muritala Adegoke, R. Lane","doi":"10.1177/028072702204000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702204000102","url":null,"abstract":"Transdisciplinary approaches to research involve deliberate integration of theory, methods, and knowledge across disciplines. In disaster studies, transdisciplinarity can be valuable for research teams that span multiple disciplines, offering a framework for identifying problems and proposing solutions in a way that is inclusive of traditional and non-traditional actors. This paper distinguishes transdisciplinary approaches from multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to disaster research; presents a case study of transdisciplinary disaster research in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) after Hurricanes Irma and Maria; and summarizes key insights about the challenges and opportunities of applying transdisciplinarity in the field. Finally, the authors articulate the importance of transdisciplinary approaches to disaster research and argue for further development for transdisciplinary approaches in disaster research and practice.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"80 1","pages":"35 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88442058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Analysis of Unmet Disaster Needs for Housing and Food: A Case Study of Floods in Texas, U.S","authors":"Jee Young Lee, T. Tai, S. Bame","doi":"10.1177/028072702103900303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702103900303","url":null,"abstract":"Disasters create obstacles to meeting basic needs in communities. Although studies have addressed developing better means of assessing flood risk and vulnerability, limited research has considered matching people's unmet needs to access available resources and services over time across locations during flood-related disasters. This study identifies specific types and frequencies of two basic disaster-related unmet needs—housing and food—and spatially analyzes these by location to determine vulnerable communities during Texas’ spring 2015 floods. The Texas 2-1-1 Network provided a database of disaster-related callers’ locations and needs recorded statewide per day, May–June 2015. Disaster-related unmet needs (N = 4,880) for housing (24%) and food (8%) were analyzed by location to determine vulnerable communities during these record-breaking floods throughout Texas. Mapping of unmet need volume per county differed from hotspot locations adjusted by population size to control for urban bias. Volume of housing and food unmet needs were higher in flooded metropolitan counties of east- and central-Texas. After adjusting for population size, Houston remained a hotspot for housing and food unmet needs but many rural counties were shown to be highly vulnerable as well. The spatial analysis helps to target resource allocations to disaster-affected communities more equitably and effectively based on the type of unmet needs and location of access barriers in real-time during disasters. This enables a greater understanding of variations in allocating resources to enhance the resiliency of vulnerable populations.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"199 1","pages":"371 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75955267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childcare Centers and Disaster Preparedness: Lessons from New Zealand","authors":"A. Fothergill","doi":"10.1177/028072702103900306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/028072702103900306","url":null,"abstract":"This exploratory study examines disaster preparedness in childcare centers. It was conducted in Aotearoa New Zealand—a small nation at risk to many types of hazards—to understand, ultimately, how best to keep very young children safe in disasters. To add to the discussion of disaster preparedness for childcare centers and children's vulnerability in disasters, the study utilized interviews with childcare center directors and teachers, government employees, and researchers, and carried out observations at childcare centers and at government-sponsored trainings. The themes that were identified in the data are five elements that are key in the process of implementing preparedness measures, namely regulation clarity, communication, leadership, training, and community networks. Factors that hinder or assist childcare center preparedness are discussed.","PeriodicalId":84928,"journal":{"name":"International journal of mass emergencies and disasters","volume":"132 1","pages":"434 - 464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77977375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}