Injury control and safety promotion最新文献

{"title":"Road traffic injuries in Mozambique.","authors":"Francelina Romão,&nbsp;Hanifa Nizamo,&nbsp;Domingos Mapasse,&nbsp;Momede Mussá Rafico,&nbsp;João José,&nbsp;Simão Mataruca,&nbsp;M Lúcia Efron,&nbsp;Lucas O Omondi,&nbsp;Thelma Leifert,&nbsp;Joaquim M L Marungo Bicho","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.63.14112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.63.14112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Road traffic injuries affect the economy, health and quality of life of the people of Mozambique. Current road safety programmes are inadequate and inefficient given the magnitude of the problem. Data reported on road traffic crashes in the period 1990 to 2000 from the National Institute for Road Safety, the traffic police and the Central Hospital of Maputo were reviewed. The burden of road traffic injuries in Mozambique is rising, with at least three people killed daily. The age group most affected is 25-38 (39.35%), followed by 16-24 (20.79%). The main causes of crashes include reckless driving, drunken driving, roads with potholes, inadequate signs, lack of protection for pedestrians, and inadequate traffic law enforcement. However, the data are not adequate to reveal the true magnitude of the problem. Data collected by different sources are incomplete and not coordinated with other sources and databases. In urban areas, however, better response to crashes, treatment of the injured, reporting and data collection is attributable to a greater concentration of police and medical facilities. Road traffic safety programmes in Mozambique are inadequate and inefficient, starting with the data collection system. Improvement of injury surveillance systems is needed to help make road traffic safety a national development agenda priority and for developing and implementing road safety policies. For road safety programmes to be effective, government must facilitate stakeholders' involvement, and the clear definition of government activities, civil society activities and public-private partnerships need to be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"63-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.63.14112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22406485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speed control in developing countries: issues, challenges and opportunities in reducing road traffic injuries.","authors":"Francis K Afukaar","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.77.14113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.77.14113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speed has been determined to be one of the most common contributing factors in vehicle crashes. This study explores vehicle speed as a factor in the causation of road traffic crashes, using the example of Ghana. It examines the effectiveness of various speed control measures, based on police-reported traffic crashes in Ghana and published works on speed control measures in both industrialized and developing countries. In Ghana, pedestrians were the main victims of road traffic injuries. The dominant driver error assigned by traffic police was loss of control, with the underlying factor being excessive vehicle speeds. The 'speed factor' alone accounted for more than 50% of all Ghanaian road traffic crashes between 1998 and 2000. While the enforcement of speed limits by traffic police may not be affordable for most developing countries, rumble strips and speed humps were found to be effective on Ghanaian roads. Rumble strips installed on the main Accra-Kumasi highway reduced crashes by about 35% and fatalities by about 55%. Reducing vehicle speeds may be one of the most effective interventions to stem traffic crashes in low-income countries. However, setting lower speed limits is not an effective intervention without the traffic law enforcement resources to ensure that limits are followed. Developing countries must also look to other speed reduction measures such as speed bumps and rumble strips, roads that segregate high- and low-speed users, and technological solutions such as speed governors, as well as greater public awareness of the problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"77-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.77.14113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22406486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The global challenge of road traffic injuries. Foreword.","authors":"Mark L Rosenberg,&nbsp;Wim Rogmans","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.1.14111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.1.14111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.1.14111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22407767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury surveillance.","authors":"Kara McGee,&nbsp;Margie Peden,&nbsp;Rick Waxweiler,&nbsp;David Sleet","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.105.14118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.105.14118","url":null,"abstract":"Mortality data from 2000 indicate that approximately 5.1 million people die annually as a result of some form of injury. This number is small compared with the number of survivors of injuries, many of whom suffer life-long health consequences. Traffic injuries comprise 25% of all injury fatalities. Globally, each year more than 20 million people are injured or disabled and more than one million are killed due to road traffic crashes alone. Developing countries account for more than 85% of all fatalities and more than 90% of disability adjusted life years lost due to road traffic crashes. While information systems to monitor fatal and non-fatal injuries exist in many developed countries, little is known about the extent of these injuries in developing countries. Adequate data about types of injuries and their causes is vital to understanding the global injury problem. Injury surveillance is a crucial first step for reducing the burden of injury worldwide and is especially necessary to accurately characterise the magnitude of the road traffic injury problem in lowand middle-income countries. To address the need for improved injury surveillance, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with experts from around the globe, have published a manual entitled Injury Surveillance Guidelines. This manual will help readers design, establish and maintain injury surveillance systems that fit the unique needs and circumstances of their own settings and also satisfy the needs of others for data that can be aggregated and compared. The guidelines are designed to be particularly useful in settings where there may be severe constraints on the capacity to develop and sustain an injury surveillance system. Road traffic injuries is one of the areas where the need for quality surveillance systems is the greatest. The guidelines","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"105-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.105.14118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22405838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Afterword: speaking for the victims.","authors":"Rochelle Sobel","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.119.14102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.119.14102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.119.14102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22405841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Road traffic crashes: operationalizing equity in the context of health sector reform.","authors":"Tim Evans,&nbsp;Hilary Brown","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.11.14117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.11.14117","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the increased incidence of road traffic crashes in developing countries and their preventable nature, they are beginning to be recognized as a public health problem. The difference in road traffic crashes between developed and developing countries is well understood: approximately 85% of all traffic deaths take place in low and middle income countries. The paper explains the acronym PROGRESS that stands for place of residence, religion, occupation, gender, race/ethnicity, education, socioeconomic status and social networks and capital. That comprehensive list highlights the multidimensionality of the distribution of health among population subgroups. The increasing incidence of road traffic crashes in developing countries and the emerging public health constituency that is seen mobilizing around road safety provides an opportune moment to operationalize equity in the context of health sector reform.","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"11-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.11.14117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22407770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traffic-related injury prevention interventions for low-income countries.","authors":"Samuel N Forjuoh","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.109.14115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.109.14115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traffic-related injuries have become a major public health concern worldwide. However, unlike developed or high-income countries (HICs), many developing or low-income countries (LICs) have made very little progress towards addressing this problem. Lack of the progress in LICs is attributable, in part, to their economic situation in terms of their governments' lack of resources to invest in traffic safety, cultural beliefs regarding the fatalism of injuries, competing health problems particularly with the emergence of HIV/AIDS, distinctive traffic mixes comprising a substantial number of vulnerable road users for whom less research has been done, low literacy rates precluding motorists to read and understand road signs, and peculiar political situations occasionally predominated by dictatorship and non-democratic governments. How then can LICs tackle the challenge of traffic safety from the experiences of HICs without reinventing the wheel? This paper reviews selected interventions and strategies that have been developed to counter traffic-related injuries in HICs in terms of their effectiveness and their applicability to LICs. Proven and promising interventions or strategies such as seat belt and helmet use, legislation and enforcement of seat belt use, sidewalks, roadway barriers, selected traffic-calming designs (e.g., speed ramps/bumps), pedestrian crossing signs combined with clearly marked crosswalks, and public education and behavior modification targeted at motorists are all feasible and useable in LICs as evidenced by data from many LICs. While numerous traffic-related injury policy interventions and strategies developed largely in HICs are potentially transferable to LICs, it is important to consider country-specific factors such as costs, feasibility, sustainability, and barriers, all of which must be factored into the assessment of effectiveness in specific LIC settings. Almost all interventions and strategies that have been proven effective in HICs will need to be evaluated in LICs and particular attention paid to the effectiveness of enforcement measures. It behooves LIC governments, however, to ensure that only standard, approved safety devices like helmets are imported into their countries. Additionally, LICs may need to improvise and innovate in the traffic safety technology transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"109-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.109.14115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22405842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening care for injured persons in less developed countries: a case study of Ghana and Mexico.","authors":"Charles Mock,&nbsp;Carlos Arreola-Risa,&nbsp;Robert Quansah","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.45.14114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.45.14114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In all countries, the priority for reducing road traffic injuries should be prevention. Nonetheless, there are low-cost ways to strengthen the care of injured persons, that will help to lower the toll from road traffic. The purpose of this review was to elucidate ways to accomplish this goal in the context of less developed countries. Studies selected for this review were obtained by Medline review, selecting on key words such as trauma, injury, trauma care, essential health services, and developing country. Articles pertaining to any country and all available years were considered. In addition, the authors utilized articles from the gray literature and journals from Mexico and Ghana that are not Medline referenced. Studies surveyed point to road safety and other forms of injury prevention, as well as prehospital care, as likely priorities for developing countries. Nonetheless, hospital-based improvements can contribute to decreases in mortality and, especially, decreases in disability. For both prehospital and hospital based care, studies revealed several critical weak points to address in: (1) human resources (staffing and training); (2) physical resources (equipment, supplies, and infrastructure); and (3) administration and organization. The 'essential services' approach, which has contributed to progress in a variety of fields of international health, needs to be developed for the care of the injured. This would define the trauma treatment services that could realistically be made available to virtually every injured person. It would then address the inputs of human resources, physical resources, and administration necessary to assure these services optimally in the different geographic and socioeconomic environments worldwide. Finally, it would identify and target deficiencies in these inputs that need to be strengthened.</p>","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.45.14114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22406483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Road traffic injuries in Kenya: magnitude, causes and status of intervention.","authors":"Wilson Odero,&nbsp;Meleckidzedeck Khayesi,&nbsp;P M Heda","doi":"10.1076/icsp.10.1.53.14103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.10.1.53.14103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Road traffic crashes exert a huge burden on Kenya's economy and health care services. Current interventions are sporadic, uncoordinated and ineffective. This report offers a descriptive analysis of secondary data obtained from a variety of published literature and unpublished reports. Over three thousand people are killed annually on Kenyan roads. A four-fold increase in road fatalities has been experienced over the last 30 years. More than 75% of road traffic casualties are economically productive young adults. Pedestrians and passengers are the most vulnerable; they account for 80% of the deaths. Buses and matatus are the vehicles most frequently involved in fatal crashes. Characteristics of crashes vary considerably between urban and rural settings: pedestrians are more likely to be killed in urban areas, whereas passengers are the majority killed on intercity highways that transverse rural settings. Road safety interventions have not made any measurable impact in reducing the numbers, rates and consequences of road crashes. Despite the marked increase in road crashes in Kenya, little effort has been made to develop and implement effective interventions. Impediments to road traffic injury prevention and control include ineffective coordination, inadequate resources and qualified personnel, and limited capacity to implement and monitor interventions. There is need to improve the collection and availability of accurate data to help in recognising traffic injury as a priority public health problem, raising awareness of policymakers on existing effective countermeasures and mobilizing resources for implementation. Establishment of an effective lead agency and development of stakeholder coalitions to address the problem are desirable.</p>","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"10 1-2","pages":"53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.10.1.53.14103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22406484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-fatal violence-related injuries in Kingston, Jamaica: a preventable drain on resources.","authors":"Namvar Zohoori,&nbsp;Elizabeth Ward,&nbsp;Georgiana Gordon,&nbsp;Rainford Wilks,&nbsp;Deanna Ashley,&nbsp;Terrence Forrester","doi":"10.1076/icsp.9.4.255.13675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/icsp.9.4.255.13675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using data for a one-year period from the Kingston Public Hospital (KPH) in Jamaica, we describe patterns of non-fatal violence-related injuries, and carry out simulation analysis to estimate rates of hospital admission under various injury reduction scenarios, and the potential savings that can be realized by reducing violent crimes. In this period there were 6107 registered violence-related visits to the KPH representing 11.5% of all recorded visits. Of these 16.6% (1001) were admitted. The most common methods of inflicting injury was by stabbing (52.1%), blunt injuries (37.9%) and gunshot wounds (7.3%). Multivariate analyses indicated that gunshot injuries, stab injuries, being male between the ages of 15 and 44 years, receiving the injury in November or December, and being injured by a stranger or unknown assailant, were significant correlates of a higher probability of admission. Simulation analysis with various injury reduction scenarios indicated decreases in the probability of admission ranging from 12% to 44%, with estimated savings of up to 31% of the annual supplies budget of KPH.</p>","PeriodicalId":84914,"journal":{"name":"Injury control and safety promotion","volume":"9 4","pages":"255-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/icsp.9.4.255.13675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22268260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}