Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)最新文献

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of Trust among Megacities: The Case of Shanghai, Seoul and Tokyo","authors":"M. Sasaki","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.006","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, trust has become a major issue in social science and the lay media, as globalization has become pervasive, in turn connecting peoples and nations more so than ever before. Accompanying this phenomenon is an apparent growing level of uncertainty about the trustfulness of strangers. Hence the study of generalized social trust has become essential in terms of the need to understand and cope with the serious impacts of globalization, especially as expressed through interpersonal communication.This is especially the case for contemporary globalized \"megacities,\" where great numbers of people flow both into and out of countries, such as newcomers coming to live in a new country or visitors conducting business or touring for leisure. While these people would certainly like to have the expectation that they will be safe, events in recent decades make that expectation less tenable. That is, for the most part, the security and interpersonal trustworthiness of life in the village has been supplanted by something much different, where people move about and are now an amalgam from a variety of cultures and social systems. The former social structure, the village (or smaller city), involves particularized (personal) trust, whereas the latter, i.e. mega-scale society, involves generalized trust as the personal element fades in the face of industrialization and globalization.Trust, as addressed by sociologists such as Ferdinand Tonnies, Georg Simmel, Emile Durkheim, and Talcott Parsons, was deemed essential to social relationships. Simmel (1950, p. 326) stated that \"trust is one of the most important synthetic forces in the society.\" Today, many scholars are taking yet another closer look at trust. For instance, Blau (1964, p. 99) stated that trust is \"essential for stable social relationships.\" Many other scholars emphasize that trust plays a critical role in interpersonal and group relationships (e.g., Golembiewski and McConkie 1975; Lewis and Weigart 1985; Zucker 1986). Our economic system is in many ways entirely dependent upon trust because if there were no trust there could be no economic transactions (cf. Hirsch 1978). Thus trust has profound implications for interpersonal and social cooperation. Indeed, without trust, societies really could not exist (Bok 1978, p. 26). Nikolas Luhmann comes to mind as perhaps one of the most important scholars to have considered the role of trust in social systems, or in sociology for that matter. To Luhmann (1979, p. 8) trust \"reduces [social system] complexity.\" Unquestionably, social systems are becoming increasingly complex and confounded, and for Luhmann this means that trust plays an ever-increasingly critical role.Today, it has been observed that trust levels are declining among many industrialized nations (e.g., Dalton 2004; Hardin 2006; Putnam 1993), thus calling for greater attention and concern. Social isolation brought about by modernization is frequently cited as one of many reasons to ree","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"12 1","pages":"503-536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88263862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Alternative Index of Population Aging: Accounting for Education and Elderly Health in the Case of Korea","authors":"계봉오","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"10 1","pages":"563-589"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91122465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the socio-spatial structure in the Tokyo Metropolitan area: Social area analysis of changes from 1990 to 2010","authors":"Asakawa Tatsuto","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.007","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to conduct a socio-spatial analysis on data from 1990, 2000, and 2010 using identical indices with the Tokyo Metropolitan area, spread over 4 prefectures and 1 city of Tokyo-to, Kanagawa-ken, Saitama-ken, Chiba-ken, Ibaraki-ken, as the analysis area and to use this to conduct a comparative time-based study. The analysis region was within a diameter of 60 km from the centre of Tokyo Station, and the Basic Grid Square was the unit of analysis and representation. The analysis results indicated that there were 3 types of changes including a) progress of decreasing birthrate and ageing population in almost all regions in the 60km area, b) changes arising in urban cores of polarization into new middle class and working class and accumulation of service jobs, c) changes arising in surrounding areas of accumulation of distribution facilities primarily in manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"33 1","pages":"537-562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79740592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Economic and Health Conditions on the Transition to Living Alone: A Longitudinal Study on Older Koreans","authors":"Min-Ah Lee","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.009","url":null,"abstract":"It has been observed that older adults who are better off and healthier are more likely to live alone in Western societies. Little is, however, known about the transition to living alone in older adults in Korea. Using data from the four waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) over a period of six years, discrete time event history analyses were conducted to analyze the determinants of the transition to living alone for older Koreans. The findings show that home ownership and higher household income at a previous wave were negatively associated with the transition to living alone in general whereas prior depressive symptoms were positively associated with the transition to living alone for older Koreans. Physical health conditions, however, did not have significant effects on the transition to living alone. This suggests that older adults who were disadvantaged in terms of economic and mental health conditions have a higher likelihood of having the transition to living alone and also implies that the transition to living alone in disadvantaged older adults may amplify the harmful effects of living alone on their well-being in the long run.","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"45 1","pages":"591-617"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76299578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergence in Women’s Employment in Korea and Japan: What Shapes the Different Patterns around Childbirth?","authors":"J. Nishimura, Hyunji Kwon","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.005","url":null,"abstract":"With female employment patterns and their ever-diverging degrees in Korea and Japan, this paper identifies which factors influence women’s labor supply around childbirth in each country, and draws cross-country analysis. It also aims to understand the different social context of each labor market, general attitudes towards female employment and work-life balance in two countries. With KLIPS and JPSC - the nationally representative panel data in each country -, we find that both Korean and Japanese women with more human capital and better employment status are likely to retain regular jobs. Japanese women’s employment, whether regular or non-regular, is positively affected by one’s cohort (the cohort effect), while negative by her spouse’s income level. On the contrary, the results of Korean women demonstrate no signs of such similarity as in Japan. Consequently, it indicates that women’s human capitals and job opportunities function as key mechanism determining their employment status in both countries.","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"1 1","pages":"467-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89068466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-industrialization and the Changes in Occupational Structure in Three East Asian Cities","authors":"Hearan Koo, Y. Hayashi, Dingjun Weng, Jingqian Bi","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to examine a pattern of recent changes in occupational structure across Tokyo, Shanghai, and Seoul. We address the following questions; 1) considering different stages of economy in three countries, do employment structures in Seoul, Tokyo, and Shanghai show different patterns, corresponding to the economic development stage? 2) to what extent are employment structures in the three cities polarizing, or upgrading?, and 3) who fills newly created jobs? Are there any socio-demographic patterns in the distribution of employment gains? We particularly focus on the relationship between (de)industrialization and occupational transformation. The results demonstrate that deindustrialization tends to have similar polarization effects in Tokyo and Seoul, considering the decline in manufacturing workers and concomitant loss of middle income jobs. The job polarization has deepened in Tokyo due to its more mature industrial structure. Seoul has yet to reach the same level of occupational disparity, but shows a sign of polarized upgrading with strong job growth at the top of the occupational hierarchy and weak growth at the bottom. In Shanghai, newly created jobs are mainly concentrated in the mid to high income ranges, indicating the predominant upgrading in Shanghai’s occupational structure. We find unequal distribution of jobs in all three cities, although disadvantaged groups differ across cities. We end this paper with several concluding remarks.","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"89 1","pages":"439-465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77690915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work and Family Policy Framing and Gender Equality in South Korea: Focusing on the Roh Moo-Huyn and Lee Myung-Bak Administrations *","authors":"K. Ma, Seung-kyung Kim, Jae Kyung Lee","doi":"10.21588/dns.2016.45.3.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/dns.2016.45.3.010","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to identify the possibilities and limitations in realizing a feminist agenda through the state. To this end, we conduct a critical policy frame analysis of public speeches by top-level decision makers in relation to the work and family policy of two politically contrasting governments: The administrations of President Roh Moo-hyun (2003 to 2007) and Lee Myung-bak (2008 to 2012). The results demonstrate that despite some differences, the commonality between the two governments was that the work and family policy was based on an ‘instrumentalist women’s employment’ frame, influenced by a discourse of ‘developmentalism’ that originated from the developmental state experience of Korea in the 1960-1970s. This paper then sets out how this ‘instrumentalist women’s employment’ frame has consistently functioned to prohibit the work and family balance agenda from becoming a radical and reformative means to change unequal gender relations. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of the feminist ideas outside the state based on the redistributive frame for the caring as citizens’ rights, since the Korean developmental state has fundamental limitations in realizing a feminist agenda.","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"7 1","pages":"619-652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80036276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marketization and Market Capacity: The Formation of Middle Class in China - An Empirical Study in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou","authors":"Zhang Haidong, Y. Ye-Lin","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.3.002","url":null,"abstract":"In the post-reform China, the middle class remains relatively weak despite its expanding size, which is a basic structural feature of the Chinese society. How to develop the Chinese middle class has become one important issue in the middle-class research. It is suggested that three approaches can be relied on to develop Chinese’s middle class: education, expertise, and the market. Based on the three approaches, as well as data from the Survey of Living Conditions of Residents in Megacities, this study analyzes how the middle class is formed in China from the perspective of marketization and market capacity.","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"19 1","pages":"389-409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80300835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Attitudes to Cross-Border Marriages in Korea and Taiwan","authors":"C. Chung, Keuntae Kim","doi":"10.21588/DNS.2016.45.2.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/DNS.2016.45.2.006","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to compare attitudes toward cross-border marriages in Korea and Taiwan using data from a unique questionnaire that was administered in both countries in 2007 and 2008. Moreover, this study proposes historical and political analyses alongside the conventional social quality approach, as a means of avoiding decontextualized interpretations of social development. Upon surveying indicators of social cohesion, inclusiveness, and empowerment based on a social quality framework, the results indicate that Taiwanese citizens show a lower level of social inclusiveness toward marriage migrants than Korean citizens show, though the Taiwanese show more social cohesion and empowerment than the latter. Social attitudes toward marriage migrants in the two countries imply that transnational marriages are likely to bring about various forms of social conflict, unless policies can be developed that account for the complex nature of such arrangements.","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"1 1","pages":"327-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85573478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Dualization Processes in Korea: The Labor Market, Welfare Policy, and Political Representation","authors":"김학재","doi":"10.21588/dns.2016.45.2.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21588/dns.2016.45.2.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84572,"journal":{"name":"Development and society (Soul Taehakkyo. Institute for Social Devdelopment and Policy Research)","volume":"26 1","pages":"297-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83978357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}