Bangladesh journal of microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Dengue Viruses: Current Techniques and Future Prospect","authors":"Min Kuang Lee, Muhammad G. Morshed","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v40i1.71719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v40i1.71719","url":null,"abstract":"The Dengue virus is a prevalent mosquito-borne disease, and its global incidence has been steadily increasing due to the favorable environmental conditions that promote mosquito breeding, primarily influenced by rising temperatures. Bangladesh has been particularly hard-hit by an intense and ongoing outbreak, resulting in a surge of cases and fatalities. Effective management of this disease necessitates the implementation of robust public health measures, including rigorous surveillance and early diagnosis. While serological tests are commonly employed in clinical diagnosis, molecular methods hold a critical role in identifying the specific Dengue virus strain, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of disease severity. This article serves as an extensive review, delving into various molecular testing techniques employed for both surveillance and clinical diagnosis. It offers valuable insights for research and clinical laboratories engaged in the detection of Dengue virus RNA in mosquitoes, environmental samples, and clinical specimens. The methods covered encompass a spectrum of approaches, including conventional PCR, isothermal amplification, real-time RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing, providing a holistic overview of the available techniques. These methods play pivotal roles in clinical diagnosis, outbreak analysis, vector surveillance, and vaccine development. Furthermore, the article underscores the importance of integrating these techniques into existing healthcare systems, emphasizing their significance in ensuring precise dengue diagnostics to enhance the efficiency of disease management. These molecular methods are indispensable tools that contribute to accurate diagnosis, enable effective outbreak investigation, facilitate vector surveillance, and support vaccine preparation, thereby enhancing the overall management and control of dengue, ultimately working toward mitigating its impact on public health. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 40, Number 1, June 2023, pp 41-49","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":"2002 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140246510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Perspective from Bangladesh","authors":"I. M. Deeba, M. S. Hossain","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66268","url":null,"abstract":"Cervical cancer is a major public health concern for women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-come countries (LMICs). Despite a large number of women (nearly 58 million) are at risk of this preventable cancer, the issue of cervical cancer has not become a public health priority in Bangladesh. The understanding of the challenges and opportunities in Bangladesh about cervical cancer would provide valuable insights for other LMICs also. In this article, we review the epidemiology, risk factors, awareness and treatment of cervical cancer in the context of Bangladesh. Due to lack of awareness and an organized national screening program, the majority of patients are generally diagnosed at the advantaged stages of disease, in spite of having a big window of screening opportunity at precancer stage. Most LMICs lack resources for developing a parallel health service system dedicated for cancer prevention and management. In this context, we propose some recommendations including a cost-effective screening strategy by capitalizing available resources of COVID-19 diagnostic and GenXpert labs, and an innovative female-centric primary healthcare workers and high school-based approaches for generating awareness on cervical cancer risk factors, screening and vaccination. Our proposed strategy could also be effective for other similar settings in LMICs. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 2, December 2022, pp 76-82","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49589302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Costus speciosus Extracts","authors":"Abira Khan, SM Mahbubur Rashid, M. A. Uddin","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66264","url":null,"abstract":"Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm., commonly known as crepe ginger, is primarily used as an ornamental plant worldwide. The aim of this research was to study the phytoconstituents of locally collected C. speciosus plant samples and test their antimicrobial effect against selected bacterial strains. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, and cardiac glycosides in the extracts. The extracts displayed variable degrees of antibacterial activity against the microorganisms in a bioautography experiment based on thin-layer chromatography. All the extracts showed activity against S. aureus, and none showed any activity against P. aeuroginosa. The ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from the plant leaf and stem showed efficacy against S. typhi and B. subtilis, while the ethyl acetate extracts prevented the growth of S. pneumoniae. Only the ethanol extract from plant leaves had a negligible effect on K. pneumoniae. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 2, December 2022, pp 46-52","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47925006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-vitro inactivation of Escherichia coli of surface water using metals","authors":"Sharmin Zaman Emon, A. Begum, M. Bari, K. S. Rabbani","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66265","url":null,"abstract":"Technology for providing clean drinking water to remote areas of low-resource nations remains a significant challenge for human life The study aimed to develop a simple technology for rural households that might be adopted to utilize the bactericidal properties of metals. Three thick metal sheets made of copper, zinc, and brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) were used in this study work. These metallic sheets were placed in three plastic (polythene) containers with base areas 11cm x 7cm each so that the metallic sheets covered the entire base areas of the respective containers. Fifty ml, one hundred ml, and four hundred ml of contaminated water from a public pond were added to each container, covered with lids, and shaken/left undisturbed at room temperature. The microbial analysis of Total Aerobic Bacteria (TAB), Total Coliform Bacteria (TCC), and E. coli was done every 24 hours up to twenty-eight days of storage at room temperature. E. coli is considered an indicator of diarrhoeal pathogens. The initial bacterial counts were TAB: 4.22 log CFU/ml, TCC: 3.15 log CFU/ml, and E.coli: 3.13 log CFU/ml, respectively. TAB count did not reduce significantly for any of the metals used in this study. Total coliform counts decreased to almost half the original for all three metals in the first 24 hours but remained almost the same afterward. However, E.coli was inactivated entirely after treatment with copper within 24h and remained constant afterward. On the other hand, brass and zinc reduced E. coli by almost half in the first 24 hours but remained almost constant throughout the rest of the measured period. The findings mentioned above, a simple copper sheet might help inactivate diarrheal bacteria and provide safe drinking water within 24 hours. As a result, this may lead to the development of an easy technique to provide clean drinking water in remote areas of low-resource nations like Bangladesh. It is crucial to determine whether the level of copper in the water is within the safe range, as regular usage of higher doses might result in copper poisoning. A future study will attempt to optimize the relationship between the water volume to the copper sheet’s exposed surface area and the treatment time. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 2, December 2022, pp 54-59","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49075174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage Amongst Healthcare Workers of Critical Care Units in Tertiary Hospitals of Jashore, Bangladesh","authors":"Sm Tanjil Shah, Tanay Chakrovarty, -. Atiqua, P. Roy, Md. Tanvir Islam, S. R. Rahman, Md. Majibur Rahman","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66266","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for numerous mild to severe diseases in humans in both hospital and community settings. This problem is getting even worse for multi-drug resistant S. aureus. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are in a threat of MRSA carriage and can serve as reservoirs. Therefore, this can lead to subsequent infection and cause a nosocomial outbreak of MRSA. This cross-sectional study involved 85 healthcare workers (HCWs) from surgery units and critical care units of five different tertiary hospitals at Jashore, Bangladesh. Nasal swab samples were collected and inoculated on selective Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) media. S. aureus was confirmed by selective growth on MSA and detection of the presence of the femA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined for all S. aureus isolates. Methicillin resistance was detected using both disc diffusion assay and gene specific polymerase chain reaction. S. aureus specific staphylococcal protein A (Spa) typing was also done by sequence analyses of PCR products. Among the 85 enrolled HCW personnel, 34 (40%) were carrying S. aureus followed by the S. intermedius (N=32). An overall prevalence of MRSA was found to be 3.53% (3/85). However, all the strains were susceptible to vancomycin. Additionally, 100% sensitivity was found against Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and Linezolid. Sequence analysis of Spa PCR product revealed that all S. aureus isolates were of t304 spa type. None of the S. aureus was a biofilm former. This study was only a survey on the prevalence of MRSA among HCWs. Integrated surveillance for MDR MRSA carriage among HCWs is warranted to control bursts of nosocomial infections effectively. It is strongly recommended to maintain good microbiological and personal hygiene practices by HCWs. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 2, December 2022, pp 60-66","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48861704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Identification of Carbofuran Degrading Bacteria from Agricultural Fields and Associated Water Bodies","authors":"Anamica Hossain, Reaz Rahman, Nusrat Jahan, H. Akhter, A. Begum","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66267","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive use of pesticides in agricultural areas is done to assure protection against insect invasion, to raise crop production, to improve fertility and soil quality, and therefore to efficiently contribute to an agriculture-based economy. However, the unfortunate reality is that the long-term presence of these pesticides in the environment as a result of their complex and xenobiotic chemical structures leads to bioaccumulation as well as bio-magnification, which in turn causes toxicity, chronic disabilities, hormonal imbalance, reproductive and endocrine dysfunctionalities, and many other health issues in humans as well as other vertebrates and causes ecosystem derangement. Similar results are produced by one of the most widely used N-methylcarbamate-based pesticides, carbofuran. There is no better solution to this issue than breakdown of leftover pesticide in the environment to harmless, native components through biological agents, ideally indigenous bacteria. Carbofuran, one of the most widely used N-methylcarbamate-based insecticides, has comparable effects. In light of this, a study was conducted to identify and characterize bacteria that have the innate ability to not only survive pesticide applications to rice and vegetable fields, but also to use the pesticides as a source of energy and break them down into harmless, environmentally friendly components. As a result, samples were taken from a Savar rice and tomato field shortly after a pesticide application, and Carbofuran 5G was the insecticide selected to check for degradability given to its widespread use there. Bushnell Haas broth and Bushnell Haas agar media were employed for enrichment, plating, and subsequent cultures to generate pure culture, with supplemented carbofuran of different concentrations serving as the only carbon source. The identities of the 17 isolates that could grow there were verified by sequencing after PCR and product purification. The evolutionary relatedness was determined using phylogenetic analysis with MEGAX. Acinetobacter spp., Rahnella spp., Chitinophaga spp., Serratia spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., Achromobacter spp., Pseudoxanthomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. were the bacteria that were found. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 2, December 2022, pp 68-74","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47499865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral, infrastructural and climate change Factors for Rising Diarrhea Episodes in Bangladesh","authors":"M. Bari, Sharmin Zaman Emon","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64057","url":null,"abstract":"More than 4.5 million people nationwide have experienced diarrhea in the country’s most recent outbreak, which began on March, 2022. About 70% to 80% of patients (of whom 23% had severe diarrhea or cholera) were hospitalized. Several factors were associated with the risk for diarrhea include; unhygienic and unsafe environment, age, low educational status of mothers, employment status, family size, income, poor handling of drinking water at household level, place of residence, unhygienic disposal method of feces and wastes, lack of personal hygiene and lack of access to sanitation facilities. In addition, etiology, influence of climate and geographical location, diagnosis capability, hygiene education, and infrastructure are strongly linked to the high frequency of diarrhea and play a crucial role in efficiently managing diarrhea. We observed that a significant proportion of people with diarrheal illnesses continue to seek care from unqualified healthcare practitioners since inaccessibility from professional healthcare providers. Dissemination of information on health education, increasing the supply of skilled healthcare providers, and low-cost and quality healthcare services may encourage more people to seek care from professional healthcare providers, thus may help reducing mortality in the country. In conclusion, the policy mechanisms to increase systems’ resilience, some engineering approaches include source, treatment, distribution, and point-of-use control measures could be implemented to manage microorganism proliferation in drinking water. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 1, June 2022, pp 39-45","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48075517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Class 1 Integron gene harbouring multidrug resistant Pseudomonas isolates from clinical specimen","authors":"Pranab Deuri, Anindita Bhowmik, S. Ahsan","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64054","url":null,"abstract":"Gram-negative Pseudomonas spp. particularly P. aeruginosa is an important pathogen in hospitalized patients, contributing to the morbidity and mortality due to its multiple resistance mechanisms. The present study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from pus of patients admitted in a local diagnostic center, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 14 clinical isolates were obtained. Detailed biochemical tests, antibiotic resistance pattern and class 1 integron gene profiling were successfully performed. All isolates (100%) showed resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, ceftriaxone, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin and rifampicin. About 35% of the isolates (n=5) showed resistance against Amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, azithromycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole, ceftriaxone, imipenem, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin and rifampicin. Only 28.5% isolates (n=4) were sensitive to Imipenem. Plasmid was observed in none of the isolates, whereas 50% of the isolates carried Class 1 Integron gene. The presence of mobile genetic element is an added threat as this enables transfer of resistance genes to sensitive isolates. The findings of this study are significant from a public health viewpoint as therapeutic options become restricted. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 1, June 2022, pp 15-19","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43448274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic investigation of bacterial community of arsenic-prone area in the northwest region of Bangladesh","authors":"Khondaker M. Rahman, F. Diba, Md Sadikur Rahman Shuvo, M. Siddique, M. A. Hossain, M. Sultana","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64056","url":null,"abstract":"Metagenomic analysis provides in-depth understanding of microbe mediated Arsenic (As) metabolism. The present study aims atmetagenomic analysis of the distribution, diversity, and abundance of bacteriome in arsenic affected groundwater and surrounding soils collected fromBogra district of Bangladesh. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from two groundwater samples BCW3 andBCW4 (As content10μgL-1 and 500 μgL-1, respectively), and two tube-well surrounding soil samples BSS1 and BCS5 (As content335 μgkg-1 and 492 μgkg-1),where As rich water flows off. Metagenomic analysis of six hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA gene resulted in a total of 788709 processed sequence reads and 5878 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Bacterial richness, abundance and diversity (alpha and beta) were higher in BCW4 (85 genera) than BCW3 (19 genera) whereas both soil samples exhibited almost similar richness and diversity. Predominant genera in BCW3 were Pseudomonas, Microbacterium, Achromobacterwhereas Acinetobacter, Thiothrix, Stenotrophomonas, Paracoccus, Dechloromonas dominated in BCW4. Soils were co-dominated with more than hundreds of genera with a high relative abundance of Bacillus, Rhodoplanesand Pseudomonas.Metagenomic investigation explored potentialarsenotrophicbacteriome. Exploring microbial community might help to understand the biogeochemistry of As affected groundwater and surrounding soil environment. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 1, June 2022, pp 31-38","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49212519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) with Pre-existing Diabetes Mellitus: Comparison between Survived and Deceased Patients","authors":"Md Shahed Morshed, A. Mosabbir, M. S. Hossain","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v39i1.64052","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with pre-existing diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of severe outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is limited data on these patients from South Asia, especially Bangladesh. Besides, comparative studies between survived and deceased patients with DM and COVID-19 are rare in literature. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients with pre-existing DM in a specialized COVID-19 hospital in Bangladesh. Data from hospital records were analyzed. Among 921 RT-PCR confirmed patients with COVID-19 admitted during the study period, 231 (~25%) patients had pre-existing DM. The overall mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality rate among patients with DM was 11.3% (26/231) and 46.2% (12/26), respectively. The median age of the deceased patients was slightly higher (63.5 vs. 59 years, p 0.21). The most common comorbidity in both groups was hypertension. The clinical features were not significantly different between survived and deceased. However, deceased patients had significantly lower blood oxygen level (85% vs. 93%, p <0.001), and higher neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (7.9 vs. 4.5, p 0.003) and serum ferritin levels (946.0 vs. 425.0 ng/mL, p 0.03). Glycemic status was poor in both groups. This study would help identify a subgroup of diabetic patients with COVID-19 who are at higher risk of in-hospital death requiring rigorous clinical management. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 39, Number 1, June 2022, pp 1-6","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48216125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}