Journal of Materials Chemistry B最新文献

{"title":"Dual-functional PCN-242 (Fe2Co) MOF for sensitive bacterial endotoxin detection†","authors":"Sivasankar Kulandaivel, Yung-Kang Lu, Chia-Her Lin and Yi-Chun Yeh","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01944J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01944J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Endotoxin detection is paramount for monitoring bacterial contamination in food, pharmaceuticals, and clinical diagnostics. The limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test, which relies on horseshoe crab blood, has long been the gold standard for endotoxin detection. However, the widespread adoption of this method is constrained by ethical concerns and the high costs associated with harvesting endangered species. Although nanozyme-based colorimetric methods present a more cost-effective and straightforward alternative, their application is limited by suboptimal selectivity and sensitivity. In this study, we report the synthesis and rigorous characterization of the bimetallic PCN-242 (Fe<small>₂</small>Co) metal–organic framework (MOF), synthesized using 2-amino terephthalic acid and a pre-synthesized [Fe<small>₂</small>Co(μ<small>₃</small>-O)(CH<small>₃</small>COO)<small>₆</small>] cluster. Steady-state kinetic analyses revealed that PCN-242 (Fe<small>₂</small>Co) MOF exhibits a significantly higher affinity for hydrogen peroxide (H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>) compared to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and other iron-based MOFs. The development of a PCN-242 (Fe<small>₂</small>Co)-based colorimetric sensor demonstrated a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.36 μg mL<small>⁻¹</small> for endotoxins, with excellent selectivity and reproducibility, thereby enabling effective detection of bacterial endotoxins. Recognizing the potential of the PCN-242 (Fe<small>₂</small>Co) MOF beyond endotoxin detection, we explored its utility in glucose biosensing. Moreover, incorporating glucose oxidase (GOx) into the PCN-242 (Fe<small>₂</small>Co) MOF framework further enhanced its peroxidase-like catalytic activity. This integration enabled sensitive glucose detection, achieving LODs of 4.24 μM for glucose and 2.2 μM for H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> within a linear range of 1 to 150 μM. The dual functionality of PCN-242 (Fe<small>₂</small>Co) MOF as a peroxidase mimic and biosensor platform highlights its potential for advanced catalytic and diagnostic applications, offering a versatile and ethical alternative to conventional methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 151-159"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NIR emissive probe for fluorescence turn-on based dead cell sorting and in vivo viscosity mapping in C. elegans†","authors":"Goraksha T. Sapkal, Farhan Anjum, Abdul Salam, Bodhidipra Mukherjee, Shilpa Chandra, Purabi Bala, Richa Garg, Shagun Sharma, Kush Kaushik and Chayan Kanti Nandi","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01945H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01945H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Dead cell sorting is pivotal and plays a very significant role in homeostasis. Apoptosis and ferroptosis are the two major regulatory cell death processes. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, while ferroptosis is a regulatory cell death process. Monitoring the dead cells coming out from these processes is extremely important to stop various cellular dysfunctions. Here, we present a single NIR emissive probe that can observe both apoptotic and ferroptosis regulatory cell deaths. We were able to directly visualize the dead cells in both animal and plant cells upon a significant increase in the fluorescence intensity of the probe. During cell death, the increased cytoplasm viscosity restricted the rotor motion and helped in the fluorescence turn-on of the probe. Lysosomal viscosity was found to play a crucial role in the ferroptosis pathway. On the other hand, the probe was not only efficient in mapping the viscosity in various parts of live <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> (<em>C. elegans</em>) bodies but also able to differentiate between live and dead animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 184-194"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum DFT analysis and molecular docking investigation of various potential breast cancer drugs","authors":"Md Ashraf Ayub, Ankit Raj Tyagi, Sunil Kumar Srivastava and Pranveer Singh","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01803F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01803F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Breast cancer is among the deadliest cancers worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatments. This study employs density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking analyses to evaluate the anti-cancer efficacy and specificity of drug molecules lapatinib, tucatinib, neratinib, anastrozole, and letrozole. DFT analysis provides comprehensive insights into the structural, electronic, optical, and vibrational properties of these drugs, helping to elucidate their molecular stability and reactivity through global reactivity descriptors. Additionally, molecular docking simulations reveal the binding conformations and interaction profiles of these drugs with key breast cancer targets, underscoring their therapeutic potential. Docking results indicate that lapatinib, tucatinib, and neratinib have high binding affinities for HER2, with lapatinib exhibiting the strongest overall binding, particularly with PDK1 (PDB ID: 1UU7), PAK4 (PDB ID: 2X4Z), GSK3 (PDB ID: 1GNG), and HER2 (PDB ID: 2IOK). The stable hydrogen bonding and other interactions observed with lapatinib support its effectiveness in treating HER2-positive breast cancers, tucatinib's selective HER2 binding reduces off-target effects, while neratinib's irreversible binding provides prolonged inhibition, making it useful for overcoming resistance in HER2-positive cases. In contrast, anastrozole and letrozole show lower binding affinities for HER2 and EGFR due to their simpler structures but are potent aromatase inhibitors, making them effective in treating estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancers. In conclusion, DFT and molecular docking studies affirm the suitability of lapatinib, tucatinib, and neratinib for HER2-positive cancers, while anastrozole and letrozole are effective in ER-positive cancers, emphasizing the role of molecular structure and binding affinity in optimizing cancer treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 218-238"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a xanthene-based NIR fluorescent probe for accurate and sensitive detection of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in cancer diagnosis and treatment†","authors":"Chia-Kai Lai, Kuppan Magesh, Sivan Velmathi and Shu-Pao Wu","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01841A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01841A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) regulates glutathione (GSH), essential for cell functions and linked to cancer. High GGT levels in tumors make it a valuable cancer biomarker. Current GGT detection methods often lack sensitivity and specificity. To address this, we developed <strong>XM-Glu</strong>, a new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe. <strong>XM-Glu</strong> features a xanthene-based structure with a hydroxy xanthene fluorophore and a malononitrile group for NIR emission and reduced background noise. It has a self-immolating linker masked with glutamate acid, which activates fluorescence when GGT is present. <strong>XM-Glu</strong> can detect GGT in the range of 1.0 to 20 mU with a low detection limit of 0.067 mU mL<small>⁻¹</small>. It showed high specificity and minimal interference in cellular assays. In mice, <strong>XM-Glu</strong> effectively detected GGT in tumor, liver, and kidney tissues. Its NIR properties provide real-time insights into GGT activity, improving cancer diagnosis and monitoring. This new technology enhances cancer research and helps better understand GGT's role in cancer progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 201-206"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticles based image-guided thermal therapy and temperature feedback","authors":"Carlos Jacinto, Wagner F. Silva, Joel Garcia, Gelo P. Zaragosa, Carlo Nonato D. Ilem, Tasso O. Sales, Harrisson D. A. Santos, Blessed Isaac C. Conde, Helliomar Pereira Barbosa, Sonia Malik and Surender Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01416B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01416B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nanoparticles have emerged as versatile tools in the realm of thermal therapy, offering precise control and feedback mechanisms for targeted treatments. This review explores the intersection of nanotechnology and thermal therapy, focusing on the utilization of nanoparticles for image-guided interventions and temperature monitoring. Starting with an exploration of local temperature dynamics compared to whole-body responses, we delve into the landscape of nanomaterials and their pivotal role in nanomedicine. Various physical stimuli employed in therapy and imaging are scrutinized, laying the foundation for nanothermal therapies and the accompanying challenges. A comprehensive analysis of nanomaterial architecture ensues, delineating the functionalities of magnetic, plasmonic, and luminescent nanomaterials within the context of thermal therapies. Nano-design intricacies, including core–shell structures and monodisperse properties, are dissected for their impact on therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, considerations in designing <em>in vivo</em> nanomaterials, such as hydrodynamic radii and core sizes at sub-tissue levels, are elucidated. The review then delves into specific modalities of thermally induced therapy, including magnetically induced hyperthermia and luminescent-based thermal treatments. Magnetic hyperthermia treatment is explored alongside its imaging and relaxometric properties, emphasizing the implications of imaging formulations on biotransformation and biodistribution. This review also provides an overview of the magnetic hyperthermia treatment using magnetic nanoparticles to induce localized heat in tissues. Similarly, optical and thermal imaging techniques utilizing luminescent nanomaterials are discussed, highlighting their potential for light-induced thermal therapy and cellular-level temperature monitoring. Finally, the application landscape of diagnosis and photothermal therapy (PTT) is surveyed, encompassing diverse areas such as cancer treatment, drug delivery, antibacterial therapy, and immunotherapy. The utility of nanothermometers in elucidating thermal relaxation dynamics as a diagnostic tool is underscored, alongside discussions on PTT hyperthermia protocols. Moreover, the advancements in nanoparticle magnetic imaging and implications of imaging formulations especially in creating positive MRI contrast agents are also presented. This comprehensive review offers insights into the evolving landscape of nanoparticle-based image-guided thermal therapies, promising advancements in precision medicine and targeted interventions, underscoring the importance of continued research in optimization for the full potential of magnetic hyperthermia to improve its efficacy and clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 54-102"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"H2O2-activated mitochondria-targeting photosensitizer for fluorescence imaging-guided combination photodynamic and radiotherapy†","authors":"Qiufen Tian, Zifan Zhu, Yun Feng, Shirui Zhao, Hui Lin, Wen Zhang and Zhiai Xu","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01653J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01653J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Radiotherapy is a primary modality in cancer treatment but is accompanied by severe side effects to healthy tissues and radiation resistance to some extent. To overcome these limitations, we developed a H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small>-responsive photosensitizer, CyBT, which could be activated by the upregulated H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> induced by radiotherapy, enabling near-infrared fluorescence imaging-guided combination photodynamic and radiotherapy. The synthesis of CyBT began with the covalent linkage of hemicyanine and a free radical TEMPO through the click reaction, which demonstrated superior photodynamic properties. Shielding of fluorescence and photodynamic activity was achieved by incorporating phenylboronic acid pinacol ester. In X-ray irradiated tumor cells, the upregulation of H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> activated CyBT, thereby restoring its fluorescence and photodynamic activity. Additionally, the positive charge of CyBT facilitated its targeting to the mitochondria within tumor cells for more efficiently triggering cell apoptosis. CyBT was co-assembled with a polymer PEG-<em>b</em>-PDPA to form acid-responsive nanoparticles (NPs-CyBT). This formulation enhanced tumor targeting, improved water solubility of CyBT, and extended <em>in vivo</em> circulation time. Utilizing fluorescence imaging to guide photodynamic and radiotherapy, NPs-CyBT can accurately target solid tumors in mice, and lead to tumor elimination, suggesting that it is a potential strategy for the effective treatment of malignant tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 326-335"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular matrix mimetic supramolecular hydrogels reinforced with covalent crosslinked mesoporous silica nanoparticles†","authors":"Aygül Zengin, Shahzad Hafeez, Pamela Habibovic, Matthew Baker and Sabine van Rijt","doi":"10.1039/D4TB00499J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB00499J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic environment that is primarily built up from fibrous proteins (<em>e.g.</em>, elastins, fibronectins, collagens, and laminins) and plays a vital role in tissue regeneration processes. Therefore, the development of supramolecular hydrogels that can mimic the ECM's dynamicity and fibrous structure is of great interest in regenerative medicine. However, such hydrogels generally have weak mechanical properties and poor structural stability, which significantly limits their potential applications. To overcome this drawback, we developed a new type of hybrid network composed of supramolecular assemblies with covalent nanoparticle-based crosslinkers. The ECM mimetic hydrogels were created through UV-initiated thiol–ene crosslinking between norbornene functionalized benzene-1,3,5-tri carboxamide (NBTA) macromonomers and thiol functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). We hypothesized that the MSN would improve the mechanical properties by crosslinking the NBTA supramolecular fibrous hydrogels. Notably, the covalent incorporation of MSNs did not disrupt the fibrous morphology of the resulting NBTA–MSN nanocomposites. Furthermore, these supramolecular nanocomposites demonstrated higher structural stability and elasticity compared to pristine NBTA hydrogels. Rheology studies showed that the mechanical properties of NBTA–MSN hydrogels could be tuned by adjusting MSN wt%. Interestingly, NBTA–MSN nanocomposites exhibited self-healing and injectability despite the covalent crosslinking of MSNs. <em>In vitro</em> studies confirmed that NBTA–MSN nanocomposites showed good cytocompatibility and maintained the viability of encapsulated MG63 cells. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrated that MSNs could act as ion reservoirs for calcium and phosphate within the hydrogel networks in addition to being covalent crosslinkers. Taken together, our work offers a promising strategy to create hybrid, biomimetic supramolecular nanocomposite materials for various applications such as injectable materials for bone tissue engineering, and reinforced bioinks for 3D printing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 48","pages":" 12577-12588"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/tb/d4tb00499j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced luminescence and stability of TFMDSA nanoparticles via polymer-induced aggregation for bioimaging†","authors":"Xiang Li, Xue Ren, Yuchao Luo, Haotian Shi, Zhigang Xie, Bin Xu and Wenjing Tian","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01825G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01825G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In recent years, fluorescence imaging has occupied a very important position in the life science and biomedical fields. However, achieving nanomaterials for bioimaging with both high fluorescence quantum efficiency and high stability remains a significant challenge. Herein, we synthesized mPEG<small>_5K</small>–PCL<small>_10K</small>@TFMDSA and mPEG<small>_5K</small>–PLLA<small>_10K</small>@TFMDSA nanoparticles using polymer-induced aggregation. This method significantly enhanced the luminescence efficiency of TFMDSA nanoparticles in solution, attributed to improved intermolecular interactions and restricted molecular vibrations. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited exceptional optical stability over a period of seven days and demonstrated low cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells, making them highly suitable for bioimaging applications. Cellular uptake studies indicated that these nanoparticles were more efficiently internalized by HeLa cells compared to their amorphous counterparts, likely due to their unique square morphology. Our findings highlight the potential of polymer-induced aggregation in enhancing the optical properties and stability of TFMDSA nanomaterials, suggesting their promise as biofluorescent probes for cancer diagnosis and other biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 195-200"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exchange of free and capsule conjugated cyanine dyes between cells†","authors":"Zhanna V. Kozyreva, Polina A. Demina, Olga I. Gusliakova, Gleb B. Sukhorukov and Olga A. Sindeeva","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01874E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01874E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Fluorescent dyes (especially photoconvertible cyanine dyes) are traditionally used as labels to study single-cell or cell-group interactions and migration. Nevertheless, their application has some disadvantages, such as cytotoxicity and dye transfer between cells during co-cultivation. The latter can lead to serious distortions in research results. At the same time, the lack of a worthy alternative explains the reasons for hushing up this serious problem. Here, we propose low-cytotoxicity encapsulated forms of cyanine 3.5 and cyanine 5.5, enabling intracellular uptake and facilitating single-cell labeling and tracking as an efficient alternative to existing staining. Only 16.9% of myoblasts (C2C12) exchanged encapsulated dyes compared with 99.7% of cells that exchanged the free form of the same dyes. Simultaneous application of several encapsulated cyanine dyes, combined with the possibility of photoconversion, provides multi-color coding of individual cells. Encapsulation of cyanine dyes allows reliable labeling and reduces the transfer of the dyes between cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 48","pages":" 12672-12683"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-bio interactions of Gum Arabic-stabilized lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo study†","authors":"Hana Mirmajidi, Hyojin Lee, Niepukolie Nipu, Jith Thomas, Zuzana Gajdosechova, David Kennedy, Jan A. Mennigen and Eva Hemmer","doi":"10.1039/D4TB01579G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4TB01579G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Lanthanide-based nanoparticles (Ln-NPs) are highly valued for their unique optical and magnetic properties, making them useful in various scientific fields, including materials science and biomedicine. This study investigated the use of Gum Arabic (GA), a natural, non-toxic biopolymer, as capping agent for Ln-NPs to enhance their biocompatibility and chemical and colloidal stability. Specifically, Er<small>³⁺</small>/Yb<small>³⁺</small> co-doped NaGdF<small>₄</small> Ln-NPs were modified with GA, followed by their characterization with respect to upconversion properties and <em>in vitro</em> as well as <em>in vivo</em> toxicity. Herein, widely used ligand-free and polyacrylic acid (PAA)-capped Ln-NPs were used as reference materials. Importantly, the GA-modified Ln-NPs exhibited superior stability in aqueous and biologically relevant media, as well as relatively lower cytotoxicity across multiple cell lines, including U-87 MG, HEPG2, and J774A.1. <em>In vivo</em> studies using zebrafish embryos confirmed the minimal toxicity of GA-capped Ln-NPs. Despite overall low non-specific cellular uptake, hyperspectral imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed the colocalization of the Ln-NPs as a function of their surface chemistry in both cell models and zebrafish. The results suggest GA as an effective surface-stabilizing agent for Ln-NPs, paving the way for future functionalization with targeting agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":83,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Chemistry B","volume":" 1","pages":" 160-176"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}