Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)最新文献

Addressing the Alien in the Room: Why Public Perception is Imperative to the Field of Archaeology 称呼房间里的外星人:为什么公众感知对考古学领域至关重要

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways38

C. Fender

{"title":"Addressing the Alien in the Room: Why Public Perception is Imperative to the Field of Archaeology","authors":"C. Fender","doi":"10.29173/pathways38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/pathways38","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudoscience in archaeology, or pseudoarchaeology, are ideas formed by distrust, with minimal observable evidence that explain the human past. In a world of widespread, accessible misinformation, researchers often dismiss the ideas presented within pseudoscientific theory as laughable or irrelevant. On the contrary, many of these thoughts are supported by and for colonialist or racist agendas. With popular media throughout North America now supporting pseudoarchaeology, misinformation is beginning to take a hold on public perception of the field of archaeology. To explore this influence further, this paper summarizes the origins and thoughts presented within popular pseudoarchaeology, current public understanding of archaeology, and why this matters to archaeologists. This paper primarily considers how archaeology is portrayed in Canada and the United States, although I use additional international examples to underscore the importance of global public engagement and media influences within the field of archaeology. Stressing the lack of accurate representation of archaeology, especially regarding the representation of Indigenous peoples, provides an invitation to strive for public engagement and honest discourse about the field.","PeriodicalId":83847,"journal":{"name":"Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86971557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using Metaphors of Contagion: How Framing Obesity as ‘Epidemic’ Shapes Cultural and Medical Understandings of Noncommunicability and ‘Fatness’ 使用传染的隐喻:将肥胖定义为“流行病”如何塑造对不可沟通性和“肥胖”的文化和医学理解

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways31

Amara Wristen

引用次数: 0

Lesbian Motherhood and Artificial Reproductive Technologies in North America: Race, Gender, Kinship, and the Reproduction of Dominant Narratives 北美的女同性恋母性和人工生殖技术:种族、性别、亲属关系和主导叙事的再生产

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways29

Zoe Smith

{"title":"Lesbian Motherhood and Artificial Reproductive Technologies in North America: Race, Gender, Kinship, and the Reproduction of Dominant Narratives","authors":"Zoe Smith","doi":"10.29173/pathways29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/pathways29","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews current ethnographic literature on lesbian motherhood as it relates to artificial reproductive technologies (ART) through intersectional, biopolitical and critical-race frameworks. I argue that white, lesbian intending mothers intersecting identity markers of whiteness and queerness place them in a unique position within ART discourses. ART functions as a biopolitical mechanism which aims to normalize and naturalize privilege in hierarchized power structures, while suggesting that the meanings that it produces are objectively scientific rather than socially constructed. I suggest that ART mechanizes white lesbian women’s insecurities as queer women, nearing the falsified construction of ideal motherhood, by exerting pressure on them to conform and therefore, reproduce dominant reproduction narratives. Simultaneously, I assert that white, lesbian, intending mothers’ positionality could enable critical interrogation into the harmful social stratifications that ART perpetuates based on race, class, ability, and sexuality. In sum, a review of relevant literature is used to posit that women privileged within dominant ART discourses must utilize that privilege to create meaningful change.","PeriodicalId":83847,"journal":{"name":"Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80014985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Paleopathology, Entheseal Changes, and Cross-Sectional Geometry: The Zooarchaeology of Working Animals 古病理学，内脏变化和横截面几何:工作动物的动物考古学

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways37

Jess Sick, Grace Kohut

{"title":"Paleopathology, Entheseal Changes, and Cross-Sectional Geometry: The Zooarchaeology of Working Animals","authors":"Jess Sick, Grace Kohut","doi":"10.29173/pathways37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/pathways37","url":null,"abstract":"Morphological changes in the skeletons of working animals such as reindeer, horse, and cattle have long been observed and documented in the archaeological record. Activities such as riding, carrying cargo on their backs, and pulling vehicles like sleds and ploughs throughout an animal’s life history cause alterations and variations to skeletal tissue. Such alterations include paleopathological lesions, entheseal changes (EC)—alterations in muscle, tendon, and ligament attachment sites on bone—and variations in cross-sectional bone geometry (CSBG). These clues are helpful for reconstructing human-animal relationships in faunal remains of our archaeological past. However, other factors influence the morphological appearance of skeletal tissue besides working activities, such as age, sex, body size, nutrition, genetics, environmental factors, and management by human caretakers. This article explores how paleopathological lesions, EC, and CSBG in faunal skeletal remains are examined to reconstruct working activity and changes to human-animal relationships in the archaeological record. In particular, we discuss two primary topics of inquiry: (1) a review of paleopathological identifiers in working animals such as cattle, horse, camel, and reindeer; and (2) how EC and CSBG are understood in terms of bone functional adaptation, and their application in working and non-working animals such as reindeer and horse. Next, we analyze each topic highlighting their benefits and limitations, including how they contribute to archeological understandings of human-animal relationships in the past, as well as their implications for future research. ","PeriodicalId":83847,"journal":{"name":"Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76109167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tooth Wear Age Estimation of Ruminants from Archaeological Sites 考古遗址中反刍动物牙齿磨损年龄的估计

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways33

Grace Kohut

{"title":"Tooth Wear Age Estimation of Ruminants from Archaeological Sites","authors":"Grace Kohut","doi":"10.29173/pathways33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/pathways33","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The teeth of ruminants (cud-chewing herbivores) can be used to estimate age. Tooth wear age estimation is an especially valuable method in archaeological research because it is non-destructive, efficient, and is adaptable to multiple species, which provides effective results. The objective of this paper is to review tooth wear age estimation approaches taken with a focus on cervid (deer) and caprine (sheep and goat) mandibles. I discuss the process of dental attrition involving ruminant chewing, digestion, and feeding behaviour, as well as factors that affect the rate of wear including individual and population variance. The approaches to tooth wear age estimation have been divided into three overarching categories: the Crown Height Method, the Visual Wear Pattern Method, and the Wear Trait Scoring Method. These approaches are all non-destructive and require similar assumptions about the regularities of tooth wear. Each involves different levels of accuracy, ease of use, efficiency, and applicability to archaeological mandibles. This paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses for these approaches and explains that these various methods reviewed are each better suited to different research situations. Taken together, tooth wear age estimation is a valuable tool that zooarchaeologists employ to reconstruct age-based demographic profiles of animal remains recovered from archaeological sites, illustrating how people interacted with and used them.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":83847,"journal":{"name":"Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82043479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Masculinity in Folklore: The Enduring Symbolism of the Canadian Lumberjack 民间传说中的男子气概:加拿大伐木工人的持久象征意义

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways36

C. Woloschuk

引用次数: 0

A Pathway to Reconciliation within ‘North American’ Archaeology “北美”考古学的和解之路

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways39

Kali Sielsky

引用次数: 0

Our Lives as Women: An Analytical Framework of What Makes Q'eqchi' Women Sick 我们作为女人的生活:一个让Q' echi '女人生病的分析框架

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.29173/pathways34

Natalya Jones

{"title":"Our Lives as Women: An Analytical Framework of What Makes Q'eqchi' Women Sick","authors":"Natalya Jones","doi":"10.29173/pathways34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/pathways34","url":null,"abstract":"The global pattern of women suffering from worse health than men, based on cultural, economic, and biological factors, was found in a small group of Q’eqchi’ women in the Toledo district of Belize. This research follows the health narratives of 20 Q’eqchi’ women to determine what they believe causes their poor health. Through in-depth personal interviews Q’eqchi’ women shared that they suffer from backaches, headaches, pain in their bones, and heavy bleeding. Further, the women also reported ‘thinking too much’ as a factor in their health caused by their reproductive roles. Through thematic analysis and an extensive review of varied literature, this research found that the colonization-rooted Latin gender roles of machismo and marianismo work to sustain Q’eqchi’ women to the domestic sphere. Based on the fact that most Q’eqchi’ women are mothers and wives, these women are stripped of opportunities to obtain education and gain employment, leading to high stress levels and a dependency on their partners for socioeconomic support. Moreover, Q’eqchi’ women’s domestic responsibilities involved arduous physical labour with little rest or help from their male spouses. This labour, combined with the pressures and responsibilities associated with their sex, results in their somatic and psychosomatic expressions of sickness. The research presented in this paper underpins the significance of women’s sex and cultural systems when analyzing global health outcomes. More nuanced considerations of cultural structures, like those mentioned by Q’eqchi’ women, need to be prioritized by policymakers and global health initiatives internationally to better support women’s health.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":83847,"journal":{"name":"Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73358890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Critical Review of Healing Elements: Efficacy and the Social Ecologies of Tibetan Medicine 《治疗要素:藏医疗效与社会生态》述评

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2020-10-02 DOI: 10.29173/PATHWAYS8

M. Gowan

{"title":"Critical Review of Healing Elements: Efficacy and the Social Ecologies of Tibetan Medicine","authors":"M. Gowan","doi":"10.29173/PATHWAYS8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/PATHWAYS8","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a critical review of Healing Elements: Efficacy and the Social Ecologies of Tibetan Medicine. The ethnography provides rich and comprehensive insights regarding the triumphs and tribulations of Sowa Rigpa (traditional Tibetan medicine) as the medical system is translated across diverse contexts to ensure its continuity within the globalized world; however, these insights can be broadened by more deliberately acknowledging and investigating the (post)colonial subtexts underlying these translations. Incommensurability emerges throughout the ethnography in the form of tensions that arise as tacit knowledge is translated to explicit knowledge in the quest for legitimization. It is argued that expounding the nature of this incommensurability by engaging with rather than rejecting polarized notions of “traditional” and “modern” paradigms can reveal that non-biomedical medical systems and medically pluralistic contexts more broadly are inundated by (post)colonial processes. Borrowing Blaser’s (2013) notion of “Sameing,” it is demonstrated that translation involves (post)colonial processes of assimilation, as Sowa Rigpa is rendered visible through Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and appropriation, as it is made palatable through pharmaceutical commodification. Furthermore, it is argued that these processes mobilize mimesis and essentialization to transform Sowa Rigpa into a system that is both legitimized and acquiescent to the imperatives of varying external regimes. The simultaneity of these effects and the position that they are not mutually exclusive is asserted throughout the review as further evidence of (post)colonization.","PeriodicalId":83847,"journal":{"name":"Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87884809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Skeletal Dysplasia: an Analysis of Dwarfism in Ancient Egyptian Culture 骨骼发育不良:古埃及文化中的侏儒症分析

Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.) Pub Date : 2020-10-02 DOI: 10.29173/PATHWAYS12

Kody Engele

{"title":"Skeletal Dysplasia: an Analysis of Dwarfism in Ancient Egyptian Culture","authors":"Kody Engele","doi":"10.29173/PATHWAYS12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29173/PATHWAYS12","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to analyze dwarfism and its standing in ancient Egyptian society and culture. Dwarfism existed in ancient Egyptian society, but unlike other ancient societies, those with dwarfism were not blatantly discriminated against (Sullivan 2001). Individuals with dwarfism could hold many positions within society ranging from herdsmen and fishermen, to personal attendants in royal court (Kozma 2008). There is evidence of individuals with dwarfism dating back to the Badarian Period, with statues, sarcophagi, skeletons, and paintings all having been discovered (Kozma 2008). There are several prominent figures who have been studied in detail; Per-ni-ankh-w was an individual with high status in Egyptian society, and there is ample documentation of him in texts, visual imagery, and skeletal evidence (Kozma 2008). Djeho was another individual who has been well documented and aided with burials (Kozma 2008). Individuals with dwarfism also had religious importance, including the gods Bes and Ptah (Kozma 2008). Individuals with dwarfism were also considered to hold magical significance, and this was seen in spells and religious texts (Kozma 2008). Additionally, there is an abundance of artistic representation of individuals with dwarfism, in the form of statues, sarcophagi, and visual images (Kozma 2008). The Walters Art Museum is also a significant holder of Egyptian art, with many depictions of dwarfism (Kozma 2010). These individuals were significant in ancient Egyptian society and were well documented in several forms.","PeriodicalId":83847,"journal":{"name":"Pathways (Chestnut Hill, Mass.)","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85097995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1