Antiviral Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Nirmatrelvir treatment duration and frequency of COVID-19 rebound.","authors":"Nathan Sudeep, Noah Kojima, Jeffrey D Klausner","doi":"10.1177/13596535251323728","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535251323728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nirmatrelvir has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. However, it is underutilized due to concerns regarding COVID-19 symptom rebound following nirmatrelvir's standard 5-day course. This study aims to identify and evaluate a nirmatrelvir dosage regimen that lowers symptom rebound.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on nirmatrelvir pharmacokinetics, we propose a novel 8-day regimen: two doses twice-daily followed by six doses once-daily to reduce rebound frequency. We then carried out a retrospective case series study of clinical outcomes among our patients to investigate their frequency of COVID-19 symptom rebound following nirmatrelvir usage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 58 prescribed case patients, 49 filled and initiated the prescription. Of those 49 patients, four took the medication for fewer than 5 days, 24 for 5 days (standard regimen), and 21 for 7 or 8 days (extended regimen). Among 5-day treatment cases (<i>n</i> = 24), 8 (33%) experienced clinical rebound, whereas among the 7-day or 8-day treatment cases (<i>n</i> = 21), 2 (9.5%) experienced rebound.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that a longer nirmatrelvir/ritonavir course might reduce rebound symptoms compared to the standard 5-day regimen.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"30 1","pages":"13596535251323728"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repurposing FDA-approved drugs for COVID-19: targeting the main protease through multi-phase <i>in silico</i> approach.","authors":"Ahmed M Metwaly, Eslam B Elkaeed, Aisha A Alsfouk, Ibrahim M Ibrahim, Hazem Elkady, Ibrahim H Eissa","doi":"10.1177/13596535241305536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13596535241305536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need for effective therapeutic agents. The SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) plays a crucial role in viral replication and immune evasion, making it a key target for drug development. While several studies have explored M^pro inhibition, identifying FDA-approved drugs with potential efficacy remains a critical research focus.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to identify FDA-approved drugs that could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 M^pro. Using computational screening, we seek compounds that share structural similarities with a known co-crystallized ligand (PRD_002214) and exhibit strong binding affinity to the enzyme, providing viable candidates for COVID-19 treatment.</p><p><strong>Research design: </strong>A systematic <i>in silico</i> approach was used, screening 3009 FDA-approved drugs. The initial screening focused on structural similarity to PRD_002214 (PDB ID: 6LU7), followed by molecular docking studies to predict binding affinity. Promising compounds were further analyzed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate their stability and interactions with M^pro over 100 ns.</p><p><strong>Study sample: </strong>Of the 3009 FDA-approved drugs screened, 74 were selected for initial evaluation. After refinement, 28 compounds underwent docking analysis, with eight showing strong binding potential to M^pro.</p><p><strong>Analysis: </strong>Molecular docking assessed the binding affinity and interaction of the selected compounds with M^pro. MD simulations were conducted on the top compound, Atazanavir, to study its dynamic interactions. MM-GBSA, PLIP, and PCAT analyses were used to validate binding affinity and interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight compounds, including Carfilzomib, Atazanavir, Darunavir, and others, exhibited promising binding affinities. Among them, Atazanavir showed the highest binding strength and was selected for further MD simulation studies. These simulations revealed that Atazanavir forms stable interactions with M^pro, demonstrating favorable binding and dynamic stability. The binding affinity was further confirmed through MM-GBSA, PLIP, and PCAT analyses, supporting Atazanavir's potential as an effective M^pro inhibitor.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong><i>In silico</i> results suggest that Atazanavir is a promising candidate for targeting SARS-CoV-2 M^pro, with strong binding affinity and dynamic stability. These findings support its potential as a lead compound for further preclinical and clinical testing, though in vitro and in vivo validation are needed to confirm its therapeutic efficacy against COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"29 6","pages":"13596535241305536"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Andrographolide suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection by downregulating ACE2 expression: A mechanistic study.","authors":"Qing Li, Hongmei Lu, Yongdui Ruan, Yuxuan Geng, Zuguo Zhao, Ying Liu, Long Feng, Wentao Guo","doi":"10.1177/13596535241259952","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535241259952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor that enables SARS-CoV-2 to invade host cells. Previous studies have reported that reducing ACE2 expression may have an anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. In this study, we constructed a pGL4.10-F2-ACE2 vector with double luciferase genes (firefly and Renilla luciferase) under the control of the ACE2 promoter and used it to screen compounds from Chinese traditional medicinal herbs (CTMHs) that can inhibit ACE2 transcription in human cells. We transfected HEK293T cells with pGL4.10-F2-ACE2 and treated them with CTMH compounds and then measured fluorescence to evaluate the indirect inhibition of ACE2 transcription. Out of 37 compounds tested, andrographolide demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of ACE2 transcription. We further confirmed by RT-qPCR and Western blot assays that andrographolide also reduced ACE2 expression in BEAS-2B cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, pseudovirus infection assays in BEAS-2B cells demonstrated that andrographolide can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that andrographolide has potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and could be a candidate drug for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"29 3","pages":"13596535241259952"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141316681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In-silico</i> approach to characterize the structure and function of a hypothetical protein of Monkeypox virus exploring Chordopox-A20R domain-containing protein activity.","authors":"Md Iqbal Hosen, Md Easin Mia, Md Nur Islam, Most Ummay Salma Khatun, Tanvir Hossain Emon, Md Anwar Hossain, Farzana Akter, Md Abdul Kader, Sadia Hossain Jeba, Asm Faisal, Md Abunasar Miah","doi":"10.1177/13596535241255199","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535241255199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Monkeypox has emerged as a noteworthy worldwide issue due to its daily escalating case count. This illness presents diverse symptoms, including skin manifestations, which have the potential to spread through contact. The transmission of this infectious agent is intricate and readily transfers between individuals.<b>Methods:</b> The hypothetical protein MPXV-SI-2022V502225_00135 strain of monkeypox underwent structural and functional analysis using NCBI-CD Search, Pfam, and InterProScan. Quality assessment utilized PROCHECK, QMEAN, Verify3D, and ERRAT, followed by protein-ligand docking, visualization, and a 100-nanosecond simulation on Schrodinger Maestro.<b>Results:</b> Different physicochemical properties were estimated, indicating a stable molecular weight (49147.14) and theoretical pI (5.62) with functional annotation tools predicting the target protein to contain the domain of Chordopox_A20R domain. In secondary structure analysis, the helix coil was found to be predominant. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the protein was obtained using a template protein (PDB ID: <i>6zyc.1</i>), which became more stable after YASARA energy minimization and was validated by quality assessment tools like PROCHECK, QMEAN, Verify3D, and ERRAT. Protein-ligand docking was conducted using PyRx 9.0 software to examine the binding and interactions between a ligand and a hypothetical protein, focusing on various amino acids. The model structure, active site, and binding site were visualized using the CASTp server, FTsite, and PyMOL. A 100 nanosecond simulation was performed with ligand CID_16124688 to evaluate the efficiency of this protein.<b>Conclusion:</b> The analysis revealed significant binding interactions and enhanced stability, aiding in drug or vaccine design for effective antiviral treatment and patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"29 3","pages":"13596535241255199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141157246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of swallowability and acceptability of scored darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets in HIV-1-infected children aged ≥6 to <12 years, using matching placebo tablets: A randomized study.","authors":"Sandy Van Hemelryck, Erika Van Landuyt, Veerle Hufkens, Simon Vanveggel","doi":"10.1177/13596535241248282","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535241248282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) fixed-dose combination (FDC) was developed as a once-daily, complete antiretroviral (ARV) regimen therapy to address the need for simplified protease inhibitor-based ARV regimens. This study assessed the swallowability and acceptability for long-term use of scored placebo tablets matching the D/C/F/TAF FDC tablets in children living with HIV-1.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study (NCT04006704) was a Phase 1, open-label, randomized, single-dose, 2-period, 2-sequence crossover study in children living with HIV-1, aged ≥6 to <12 years and weighing ≥25 to <40 kg, on a stable ARV regimen for ≥3 months. Participants were asked to swallow whole (size, 21 × 11 × 7 mm) and split matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets. Swallowability of the matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets (primary endpoint) was assessed by observers. Acceptability of taking matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets and current ARVs was evaluated by participants using a 3-point questionnaire. Participants rated the acceptability for long-term daily use of the placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets, and observers assessed how easily caregivers could split a scored tablet by hand, using 3-point questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 24 participants who enrolled and completed the study, 95.8% (23/24) were able to swallow the whole and split matching placebo D/C/F/TAF tablets after 1 or 2 attempts. Most participants (>70%) rated the acceptability of tablets for long-term daily use as acceptable or good to take. Breaking the tablets was considered easy or OK by 79.2% (19/24) of caregivers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Scored D/C/F/TAF FDC tablets are swallowable - with whole favoured over split - and considered at least acceptable for long-term daily intake in children living with HIV-1 aged ≥6 to <12 years.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04006704.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"29 2","pages":"13596535241248282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140897130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-resistance to entry inhibitors and lenacapavir resistance through Week 52 in study CAPELLA.","authors":"Nicolas Margot, Nina Pennetzdorfer, Vidula Naik, Martin Rhee, Christian Callebaut","doi":"10.1177/13596535231220754","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535231220754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lenacapavir (LEN) is a first-in-class inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid function for the treatment of heavily treatment-experienced people with HIV (PWH) harbouring multidrug resistance in combination with an optimized background regimen (OBR). Here, we describe in vitro analysis of the interplay between entry inhibitors (EI; enfuvirtide, fostemsavir, ibalizumab, and maraviroc) susceptibility and LEN susceptibility in samples from 72 participants in the phase 2/3 CAPELLA study, as well as the emergence of resistance in CAPELLA through 52 weeks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The phenotypic susceptibility to EIs of screening samples from participants was analysed using entry assays, and susceptibility to LEN was generated. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance to LEN was evaluated for subjects with virological failure through Week 52.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, viruses with resistance to EIs showed no cross-resistance to LEN, with a mean fold change from wild type close to 1.0. Of the 22 participants analysed for resistance through Week 52, 9 participants (13%) had emergence of capsid resistance mutation(s) while the remaining 13 participants (18%) had no change in the capsid sequence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The <i>gag</i> sequence from EI-resistant isolates did not affect LEN susceptibility. The lack of cross-resistance to LEN across ARV-resistant isolates supports the use of LEN in PWH regardless of their treatment history. During the second half-year period of the CAPELLA Study, development of LEN resistance was rare and was overall associated with functional LEN monotherapy due to either nonadherence or resistance-driven non-susceptibility to OBR.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"28 6","pages":"13596535231220754"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dolutegravir and rilpivirine as successful initial antiretroviral therapy in a treatment-naive patient with HIV-1: A case report.","authors":"S Jawad Zafar, Bruce L Gilliam, Sarah A Schmalzle","doi":"10.1177/13596535231218875","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535231218875","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"28 6","pages":"13596535231218875"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138476663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RVX-208, an inducer of Apolipoprotein A-I, inhibits the particle production of hepatitis B virus through activation of cGAS-STING pathway.","authors":"Dan Shu, Lin Cheng, Kefei Yuan, Dan Liu, He Wei","doi":"10.1177/13596535231219639","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535231219639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previously, we have demonstrated that Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) could inhibit the secretion of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), suggesting that stimulation of ApoA-I may block particle production. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-HBV effect of RVX-208, a small-molecule stimulator of ApoA-I gene expression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RVX-208 was used to treat HepG2.2.15 cell, a HepG2 derived cell line stably producing HBV virus. Real-time PCR was performed to examine the HBV DNA levels. Magnetic particles, which were coated with anti-HBS or anti-HBE antibody, were used to examine the HBsAg and HBeAg levels in the supernatant of cultured HepG2.2.15 cells in combination with the enzyme conjugates that were prepared with horseradish peroxidase labelled anti-HBS or anti-HBE antibody in a double antibody sandwich manner. RNA-seq, immunoblots and real-time PCR were used to analyze the functional mechanism of RVX-208.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RVX-208 could elevate the ApoA-I protein levels in HepG2.2.15 cells. In the meantime, RVX-208 significantly repressed HBV DNA, HBsAg and HBeAg levels in the supernatants of HepG2.2.15 cells. RNA-seq data revealed that RVX-208 treatment not only affected the cholesterol metabolism, which is closely related to ApoA-I, but also regulated signalling pathways that are associated with antiviral immune response. Moreover, mechanistic studies demonstrated that RVX-208 could activate cGAS-STING pathway and upregulate the transcription of a series of interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with antiviral potential that are at the downstream of cGAS-STING pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated that RVX-208, an inducer of ApoA-I, could suppress HBV particle production through activation of cGAS-STING pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"28 6","pages":"13596535231219639"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138457570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subacute thyroiditis following COVID-19 vaccination: Case presentation.","authors":"Aleksandra Z Tomic, Sonja S Zafirovic, Zoran M Gluvic, Vladimir S Samardzic, Mirjana T Macvanin, Maja Lj Radunovic, Esma R Isenovic","doi":"10.1177/13596535231208831","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535231208831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an organ-specific disease that various drugs, including COVID-19 vaccines, can trigger. COVID-19 infection has been associated with thyroid gland damage and disease SARS-CoV-2 direct action, euthyroid sick syndrome, and immune-mediated mechanisms are all potential mechanisms of thyroid damage. It denotes thyroid gland inflammation, most commonly of viral origin, and belongs to the transitory, self-limiting thyroid gland diseases group, causing complications in approximately 15% of patients in the form of permanent hypothyroidism. Some authors say SAT is the most common thyroid disease associated with COVID-19.<b>Purpose:</b> The occurrence of SAT many weeks after administering the second COVID-19 vaccine is rare and has limited documentation in academic literature. This study aims to present the occurrence of SAT after administering the COVID-19 vaccine. We present the case of a 37-year-old man who developed SAT 23 days after receiving the second dose of Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.<b>Research design and study sample:</b> Due to neck pain and an elevated body temperature (up to 38.2°C), a 37-year-old male subject presented for examination 23 days after receiving the second Pfizer BioNTech mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The patient denied ever having an autoimmune disease or any other disease. Painful neck palpation and a firm, slightly enlarged thyroid gland with no surrounding lymphadenopathy were identified during the exam. The heart rate was 104 beats per minute. All of the remaining physical findings were normal.<b>Data collection and/or Analysis:</b> Data collected during the disease are integral to the medical record.<b>Results:</b> Hematology and biochemistry analyses at the initial and follow-up visits revealed minor leukocytosis, normocytic anaemia, and thrombocytosis, followed by a mild increase in lactate dehydrogenase and decreased iron levels. The patient's thyroid function and morphology had recovered entirely from post-vaccine SAT.<b>Conclusions</b>: Results from this study emphasise the need for healthcare professionals to promptly report any case of SAT related to COVID-19 vaccination. Further investigation is warranted to understand the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19-associated thyroiditis and the impact of COVID-19 immunization on this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"28 5","pages":"13596535231208831"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49673766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV drug resistance in the era of contemporary antiretroviral therapy: A clinical perspective.","authors":"Andrew Carr,&nbsp;Nicola E Mackie,&nbsp;Roger Paredes,&nbsp;Kiat Ruxrungtham","doi":"10.1177/13596535231201162","DOIUrl":"10.1177/13596535231201162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens have high barriers to the development of drug resistance. However, resistance to earlier antiretrovirals and uncommon cases of resistance to contemporary ART illustrate the continued need for good clinical management of HIV drug resistance. Here, we describe HIV drug-resistance mechanisms, the interaction of HIV drug-resistant mutations and the patterns of drug resistance to contemporary ART. We then provide guidance on the management of HIV drug resistance, including how to limit the development of resistance and manage virologic failure that is complicated by resistance. To complement this, links to resources and treatment guidelines are provided that can assist with the interpretation of HIV drug resistance test results and optimal ART selection in the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8364,"journal":{"name":"Antiviral Therapy","volume":"28 5","pages":"13596535231201162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41103709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}