AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety最新文献_第2页

Comparison of emission models with computational fluid dynamic simulation and a proposed improved model. 排放模型与计算流体动力学模拟的比较及改进模型。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984868

J. Bennett, C. Feigley, J. Khan, M. Hosni

{"title":"Comparison of emission models with computational fluid dynamic simulation and a proposed improved model.","authors":"J. Bennett, C. Feigley, J. Khan, M. Hosni","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984868","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding source behavior is important in controlling exposure to airborne contaminants. Industrial hygienists are often asked to infer emission information from room concentration data. This is not easily done, but models that make simplifying assumptions regarding contaminant transport are frequently used. The errors resulting from these assumptions are not yet well understood. This study compares emission estimates from the single-zone completely mixed (CM-1), two-zone completely mixed (CM-2), and uniform diffusivity (UD) models with the emissions set as boundary conditions in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of a workplace. The room airflow and concentration fields were computed using Fluent 4. These numerical experiments were factorial combinations of three source locations, five receptor locations, three dilution airflow rates, and two generation rate profiles, constant and time-varying. The aim was to compute plausible concentration fields, not to simulate exactly the processes in a real workroom. Thus, error is defined here as the difference between model and CFD predictions. For the steady-state case the UD model had the lowest error. When the source near-field contained the breathing zone receptor, the CM-2 model was applied. Then, in decreasing agreement with CFD were UD, CM-2, and CM-1. Averaging over all source and receptor locations (CM-2 applied for only one), in decreasing order of agreement with CFD were UD, CM-1, and CM-2. Source and receptor location had large effects on emission estimates using the CM-1 model and some effect using the UD model. A location-specific mixing factor (location factor) derived from steady-state concentration gradients was used to build a more accurate time-dependent emission model, CM-L. Total mass emitted from a time-varying source was modeled most accurately by CM-L, followed by CM-1 and CM-2.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"16 1","pages":"739-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86186144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Comparison of emission models with computational fluid dynamic simulation and a proposed improved model. 排放模型与计算流体动力学模拟的比较及改进模型。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1202/457.1

James S Bennett, Charles E Feigley, Jamil Khan, Mohammad H Hosni

{"title":"Comparison of emission models with computational fluid dynamic simulation and a proposed improved model.","authors":"James S Bennett, Charles E Feigley, Jamil Khan, Mohammad H Hosni","doi":"10.1202/457.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/457.1","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding source behavior is important in controlling exposure to airborne contaminants. Industrial hygienists are often asked to infer emission information from room concentration data. This is not easily done, but models that make simplifying assumptions regarding contaminant transport are frequently used. The errors resulting from these assumptions are not yet well understood. This study compares emission estimates from the single-zone completely mixed (CM-1), two-zone completely mixed (CM-2), and uniform diffusivity (UD) models with the emissions set as boundary conditions in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of a workplace. The room airflow and concentration fields were computed using Fluent 4. These numerical experiments were factorial combinations of three source locations, five receptor locations, three dilution airflow rates, and two generation rate profiles, constant and time-varying. The aim was to compute plausible concentration fields, not to simulate exactly the processes in a real workroom. Thus, error is defined here as the difference between model and CFD predictions. For the steady-state case the UD model had the lowest error. When the source near-field contained the breathing zone receptor, the CM-2 model was applied. Then, in decreasing agreement with CFD were UD, CM-2, and CM-1. Averaging over all source and receptor locations (CM-2 applied for only one), in decreasing order of agreement with CFD were UD, CM-1, and CM-2. Source and receptor location had large effects on emission estimates using the CM-1 model and some effect using the UD model. A location-specific mixing factor (location factor) derived from steady-state concentration gradients was used to build a more accurate time-dependent emission model, CM-L. Total mass emitted from a time-varying source was modeled most accurately by CM-L, followed by CM-1 and CM-2.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 6","pages":"739-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24124294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A personal sampler for aircraft engine cold start particles: laboratory development and testing. 飞机发动机冷启动粒子的个人取样器:实验室开发和测试。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984869

Alfredo Armendariz, D. Leith

{"title":"A personal sampler for aircraft engine cold start particles: laboratory development and testing.","authors":"Alfredo Armendariz, D. Leith","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984869","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial hygienists in the U.S. Air Force are concerned about exposure of their personnel to jet fuel. One potential source of exposure for flightline ground crews is the plume emitted during the start of aircraft engines in extremely cold weather. The purpose of this study was to investigate a personal sampler, a small tube-and-wire electrostatic precipitator (ESP), for assessing exposure to aircraft engine cold start particles. Tests were performed in the laboratory to characterize the sampler's collection efficiency and to determine the magnitude of adsorption and evaporation artifacts. A low-temperature chamber was developed for the artifact experiments so tests could be performed at temperatures similar to actual field conditions. The ESP collected particles from 0.5 to 20 micro m diameter with greater than 98% efficiency at particle concentrations up to 100 mg/m(3). Adsorption artifacts were less than 5 micro g/m(3) when sampling a high concentration vapor stream. Evaporation artifacts were significantly lower for the ESP than for PVC membrane filters across a range of sampling times and incoming vapor concentrations. These tests indicate that the ESP provides more accurate exposure assessment results than traditional filter-based particle samplers when sampling cold start particles produced by an aircraft engine.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"1 1","pages":"755-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91134557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Sampling and analysis of aircraft engine cold start particles and demonstration of an electrostatic personal particle sampler. 飞机发动机冷启动微粒的取样分析及静电个人微粒取样器的演示。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984872

Alfredo Armendariz, D. Leith, M. Boundy, R. Goodman, Les Smith, G. Carlton

{"title":"Sampling and analysis of aircraft engine cold start particles and demonstration of an electrostatic personal particle sampler.","authors":"Alfredo Armendariz, D. Leith, M. Boundy, R. Goodman, Les Smith, G. Carlton","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984872","url":null,"abstract":"Aircraft engines emit an aerosol plume during startup in extremely cold weather that can drift into areas occupied by flightline ground crews. This study tested a personal sampler used to assess exposure to particles in the plume under challenging field conditions. Area and personal samples were taken at two U.S. Air Force (USAF) flightlines during the winter months. Small tube-and-wire electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) were mounted on a stationary stand positioned behind the engines to sample the exhaust. Other ESPs were worn by ground crews to sample breathing zone concentrations. In addition, an aerodynamic particle sizer 3320 (APS) was used to determine the size distribution of the particles. Samples collected with the ESP were solvent extracted and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results indicated that the plume consisted of up to 75 mg/m(3) of unburned jet fuel particles. The APS showed that nearly the entire particle mass was respirable, because the plumes had mass median diameters less than 2 micro m. These tests demonstrated that the ESP could be used at cold USAF flightlines to perform exposure assessments to the cold start particles.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"84 1","pages":"777-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79114455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Industrial hygienists: who we are, priorities, goals, limitations. 工业卫生学家:我们是谁，优先事项，目标，限制。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01

Harry Ettinger

引用次数: 0

A sampling method for comparing fungal concentrations in carpets. 比较地毯中真菌浓度的抽样方法。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1202/429.1

Joe C Spurgeon

{"title":"A sampling method for comparing fungal concentrations in carpets.","authors":"Joe C Spurgeon","doi":"10.1202/429.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/429.1","url":null,"abstract":"A microvacuum method is described for sampling fungal contaminants in carpet dust and reporting the results on an area basis. When sampling parameters such as suction force, contact time, and area sampled were held constant, and the results were reported on an area basis, fungal concentrations were associated with the potential for water intrusion, a determinant of exposure. Carpet dust samples were collected in open-face 25-mm cassettes containing 0.8 micro m mixed cellulose ester filters. The airflow rate was calibrated at 10 L/min, and the open-faced cassette was held firmly against the carpet at 20 separate spots for a period of 5 sec at each spot. An area of 98 cm(2) of carpet was sampled with each cassette. A total of 58 carpet dust samples were collected in 31 residential condominium units using the described methodology. The carpets were stratified into three groups: (1) controls and those at centers of rooms, (2) at sliding glass doors and under windows, and (3) in areas of water intrusion reported by the occupant. The geometric mean concentrations (GM) of total fungi increased in the listed order, as did the GM concentrations of Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. detected in the samples. In addition, the 95% confidence intervals on the GM concentrations for total fungi could be used to classify the carpets into three groups: uncontaminated, potentially contaminated, and contaminated.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 6","pages":"842-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24123396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strength capabilities and subjective limits in repetitive manual exertions: task and hand dominance effects. 重复性体力劳动的力量能力和主观限制:任务和手优势效应。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1202/510.1

Hope E Johnson, Maury A Nussbaum

{"title":"Strength capabilities and subjective limits in repetitive manual exertions: task and hand dominance effects.","authors":"Hope E Johnson, Maury A Nussbaum","doi":"10.1202/510.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/510.1","url":null,"abstract":"Strength and subjectively determined exertion limits are used widely for ergonomic evaluation. Although compilations of such data for the hand and finger exist, several important limitations include the use of inexperienced participants and constrained postures. In this study both strength and maximum acceptable limits (MAL, 2-hour duration) were obtained from both industrial workers and inexperienced volunteers in 10 simulated hand-intensive automotive assembly tasks. To expand the applicability of the results, the effects of hand-dominance were also determined. Results were compared with existing recommendations (by Kodak and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value for hand-intensive activities), and showed that across the diverse tasks the former yields values slightly below the 1st percentile of MAL, whereas the latter values are slightly higher than the 25th percentile. MALs were found to be approximately 50% of strength, consistent with earlier reports, and suggesting that acceptable limits are strongly influenced by physical capacity. Substantial differences ( approximately 30%) in strength and MALs were found between the two participant groups, emphasizing that participants should resemble the target population. Hand-dominance effects were statistically significant though of moderate size ( approximately 5%). Strength and MAL distributions are provided that can be used for evaluation and design of a variety of hand-intensive occupational tasks.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 6","pages":"763-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24124413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sampling and analysis of aircraft engine cold start particles and demonstration of an electrostatic personal particle sampler. 飞机发动机冷启动微粒的取样分析及静电个人微粒取样器的演示。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1202/512.1

Alfredo Armendariz, David Leith, Maryanne Boundy, Randall Goodman, Les Smith, Gary Carlton

{"title":"Sampling and analysis of aircraft engine cold start particles and demonstration of an electrostatic personal particle sampler.","authors":"Alfredo Armendariz, David Leith, Maryanne Boundy, Randall Goodman, Les Smith, Gary Carlton","doi":"10.1202/512.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/512.1","url":null,"abstract":"Aircraft engines emit an aerosol plume during startup in extremely cold weather that can drift into areas occupied by flightline ground crews. This study tested a personal sampler used to assess exposure to particles in the plume under challenging field conditions. Area and personal samples were taken at two U.S. Air Force (USAF) flightlines during the winter months. Small tube-and-wire electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) were mounted on a stationary stand positioned behind the engines to sample the exhaust. Other ESPs were worn by ground crews to sample breathing zone concentrations. In addition, an aerodynamic particle sizer 3320 (APS) was used to determine the size distribution of the particles. Samples collected with the ESP were solvent extracted and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results indicated that the plume consisted of up to 75 mg/m(3) of unburned jet fuel particles. The APS showed that nearly the entire particle mass was respirable, because the plumes had mass median diameters less than 2 micro m. These tests demonstrated that the ESP could be used at cold USAF flightlines to perform exposure assessments to the cold start particles.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 6","pages":"777-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24124414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The application of a job exposure matrix in the natural gas industry. 工作暴露矩阵在天然气工业中的应用。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1202/504.1

Nora Maher

{"title":"The application of a job exposure matrix in the natural gas industry.","authors":"Nora Maher","doi":"10.1202/504.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1202/504.1","url":null,"abstract":"A questionnaire was designed, implemented, and analyzed, using a job exposure matrix format, to profile jobs in the Pipeline Division of a natural gas company with respect to possible hazardous exposures. The categories of chemical, physical, ergonomic, biological, and psychological hazards were surveyed. The first stage was to formulate and confirm a list of hazardous agents extant within the Pipeline Operations. This was done by making on-site observations and interviewing safety supervisors and workers, as well as by exploring the literature on the natural gas industry. The second stage of the project entailed the collection of data about whether a particular hazardous agent was present at a location, and if so, which workers were exposure to it, and at what intensity and frequency they were exposed. This assessment was made by groups identified as expert assessors, senior workers who were familiar with the processes and range of job titles at their locations. These experienced workers rated all job titles for workers at that site. The final stage of the project was to critically examine and validate the data collected. Three analyses were performed. The first was a comparison of the assessments with known outcomes of the medical surveillance testing that was completed in 1995. Secondly, the agreement between the assessments done by the expert assessor group, and a rating done by the jobholder, was examined. Finally, consideration was given to the sureness expressed by each of the rating groups about the analysis they had provided.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"64 6","pages":"806-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24124417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Health care workers: risk factors for nonlatex and latex gloves during surgery. 卫生保健工作者:手术中使用非乳胶和乳胶手套的危险因素。

AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety Pub Date : 2003-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/15428110308984883

D. Korniewicz, L. Garzon, Stacey Plitcha

{"title":"Health care workers: risk factors for nonlatex and latex gloves during surgery.","authors":"D. Korniewicz, L. Garzon, Stacey Plitcha","doi":"10.1080/15428110308984883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984883","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined glove failure and related factors in both nonlatex and latex surgical gloves after routine use. A federally funded research study was conducted to collect surgical gloves from those directly involved in surgical procedures. All gloves were examined in the laboratory for both visual defects and barrier integrity. A total of 11,118 usable surgical gloves were examined. The overall defect rate was 7.8%; nonlatex gloves were significantly more likely to fail (8.4%) than latex gloves (6.9%). The majority of defects in the latex gloves (90%) and nonlatex gloves (70%) were not detected by visual examination. Separate logistic regression models examined predictors of defects for the gloves. The only factor that increased the odds of a defect for a latex glove was duration of use over 6 hours. Factors increasing the odds of a defect in nonlatex gloves included gloves worn by a scrub person and gloves used in certain surgical services. Scrub persons had a higher defect rate despite wearing their gloves for a significantly shorter time than other health care workers. Latex and nonlatex gloves fail under different conditions. Latex gloves fail primarily due to length of use, whereas nonlatex gloves are more sensitive to conditions of us (e.g., type of health care worker and type of surgery). Providers can help guard against glove defects by double gloving and by changing gloves often, especially when using nonlatex gloves in higher-risk surgeries.","PeriodicalId":83618,"journal":{"name":"AIHA journal : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":"19 1","pages":"851-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81692529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12