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The Trade-Offs of Counterterrorism Policies 反恐政策的权衡
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.177-97
S. Bandyopadhyay, T. Sandler
{"title":"The Trade-Offs of Counterterrorism Policies","authors":"S. Bandyopadhyay, T. Sandler","doi":"10.20955/r.105.177-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.177-97","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a modern overview of counterterrorism tools and their trade-offs for curbing terrorist attacks and their consequences. Defensive and proactive countermeasures constitute two main classes of counterterror tools deployed by targeted governments. The primary drawback of defensive actions, which make terrorist attacks more costly and less apt to succeed, is attack transference that shifts the mode, venue, or target of attacks to those less protected. In contrast, offensive proactive measures, which confront the terrorists directly, may result in backlash as terrorist sympathizers, the public, and state sponsors augment their terrorist support resulting in more recruitment and attacks. Other essential trade-offs are identified and discussed. Additionally, we formulate a two-stage canonical game-theoretic model involving a targeted government and a terrorist group adversary. This model accounts for defensive and proactive policies but also myriad scenarios. As such, it serves as a foundation to explain the modern counterterrorism literature as illustrated by a discussion of iconic contributions to the study of counterterrorism. JEL","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76810820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shipping Prices and Import Price Inflation 航运价格和进口价格通胀
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.89-107
Maggie Isaacson, Hannah Rubinton
{"title":"Shipping Prices and Import Price Inflation","authors":"Maggie Isaacson, Hannah Rubinton","doi":"10.20955/r.105.89-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.89-107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135585162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Fiscal Dominance and the Return of Zero-Interest Bank Reserve Requirements 财政优势与银行零利率准备金率的回归
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.223-33
Charles W. Calomiris
{"title":"Fiscal Dominance and the Return of Zero-Interest Bank Reserve Requirements","authors":"Charles W. Calomiris","doi":"10.20955/r.105.223-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.223-33","url":null,"abstract":"Under current policy and based on this report’s assumptions, [government debt relative to GDP] is projected to reach 566 percent by 2097. The projected continuous rise of the debt-to-GDP ratio indicates that current policy is unsustainable.","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135845675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tornado Cash and Blockchain Privacy: A Primer for Economists and Policymakers 龙卷风现金和区块链隐私:经济学家和政策制定者的入门书
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.122-136
Matthias Nadler, Fabian Schär
{"title":"Tornado Cash and Blockchain Privacy: A Primer for Economists and Policymakers","authors":"Matthias Nadler, Fabian Schär","doi":"10.20955/r.105.122-136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.122-136","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores non-custodial crypto asset mixers such as Tornado Cash. We analyze what types of mixers exist and how they work. We discuss opportunities and risks and offer an approach, based on voluntary disclosure, that would allow financial market regulators to combat money laundering and illicit activities, while allowing honest users to interact with privacy-enhancing protocols. We explain how crypto asset mixers play an important role on public blockchains and that privacy may be difficult to attain without them","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87157083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Demographic Disparities in COVID-19 Disruptions: What Has Shaped Them? COVID-19中断中的人口差异:是什么塑造了它们?
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.261-79
Violeta A. Gutkowski
{"title":"Demographic Disparities in COVID-19 Disruptions: What Has Shaped Them?","authors":"Violeta A. Gutkowski","doi":"10.20955/r.105.261-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.261-79","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses the Community Impact Survey implemented by the Federal Reserve System in 2021 to identify COVID-19 disruptions on low-to moderate-income communities. I find that communities that were primarily of Color were more likely to be significantly disrupted by COVID-19 than White communities. I also assess the importance of certain challenges, such as returning to work or unequal access to government relief, in shaping the observed demographic differences in disruption","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135845661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Unequal Responses to Pandemic-Induced Schooling Shocks 对流行病引起的学校教育冲击的不平等反应
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.51-65
Andrea Flores, George-Levi Gayle
{"title":"The Unequal Responses to Pandemic-Induced Schooling Shocks","authors":"Andrea Flores, George-Levi Gayle","doi":"10.20955/r.105.51-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.51-65","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the existence of socio-demographic gradients in the schooling shocks experienced by school -aged children and their ability to adjust to the disruptions induced by the containment measures imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on documenting racial, educational, and income disparities in these two es-sential components of children's human capital accumulation that could have significant implications in the medium and long run. The article finds that children in households from disadvantaged socio-demographic groups (i) were significantly more likely to face severe education disruptions from school cancellations at the onset of the pandemic, (ii) had more-limited access to remote-learning resources such as computers, and (iii) relied more heavily on schools to obtain access to these resources. Notably, these adverse effects severely disrupted children's 2019-20 academic year but were mitigated at the start of the 2020-21 academic year.","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"526 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77365299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Future of Money and Its Implications for Society, Central Banks, and the International Monetary System 货币的未来及其对社会、中央银行和国际货币体系的影响
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.1-8
Eswar S. Prasad
{"title":"The Future of Money and Its Implications for Society, Central Banks, and the International Monetary System","authors":"Eswar S. Prasad","doi":"10.20955/r.105.1-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.1-8","url":null,"abstract":"conomists are storytellers at heart. So I have for you today a story of remarkable technological innovation, some unfulfilled promises, and unintended consequences. The story, of course, revolves around money, which makes it especially appropriate that I’m giving this lecture here today. I am very privileged to be following in the footsteps of many distinguished people who have delivered the Homer Jones Memorial Lecture, which, after all, is to honor somebody who had a great deal to do with the development of monetary economics and thinking about how money affects us. The story I have for you today is going to revolve around how money is going to be reshaped: in the way we think about it, the way we relate to it, and the way it helps us organize our economic activi-ties. And it’s going to go through a lot of terrain. We’ll start by thinking a little bit about basic financial innovations, then delve into the world of cryptocurrencies (including Bitcoin and much more), and then talk about the possibility that we might have digital versions of the paper currency we are all used to. But then we’ll think about what all of this means for financial markets and institutions, for central banks such as the Fed, and, indeed, for the international monetary system. But it’s not just going to be about finance and economics. It’s ultimately going to have some implications for thinking about how we organize society and our day-to-day interactions. This article is based on the Homer Jones Memorial Lecture delivered at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, October 19, 2022. This new wave of financial innovations has broad implications for society, banking, and central banking: Digital platforms can ease entry for financial services providers, increase transactional efficiency, and widen access to and participation in the financial system. They could also decrease the use of cash and alter the U.S. dollar’s role as today’s vehicle currency.","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"30 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72584653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Demand-Supply Imbalance during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Fiscal Policy COVID-19大流行期间的供需失衡:财政政策的作用
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.21-50
Francois de Soyres, Ana Maria Santacreu, Henry Young
{"title":"Demand-Supply Imbalance during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Fiscal Policy","authors":"Francois de Soyres, Ana Maria Santacreu, Henry Young","doi":"10.20955/r.105.21-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.21-50","url":null,"abstract":"To mitigate the health and economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide engaged in massive fiscal support programs. We show that generous fiscal support is associated with an increase in the demand for consumption goods during the pandemic, but industrial production did not adjust quickly enough to meet the sharp increase in demand.","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135470798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
An Introduction to Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Blockchains and Economics 区块链和经济学中的零知识证明简介
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.280-94
Aleksander Berentsen, Jeremias Lenzi, Remo Nyffenegger
{"title":"An Introduction to Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Blockchains and Economics","authors":"Aleksander Berentsen, Jeremias Lenzi, Remo Nyffenegger","doi":"10.20955/r.105.280-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.280-94","url":null,"abstract":"With a zero-knowledge proof (ZKP), a party can prove that a statement is true without revealing any information except for whether it is indeed true or not. The obvious benefit is privacy since the prover does not need to reveal any additional information, and the second benefit is that it can significantly reduce the cost of verifying the correctness of a statement. ZKPs are increasingly adopted in blockchain applications, where privacy and efficiency still have a lot of room for improvement. While it is expected that ZKP technology will also become ubiquitous in many other areas, the term remains cryptic to many people without a computer science background. In this review article, we shed light on what ZKPs are and how they improve privacy and efficiency and describe applications for blockchains and other use cases.","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135911120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Changing Role of Family Income in College Selection and Beyond 家庭收入在大学选择及其他方面的作用变化
World review (Brisbane, Qld.) Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.20955/r.105.198-222
Oksana Leukhina
{"title":"The Changing Role of Family Income in College Selection and Beyond","authors":"Oksana Leukhina","doi":"10.20955/r.105.198-222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20955/r.105.198-222","url":null,"abstract":"Previous literature has established that the role of family income has grown substantially at predicting college entry decisions when comparing the 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (e.g., Belley and Lochner (2007)). In this article, I further examine the changing role of family income as a determinant of college quality choice, degree attainment, and post-schooling earnings. I document that the role of family income has remained important and relatively stable at explaining college quality choice, its importance increasing only for the choice of four-over two-year colleges. In contrast, pre-college academic achievement has become much more important at predicting college quality choice, indicating a substantial strengthening of student college sorting. I also document that for a given college type, family income has remained an important predictor of graduation outcomes, its effect staying similar in magnitude. However, its role in explaining the post-schooling earnings of college graduates has dropped substantially. In contrast, the quality of the degree-granting college has become a much stronger determinant of both graduation outcomes and post-graduation earnings. I argue that all of these findings are consistent with the hypothesis of rising returns to college coupled with tighter financial constraints.","PeriodicalId":83545,"journal":{"name":"World review (Brisbane, Qld.)","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79346773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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