The International journal of aviation psychology最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Social Competence for Pilot Selection","authors":"Hans-Juergen Hoermann, P. Goerke","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.860843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.860843","url":null,"abstract":"To ensure that pilots possess the necessary skills for effective teamwork during line operation, airlines have introduced various diagnostic methods into their selection procedures that are designed to assess the social competence of pilot applicants prior to employment. A validation study with N = 292 ab initio pilots for a major European airline is described, in which assessment center (AC) methods have been compared with questionnaires on social competence and personality. Results show moderate to high correlations between 2 social competence questionnaires and certain personality dimensions, although only 1 social competence questionnaire (the Social Skills Inventory [SSI]) confirms systematic common variance with the behavior-oriented assessments of related concepts in the AC. In addition to traditional selection procedures, the SSI could neither improve the prediction of applicants’ overall performance in pilot selection nor did it show substantial intercorrelations with an external criterion in the pilot training. Therefore, social competence and personality questionnaires could serve as an additional component in the preselection, but might not replace the AC, which provides information about the behavioral component of social competence in real social interactions.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"28 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.860843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59695889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Identification of Unmanned Aircraft Pilots Using Measures of Personality and Aptitude","authors":"Mark R. Rose, Laura G. Barron, T. Carretta, R. D. Arnold, W. R. Howse","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.860849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.860849","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the extent to which personality measures (Self-Description Inventory+) could improve prediction of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) training outcomes, beyond currently used cognitive, psychomotor, and aviation knowledge and experience predictors included in the U.S. Air Force (USAF) Pilot Candidate Selection Method 2.0. Participants were 170 USAF officers with RPA Initial Flight Screening (RFS) outcomes and 110 USAF officers with RPA Instrument Qualification (RIQ) outcomes. Both RFS and RIQ emphasize development of skills traditionally required for manned aircraft pilots, also considered essential for USAF RPA pilots. Results showed significant negative relationships between the Big Five personality trait of Openness and several RPA training outcomes, and significant incremental variance explained by Openness beyond other predictors. Additionally, RFS and RIQ training outcomes were generally predicted by measures traditionally used for selection into manned aircraft pilot training courses and careers. Together, these findings suggest that personality, specifically Openness scores, and scores on traditional pilot selection measures, can serve as useful indicators in the early identification of RPA pilot talent.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"36 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.860849","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on the Article by Hoermann and Goerke: Do Pilots Need Social Competence?","authors":"M. Martinussen","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.860845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.860845","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a valuable overview of personality characteristics that might be important for crew members in multipilot operations, including social competence. Social competence involves reading, understanding, and influencing social interactions, and it can be measured by self-report, interviews, or observations. It represents a different set of personal characteristics relative to cognitive abilities and personality traits. The study examines whether self-report measures of social competence can be used as a low-cost alternative to assessment centers in pilot selection or as a preselection tool for more expensive methods at a later stage. The study was based on a sample of applicants for ab initio pilot training at Lufthansa, where the two measures of social competence were administered but not used in the selection process. Social interaction is fundamental both in private life and at work. There are many partly overlapping constructs that reflect aspects of this phenomenon, including social IQ, emotional IQ, social self-efficacy, political skills, social skills, and social competence. The term social effectiveness has been suggested as a higher order label for all of these constructs, but exactly how they are related and how they should be measured is not clear (Ferris, Perrewé, & Douglas, 2002). There is some evidence suggesting that social effectiveness is indeed important for work performance in general (Ferris et al., 2002), but it has so far not been examined systematically in relation to pilot selection. Research on pilot selection methods, in the main, has focused on developing and validating cognitive ability tests (see, e.g., Carretta & Ree, 2003; Hunter & Burke, 1995). However, since the beginning of aviation, other personal characteristics have been emphasized as important, and many attempts have been made to define and measure these qualities. Dockeray and Isaacs (1921, p. 147) wrote that “quiet methodological men were among the best flyers” based on participant observation. The Danish psychologist Alfred Lehmann suggested a few years later that emotional stability could be measured by firing a gun and measuring physiological reactions to this unexpected event (Martinussen & Hunter, 2010). In addition, a large number of personality tests have been tried out on U.S. military pilots (for an overview see Dolgin & Gibb, 1988), including measures developed more for clinical use than for personnel selection. Kragh (1960) developed the Defense Mechanism Test, which is a projective test assumed to measure deeper personality","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"51 1","pages":"32 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.860845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor's Preface to the Special Issue on Pilot Selection","authors":"D. Damos","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2014.860839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2014.860839","url":null,"abstract":"In 1996, the International Journal of Aviation Psychology (IJAP) published its first special issue on pilot selection. Jefferson Koonce was the editor of this issue, which included six articles. Two of the six articles were research papers concerned with military pilot selection; two, with civilian selection. The fifth paper, by Neil Johnston (Johnston, 1996), expressed concerns about the psychological testing proposed by the European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA). I was the author of the final article (Damos, 1996), which was a critique of the then-current state of pilot selection. In the intervening 18 years the aviation industry has undergone many changes, especially in civil operational flying. Some of these changes affected how pilots conduct operational flights. Others affected pilot recruitment and training. The purpose of this special issue is to address the effects of some of these changes on the pilot selection process. Five articles make up this issue. Each is followed by two commentaries. Because of page limitations, all five articles with their commentaries could not be published in one issue. Consequently, the first three articles (Hoermann & Goerke; Rose et al.; and King) with their commentaries are published in this issue of IJAP. The final two articles (Turner; Weissmuller & Damos) with commentaries will appear in the next issue. Perhaps three of the most noticeable changes in civil aviation from a human factors perspective have been the gradual shift from three-person to two-person crews, the continual increase in cockpit automation, and the widespread adoption and integration of crew resource management (CRM) into pilot training and operational procedures. All three of these changes have the potential to affect the pilot selection process by altering the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other traits (KSAOs) that should be assessed. In my 1996 article, I suggested that aviation psychologists conduct job analyses for two-crew, glass cockpit aircraft and identify any skills or abilities required by glass aircraft that were not required by traditional aircraft. In 2004, Goeters, Maschke, and Eisfeldt (2004) conducted a major study using the Fleishman Job Analysis Survey (F–JAS; Fleishman, 1992) to identify the KSAOs needed for a successful career as a commercial airline pilot. Nine scales developed at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luftund Raumfahrt (DLR) Aviation and Space Psychology were added to Fleishman’s attributes to assess the relevance of interpersonal skills. Pilots flying two types of aircraft were included as participants: those flying hybrid cockpits (less automated) and those flying glass cockpits (more automated). Each participant gave two sets of ratings: one for the relevance","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"24 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2014.860839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Allocation of Roles Between Humans and Automation for a Pairing Tool Used for Simultaneous Approaches","authors":"S. Verma, T. Kozon, D. Ballinger, A. Farrahi","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2013.833764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2013.833764","url":null,"abstract":"Aircraft operations on parallel runways continue to motivate research into tools that can improve capacity safely by defining and automating procedures. However, there is no formal process or automation tool today to assist the air traffic controller with pairing aircraft for simultaneous approaches. To address this need, a controller-based aircraft pairing tool to assist controllers in pairing and aligning aircraft for simultaneous arrivals to parallel runways 750 ft apart was developed. Two simulation studies conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center evaluated different stages of evolution of this tool. The respective roles of the controller and the automation tool were adjusted in the second experiment based on the results of the first experiment. Results indicate improvement on all dependent variables in the second study and suggest an implementation in a broader sense in light of the benefits provided by “adaptable” automation (Scerbo, 2001) where changes in the levels of automation are evoked by the user's actions.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"335 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2013.833764","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Abilities and Psychological Characteristics of Slovene Military Pilots","authors":"M. Meško, D. Karpljuk, Z. Štok, M. Videmšek, Tine Bertoncel, A. Bertoncelj, I. Podbregar","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2013.833750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2013.833750","url":null,"abstract":"In our study, we aimed to determine which tests differentiate Slovene military pilots from control groups (general population, sports pilots, and soldiers), and produced a profile of a military pilot, which is an important factor for military pilot selection. Indeed the performance of a pilot also depends on a pilot's motor abilities, his or her personality profile, and his or her stress coping style. We administered some motoric tests, some of the tests in the Complex Reactionmeter Drenovac series, the Big Five personality questionnaire, and a stress coping questionnaire called the Coping Responses Inventory. The analysis of variance was used to test research aims. SPSS 16.0 was used to analyze the data. The results show that the special characteristics of military pilots include better emotion control, a higher level of emotional stability, extrovertedness, and higher impulse control. Slovene military pilots use strategies focused on a problem, they cope with problem situations effectively, and they have shorter reaction times on the test of spatial coordination. The research findings can be used to determine specific criteria for high-quality military pilot selection and to provide directions for development in this field.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"306 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2013.833750","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59695918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to Intra-Aircraft Communication and Safety: The Perspective of the Flight Attendants","authors":"Jane Ford, R. Henderson, D. O’Hare","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2013.834167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2013.834167","url":null,"abstract":"Failures of communication and teamwork between cabin crew and flight deck crew have been implicated in a number of fatal accidents involving commercial aircraft. This study was designed to identify perceived barriers to effective teamwork and communication between pilots and flight attendants in airline operations. The nominal group technique (NGT) was used to gather data from 18 flight attendant focus groups involving 100 flight attendants operating on both narrow-bodied and wide-bodied jet aircraft from a major air carrier. The NGT focus group methodology generated both barriers and solutions to communication from the flight attendant perspective in the following key areas: the locked flight deck door and interphone protocols; “sterile cockpit” standard operating procedures (SOPs); preflight briefings; knowledge of basic aircraft terminology; debriefings after incidents; and contractual differences in hotels, meals, and allowances. An emphasis on joint crew resource management (CRM) training between pilots and flight attendants provides the most appropriate way to address these perceived barriers. The solutions generated should be written into CRM and emergency procedures (EP) course content. Training opportunities should be provided to allow both flight deck and cabin crew a better understanding of the other's role and workload patterns.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"368 - 387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2013.834167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59695861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communication and Flexibility in Aircrews Facing Unexpected and Risky Situations","authors":"Léonore Bourgeon, C. Valot, C. Navarro","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2013.833744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2013.833744","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the differences in communication patterns of “low-flexible” and “high-flexible” aircrews facing unexpected situations. During a flight simulation, 10 3-member aircrews were confronted with 2 events associated with low risk level (technical failure) and high risk level (threat to flight safety). In high-risk decision situations, low-flexible crews expressed their personal opinions more frequently than high-flexible crews, but they tended to argue by recalling procedures, whereas high-flexible crews more frequently argued by describing the context of the situation. However, overall, the frequency of dissent and argumentation was low, suggesting an impact of cognitive cost of these activities in risky situations.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"289 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2013.833744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59695834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EOV Ed board","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2013.841812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2013.841812","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"ebi - ebi"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2013.841812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Lighting and Distraction on the Black Hole Illusion in Visual Approaches","authors":"Chris M. Nicholson, Peter C. Stewart","doi":"10.1080/10508414.2013.833755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2013.833755","url":null,"abstract":"Two possible causes of the black hole illusion (BHI), lighting and distraction, were examined using distance estimations in nonpilots. In a computer-simulated cockpit environment, participants estimated distance across 2 lighting conditions and 3 levels of distraction. Participants significantly underestimated distance at night and overestimated distance during the day (p = .004). An interaction between lighting and distance from runway (p = .040) was suggestive of the BHI. Current findings help support the idea that lighting plays a significant role in the accuracy of distance estimation, possibly contributing to the BHI, and that BHI might result from a disruption of optic flow.","PeriodicalId":83071,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of aviation psychology","volume":"23 1","pages":"319 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508414.2013.833755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59696002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}