Florence Fontaine, Florent P Trouillas, Josep Armengol, Akif Eskalen
{"title":"Fungal Trunk Diseases: A Global Threat to Grapevines.","authors":"Florence Fontaine, Florent P Trouillas, Josep Armengol, Akif Eskalen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121323-022259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121323-022259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trunk diseases are global wood diseases of grapevine that can significantly reduce the productive lifespan of vineyards. Infection may initiate at the nursery or in vineyards. Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are caused by diverse Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungal pathogens in at least nine families. They may be soilborne or airborne, depending on the type of pathogen involved and can affect vineyards of all ages. GTDs constitute a complex group of diseases with multiple pathogens involved, diverse infection pathways, and a broad range of symptoms. Here, we discuss various aspects of GTDs, including their discovery and worldwide distribution, disease incidence in vineyards, pathogen taxonomy, and the most informative loci for identification as well as disease cycles and biology and plant-pathogen interaction. We also provide a review of the main control strategies employed to mitigate the impact of GTDs in nurseries and vineyards and discuss the main challenges for disease management and future needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neuronal Basis of Host-Finding and Feeding in Plant-Parasitic Nematodes.","authors":"Jaeyeong Han, Nathan E Schroeder","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121823-033645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121823-033645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The success of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) depends on the integration of sensory cues and neuromuscular motor outputs, leading to behaviors such as hatching, host-finding, locomotion, feeding, and reproduction. Although the nervous system is often a target for control, much of our knowledge of PPN nervous system structure and function has been inferred from the free-living nematode <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>. However, the past two decades have seen substantial advances in our understanding of PPN nervous systems. These suggest that although many features of PPN neurobiology are conserved across nematodes, the behavioral repertoire of PPNs also requires distinct neuronal, structural, and functional properties that have diverged from their free-living ancestors. This review focuses on host-finding and feeding behaviors and their underlying neuronal basis; however, the diversity of PPNs implies there is much to be discovered in the rich repertoire of PPN behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qianshen Zhang, Kun Zhang, Dawei Li, Xiaofeng Wang, Yongliang Zhang
{"title":"Replication Organelles of Plant Positive-Strand RNA Viruses: A Boost in Knowledge Following New Imaging Approaches.","authors":"Qianshen Zhang, Kun Zhang, Dawei Li, Xiaofeng Wang, Yongliang Zhang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121823-032017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121823-032017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses depend entirely on host cells for propagation, with replication being the central process in establishing their infections. Upon entry into host cells, positive-strand RNA viruses induce rearrangement of the host's cellular membranes, leading to the formation of virus replication organelles (ROs). Advancements in imaging techniques have enabled the determination of three-dimensional structures for several plant viral ROs that are associated with specific organelle membranes and display either spherule- or tube-shaped structures. Viral replication proteins, along with diversely recruited host factors such as lipids and membrane-shaping proteins, are used to remodel cellular membranes and build ROs. These ROs not only shield viral replication templates and intermediates from host defense mechanisms but also serve as efficient machinery for the synthesis of viral RNAs. Moreover, ROs are intricately connected to other stages of the viral life cycle, often triggering stress responses and redox shifts within the cellular microenvironment, positioning the ROs as central hubs for virus-plant interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy D Murray, Aida Duarte, Douglas G Luster, Simon J McKirdy, Elizabeth E Rogers, Brenda K Schroeder, Sergei A Subbotin
{"title":"Seed Gall Nematodes and Their Association with Toxigenic Bacteria.","authors":"Timothy D Murray, Aida Duarte, Douglas G Luster, Simon J McKirdy, Elizabeth E Rogers, Brenda K Schroeder, Sergei A Subbotin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121823-033153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121823-033153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) has caused significant economic damage in Australia. This syndrome occurs when <i>Rathayibacter toxicus</i> is carried by a seed gall nematode into the developing seeds of forage grasses, where it produces a tunicamycin toxin. Grazing animals feeding on infected plants die when they consume sufficient toxin. Consequently, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the US Department of Agriculture listed <i>R. toxicus</i> as a plant pathogen select agent in the United States. The seed gall nematodes <i>Anguina agrostis</i>, <i>Anguina funesta</i>, <i>Anguina paludicola</i>, and <i>Anguina</i> <i>tritici</i> are regulated or quarantine pests in several countries. <i>A. funesta</i> and <i>A. paludicola</i> are of particular concern because they are the primary vectors of <i>R. toxicus.</i> Several new <i>Rathayibacter</i> species and nematode associations have been described, and we have gained a better understanding of toxin production in <i>R. toxicus</i> and other <i>Rathayibacter</i> species. This review focuses on <i>R. toxicus</i> and other <i>Rathayibacter</i> species; discusses their nematode vectors, distribution, diagnostics, and genomics; and provides suggestions for pathogen risk assessment, surveillance, and management of ARGT.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jovana Mijatović Scouten, Shan-Chi Hsieh, Li-Kang Sung, Yung-Hui Victoria Wen, Chih-Horng Kuo, Erh-Min Lai, Jeff H Chang
{"title":"Function, Evolution, and Ecology of Type VI Secretion Systems of Plant-Associated Bacteria.","authors":"Jovana Mijatović Scouten, Shan-Chi Hsieh, Li-Kang Sung, Yung-Hui Victoria Wen, Chih-Horng Kuo, Erh-Min Lai, Jeff H Chang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-084620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-084620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intense competition for resources among microorganisms imposes strong selective pressure for traits that provide a competitive advantage, including traits that harm others. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a versatile contractile injection apparatus encoded by many Gram-negative bacteria. This system is best known for its lethal use in deploying effectors toxic to neighboring bacteria. However, T6SSs can also be used to secrete effectors into the environment to influence nutrient acquisition. Additionally, for some bacteria, T6SSs deploy effectors toxic to eukaryotic hosts and are involved in virulence, which, however, has not been demonstrated for plant-associated bacteria. Here, we review the diverse functions and evolutionary basis of T6SSs. We discuss the potential ecological impacts of T6SSs in plant-associated communities. Understanding outcomes is important for finding the best approaches for using bacteria in sustainable management of plant agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ravi P Singh, David P Hodson, Pawan K Singh, Caixia Lan, Xinyao He, Evans S Lagudah, Philomin Juliana, Michael Ayliffe, Sridhar Bhavani, Diane G O Saunders, Julio Huerta-Espino
{"title":"Challenges to Wheat Disease Resistance and Current Global Strategies.","authors":"Ravi P Singh, David P Hodson, Pawan K Singh, Caixia Lan, Xinyao He, Evans S Lagudah, Philomin Juliana, Michael Ayliffe, Sridhar Bhavani, Diane G O Saunders, Julio Huerta-Espino","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121923-082727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121923-082727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat yields have continued to increase globally at a steady pace over the past decade despite challenges faced by breeding programs from evolving and migrating races of rust and other wheat disease-inducing fungi. Additionally, pathogens are becoming tolerant to fungicides because of their injudicious use. We highlight the challenges in breeding and deploying resistant varieties and discuss global strategies to protect wheat from diseases. The continuous identification, utilization, and deployment of diverse resistance genes and quantitative trait loci for durable adult plant resistance, supported by precision phenotyping, marker-assisted and genomic selection, real-time pathogen diagnostics, and the rapid diffusion of resistant varieties, are helping to minimize crop losses while enhancing productivity. The potential for genetic engineering, including the introduction of resistance gene cassettes and precise genome editing of susceptibility or resistance genes, has also increased because of the recent acceptance of genetically modified wheat carrying the HB4® drought tolerance gene in some countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functions and Mechanisms of Secreted Proteinaceous Effectors of Broad-Host-Range Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens.","authors":"Xiaofan Liu, Yongkun Huang, Weidong Chen, Daohong Jiang, Jiasen Cheng","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121323-020233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121323-020233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review focuses on the intricate interaction mechanisms between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and their host plants, emphasizing the pivotal role of effectors in orchestrating host cell death and immune responses. It undertakes a comparative analysis of effector-target interactions, contrasting those of broad-host-range necrotrophic fungal pathogens with host-specific necrotrophic fungal pathogens as well as necrotrophic fungal pathogens with biotrophic fungal pathogens. A detailed discussion is provided on how these effector mechanisms shape infection strategies. Additionally, the review introduces new disease control strategies and evaluates their advantages and limitations. Finally, in light of the effector interaction mechanisms, it advocates for the incorporation of artificial intelligence in future research and disease management efforts, aiming at expediting comprehension of effector-target interactions and developing novel strategies for disease control.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolee T Bull, Catalina Salgado-Salazar, Megan K Romberg, Cavan Allen, Mihail Kantor, Zafar Handoo, Nina Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic, Sead Sabanadzovic, Teresa Coutinho
{"title":"Plant Pathogen Name Game: Cross Kingdom Review for the Naming of Biotic Agents Associated with Plants.","authors":"Carolee T Bull, Catalina Salgado-Salazar, Megan K Romberg, Cavan Allen, Mihail Kantor, Zafar Handoo, Nina Aboughanem-Sabanadzovic, Sead Sabanadzovic, Teresa Coutinho","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-111424-090412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-111424-090412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To communicate across scientific disciplines, regulatory bodies, and the agricultural community, the naming of plant pathogens assigned to specific taxa is critical. Here, we provide an overview of the nomenclatural systems governing the naming of plant-pathogenic nematodes, fungi, oomycetes, prokaryotes, and viruses. Although we focus on the nature of the nomenclatural codes, we briefly discuss fundamental principles of taxonomy, including classification and identification. Key elements of the codes of nomenclature that ensure stability and clarity when naming species of pathogens are defined. When comparing the practice of nomenclature across different kingdoms, the classification and nomenclatural systems differ, and thus unique challenges are faced. We provide guidance from the codes and current practice for naming novel species. When there are nomenclatural conflicts, international committees play a critical role in their resolution. They also play a role in updating the codes to reflect new advancements in science. With this review, we aim to assist plant pathologists, journal editors, and those in related fields by providing an entrée to the legalistic requirements of the codes. Authors must consult and follow the rules of the appropriate code for any proposal of new or new combinations of names. To those interested in naming new species (or renaming the current ones), we recommend collaborations with experts in the field of taxonomy to ensure that rules for accurate and consistent naming practices and procedures are followed and to increase the likelihood that the proposed nomenclature is correct and acceptable.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jared M. LeBoldus, Shannon C. Lynch, Andrew E. Newhouse, Kelsey L. Søndreli, George Newcombe, Patrick I. Bennett, Wellington Muchero, Jin-Gui Chen, Posy E. Busby, Michael Gordon, Haiying Liang
{"title":"Biotechnology and Genomic Approaches to Mitigating Disease Impacts on Forest Health","authors":"Jared M. LeBoldus, Shannon C. Lynch, Andrew E. Newhouse, Kelsey L. Søndreli, George Newcombe, Patrick I. Bennett, Wellington Muchero, Jin-Gui Chen, Posy E. Busby, Michael Gordon, Haiying Liang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-114434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-114434","url":null,"abstract":"Outbreaks of insects and diseases are part of the natural disturbance regime of all forests. However, introduced pathogens have had outsized impacts on many dominant forest tree species over the past century. Mitigating these impacts and restoring these species are dilemmas of the modern era. Here, we review the ecological and economic impact of introduced pathogens, focusing on examples in North America. We then synthesize the successes and challenges of past biotechnological approaches and discuss the integration of genomics and biotechnology to help mitigate the effects of past and future pathogen invasions. These questions are considered in the context of the transgenic American chestnut, which is the most comprehensive example to date of how biotechnological tools have been used to address the impacts of introduced pathogens on naïve forest ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Fiorilli, A. Martínez-Medina, Maria J. Pozo, L. Lanfranco
{"title":"Plant Immunity Modulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Its Impact on Pathogens and Pests","authors":"V. Fiorilli, A. Martínez-Medina, Maria J. Pozo, L. Lanfranco","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-042014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-042014","url":null,"abstract":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is the oldest and most widespread mutualistic association on Earth and involves plants and soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycotina. A complex molecular, cellular, and genetic developmental program enables partner recognition, fungal accommodation in plant tissues, and activation of symbiotic functions such as transfer of phosphorus in exchange for carbohydrates and lipids. AM fungi, as ancient obligate biotrophs, have evolved strategies to circumvent plant defense responses to guarantee an intimate and long-lasting mutualism. They are among those root-associated microorganisms able to boost plants’ ability to cope with biotic stresses leading to mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR), which can be effective across diverse hosts and against different attackers. Here, we examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of plant immunity during colonization by AM fungi and at the onset and display of MIR against belowground and aboveground pests and pathogens. Understanding the MIR efficiency spectrum and its regulation is of great importance to optimizing the biotechnological application of these beneficial microbes for sustainable crop protection.","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}