Annual review of phytopathology最新文献

{"title":"Agri-Food Waste as a Source of Active Ingredients for Plant-Protection Products.","authors":"Daniela Bulgari, Saida Messgo-Moumene, Gregorio Peron, Emanuela Gobbi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-035255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-035255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Can waste serve as a source of known or novel molecules for plant disease management? This review explores this question, which is closely linked to the necessity of mitigating the environmental impact of agriculture, specifically in terms of waste generation and greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it addresses the increasing demand for safer, environmentally friendly alternatives to ensure sustainable plant production and protection. To satisfy these needs, research efforts over the past few decades have primarily focused on biocontrol strategies, with the valorization of waste being addressed only recently. Different approaches have been applied for extracting bioactive molecules from waste, ranging from green chemistry to microbial fermentation. We discuss secondary metabolites, elicitors, and biosurfactants obtained chemically and from fermentation. Microorganisms growing on waste can produce biomass or spores [bioactive ingredients of plant-protection products (PPPs)] and facilitate the extraction of active compounds. Although the production of spores on waste material is now well-established on an industrial scale, the extraction of biologicals from waste and/or their production through fermentation are still at the experimental stage. The growing knowledge on the bioactivity of agri-food waste-derived molecules against phytopathogens is paving the way for the development of new PPPs suitable for integrated pest management. The waste-based PPPs pipeline described here shows strong potential to generate both established and novel, regulation-compliant compounds without sacrificing disease-control efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"64 1","pages":"445-472"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148886089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aflatoxin Biocontrol Using Native Atoxigenic <i>Aspergillus</i>.","authors":"Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Joseph Atehnkeng, Joao Augusto, George Mahuku, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-114015","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-114015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxins are highly toxic compounds produced by <i>Aspergillus</i> section Flavi fungi when they infect crops (e.g., maize, groundnut, tree nuts) before, during, or after harvest. Aflatoxin contamination negatively impacts human and animal health, food security, and trade sectors, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. Most aflatoxin contamination is caused by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. However, within this species there exist genotypes that cannot produce the toxins (i.e., atoxigenic). Because contamination often starts preharvest, integrated management strategies are needed from field to fork. Such strategies have been effective when centered on biocontrol using native atoxigenic isolates of <i>A. flavus</i> at the preharvest stage. Atoxigenic-based biocontrol was first developed and registered in the United States. Thereafter, the technology was adapted and registered in several African countries using native atoxigenic isolates. Subsequently, Italy, Pakistan, and Serbia developed products containing native atoxigenic isolates. Other countries are developing their own native, atoxigenic-based biocontrol products, and a few have evaluated products originally developed for use elsewhere. Native, widely distributed, competitive isolates belonging to atoxigenic vegetative compatibility groups are preferred for their greater chances of long-term establishment and high effectiveness, stronger in-country acceptance, and faster regulatory approval compared to exotic fungi. Across countries, farmer-led field trials and commercial usage have shown that treated crops contain significantly lower (usually >80% less) aflatoxin levels than untreated crops from neighboring fields. This article outlines pathways for sustainable development, testing, registration, and scaling of aflatoxin bioprotectants in several African countries to significantly contribute to improving food safety. Those long, arduous pathways rely on having multisectoral enabling environments, whose absence can stagnate the technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"379-409"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147873228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Tree Diseases Driven by Climate Change: A Critical Perspective on Current Challenges and Future Directions.","authors":"Nicolas Feau, Pauline Hessenauer, Cecile Robin, Joey B Tanney","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-023326","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-023326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change is fundamentally reshaping forest disease dynamics through direct effects on pathogen biology and indirect impacts on host physiology. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are driving disease emergence by disrupting ecological relationships between trees and their microbial associates. This review examines how climate change compounds biotic and abiotic risks to forest health, distinguishing between climate-pathogen diseases, where climatic shifts directly favor pathogen activity, and climate-stress diseases, where physiological stress predisposes trees to decline. We explore the continuum from native pathogens gaining new opportunities to exotic pathogens establishing in previously unsuitable environments while considering distinctions among endophytes and latent and nonlatent pathogens. The review emphasizes critical knowledge gaps and highlights emerging research directions, including integration of genomics, remote sensing, and predictive modeling for disease surveillance, adaptive forest management strategies balancing disease mitigation with climate adaptation and new solutions for enhancing forest resilience under accelerating environmental change.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"73-99"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148270024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Protection for Plant Viruses: One Phenomenon, Several Mechanisms?","authors":"Anne Sicard, Emmanuelle Vigne, Souheyla Khechmar, Julie Kubina, Pierre Mustin, Sulyvann Chereau, Gérard Demangeat, Véronique Brault, Martin Drucker, Olivier Lemaire","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-085729","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-085729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cross-protection, discovered nearly a century ago, is a biological control method used to manage viral plant diseases. It is usually defined as a phenomenon in which a primary infection of a host by a pathogen (e.g., a mild strain) prevents its subsequent infection by a genetically related one (e.g., a severe related strain). Despite the long-standing research interest in this phenomenon from both a fundamental and an applied perspective, the mechanisms and factors-both viral and host-derived-underlying this phenomenon remain unclear, limiting its broader application. Proposed mechanisms include RNA silencing and potential roles of viral proteins, but inconsistent terminology and mixed evidence in the literature have made conclusions difficult. This review critically analyzes existing studies on plant virus cross-protection, summarizing common characteristics across systems and comparing them with proposed mechanisms. The findings suggest that cross-protection may result from different mechanisms that vary depending on the specific plant-virus interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"153-174"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148052147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catch Me If You Can: How <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> Thrives in the Xylem.","authors":"Kaarthik Ramesh, Alessa Ruf, Silke Robatzek","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-110907","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-110907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The outcome of infection can be seen as a race between the pathogen and the plant immune system. In this review, we use the case study of <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> (<i>Xf</i>) and explain how the bacterium exploits its slow and fastidious growth to remain below detection thresholds, thereby delaying immune activation. Its self-limiting behavior in the sessile state provides a temporal window for transitioning into a more exploratory lifestyle, enabling systemic colonization of the host. As bacterial populations expand, vessel occlusion and immune overactivation at late stages occur, often propagating beyond directly infected tissues, leading to hydraulic collapse and drought-like symptoms. We highlight how <i>Xf</i>'s adaptations to a nutrient-poor and rapid-flow environment contribute to its persistence. Furthermore, we discuss how resistant plant genotypes, possessing broader or more sensitive repertoires of immune receptors, can detect the pathogen earlier and restrict its systemic spread in the xylem. Understanding the dynamics of these \"catch me if you can\" strategies may guide novel approaches to reduce <i>Xf</i> survival and mitigate disease progression in susceptible crops while also providing broader insights into plant responses and the infection strategies of other xylem-inhabiting microbes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"261-287"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148238646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Antagonists: Offense and Counter-Defense in the Apoplast.","authors":"Victoria J Armer, Renier A L van der Hoorn","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-012824","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-012824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular interactions are pivotal in the plant-pathogen arms race. Fungal, bacterial, and oomycete pathogens manipulate the apoplast to control pH, water soaking, sugar levels, and nutrient availability. Plants respond to infection with an oxidative burst and secrete toxic metabolites and harmful hydrolases, but adapted pathogens have evolved intricate ways to disarm reactive and toxic plant metabolites and inhibit or degrade hydrolases. Pathogens also avoid their recognition by hiding, degrading, or modifying their elicitors and disabling cell surface receptors in various ways. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on fascinating offense and counter-defense mechanisms in extracellular plant-pathogen interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"307-330"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148161555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shining Light on Late Blight.","authors":"Francine Govers","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-113630","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-113630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this retrospective on my journey in science, I shine light on the ins and outs of the late blight pathogen <i>Phytophthora infestans.</i> While studying plant pathology, I became fascinated by the molecular mechanisms that govern the development of cells and organisms and ended up unraveling intimate plant-microbe interactions. I have been fortunate to work in an inspiring environment and with committed coworkers. I am proud of what we achieved as a team. By digging into the biology of <i>Phytophthora</i> and exploring genomes and pathogenicity mechanisms, we uncovered a treasure trove of novelties and peculiarities that offer ample opportunities for designing pathogen-informed control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree Killer, Qu'est-ce Que C'est? Insights From Forest Pathogen Genomes.","authors":"Richard C Hamelin, Jane E Stewart, Denita Hadziabdic","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-114843","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-114843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forests are central to planetary health but are increasingly challenged by emerging diseases driven by climate change, global trade, and anthropogenic disturbance. Despite the apparent resilience of long-lived, genetically diverse tree hosts, forest ecosystems have repeatedly experienced landscape-level pathogen-driven transformations. Advances in genomics, transcriptomics, and functional biology have transformed our understanding of how fungal and oomycete pathogens interact with their hosts across a continuum of lifestyles, from saprotrophy and necrotrophy to biotrophy. Here, we synthesize insights from comparative and population genomics and functional studies across diverse forest pathosystems to examine the traits that characterize successful tree pathogens. We highlight how lifestyle plasticity, adaptations to woody tissues, vector-mediated transmission, and biotrophic stealth enable pathogens to colonize perennial hosts and persist over long temporal scales. We further examine how genome plasticity, hybridization, and horizontal gene transfer generate adaptive potential that often outpaces host evolutionary responses under current environmental change. Finally, we discuss emerging genomic tools, including biosurveillance, machine learning-based classification, and genome editing, that are beginning to link genotype to phenotype and inform assessments of disease risk. By integrating genomic, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives, this review outlines general principles governing forest pathogen success and identifies priorities for future research aimed at improving understanding, early detection, and management of forest diseases in a changing world.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"127-152"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148257134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Inference in Plant Disease Contexts.","authors":"Denis A Shah, Santosh Sanjel, Paul D Esker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-094447","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-011325-094447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many questions in plant pathology are of a causal nature. However, the formal framework of causal inference remains underutilized in the discipline. This review provides an accessible, higher-level introduction to causal concepts for agricultural researchers. The potential outcomes framework is introduced to define counterfactuals and directed acyclic graphs to visualize causal assumptions. We discuss the \"gold standard\" randomized controlled trial for estimating causal effects, with attention to agriculturally relevant contexts such as interplot interference and the estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects. The relevance and application of causal inference methods to observational data are also covered, in recognition of the growing role of this type of data. The limited but pioneering studies already applying these methods in plant pathology are highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"473-492"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147925888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Trucks to Trays: Progress and Challenges in Phytosanitation of Inert Surfaces to Mitigate Plant Pathogen Spread.","authors":"Cassandra L Swett, Johanna Del Castillo Múnera, Ruchika Kashyap","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-082016","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-082016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review aims to fill a critical gap-phytosanitation methods for inert surfaces, such as farming equipment, containers, tools, and shoes, to mitigate plant pathogen establishment and expansion. Although a core component to food system security and ecosystem stability, especially for mitigating emerging pathogen impacts, this is one of the least studied disease management tools and often lacks robust science-based practices. We herein synthesize what is known about inert surface phytosanitation practices across diverse microbiological and plant pest systems and highlight opportunities for improving both phytosanitation practices and approaches used for phytosanitation science. Basic frameworks are first established for the types of plant pathogen propagules that are spread on surfaces and dispersal risks posed by key inert surface types. This is followed by a discussion of primary surface phytosanitation methods, including physical, chemical, and heat-based approaches. Case studies of nursery/greenhouse and farm equipment phytosanitation are used to demonstrate both systems-strategies for application of phytosanitation best management practices and methods for developing science-based practices using the hazard analysis for critical control points (HACCP) approach. Opportunities for growth discussed throughout include the use of pathogen-specific analyses and epidemiological modeling to improve phytosanitation science and engineering advancements to make phytosanitation practices more efficient. Taken together, it is hoped that this synthesis can both function as a resource for practitioners looking to develop and improve phytosanitation practices and provide impetus for innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":" ","pages":"521-548"},"PeriodicalIF":13.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148238575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}