Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society最新文献_第6页

Hand and face allografts: myth, dream, and reality. 手和脸的异体移植:神话、梦想和现实。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2011-03-01

Jean-Michel Dubernard

引用次数: 0

The shared trail of organ, limb, and face transplantation. 器官、肢体和面部移植的共同轨迹。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2011-03-01

Thomas E Starzl, Clyde Barker

引用次数: 0

The brain and its self. 大脑和它自己。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2011-03-01 DOI: 10.5840/wcp161983123

P. Churchland

{"title":"The brain and its self.","authors":"P. Churchland","doi":"10.5840/wcp161983123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/wcp161983123","url":null,"abstract":"SNAKING OUT of the MRI tube where I had lain for the past half hour, I glimpsed Dr. Hanna Damasio studying the lab's dis play screen. Off the gurney, I went to her side and stared at the image of my brain on the screen. \"Is that—me?\" Well, yes, in a certain sense. And yet not simply, or merely, me. Certainly not familiarly me. Here is what I thought: \"Somehow, starting in infancy, my brain built a story about itself—its body, its history, its 'now,' and its world. From the inside, I know that story—though I think of it as reality, not just a story. Indeed, it is my inner reality. So how does this happen? What is it for me to be a construction of my brain?\" In one form or another, these questions have had a long and convo luted history, born in the unflinching curiosity of the ancient Greeks, and finding voice in diverse cultures. Until recently, the only explana tory resources for addressing puzzling behavior depended on mytholo gizing in the case of others, and myth-filtered introspection in the case of oneself. Not surprisingly, early explanations invoked possession by devils or, if you were luckier, divine forces, to account for epileptic sei zures or schizophrenic hallucinations. In the absence of understanding, the punishment theory of mental dysfunction commanded widespread belief, yet it was wholly untestable—and essentially untested. Melancholia (what we now call chronic depression) and phobias were often surmised to be essentially character flaws—flaws that might be overcome with sufficient gumption. The existence of witches, hexes, curses, and spells had a far longer history as brute fact than does our appreciation of such potent neurochemicals as serotonin. Obsessive hand washing, a mere fifteen years ago, was widely assumed to be a manifes tation of repressed sexuality. Nevertheless, even as early as 400 BC, the great Greek physician, Hippocrates, was convinced that events such as","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"155 1 1","pages":"41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70970770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Redefining what's possible. 重新定义可能性。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2010-06-01

Mark Little

引用次数: 0

Understanding global climate change: paleoclimate perspective from the world's highest mountains. 了解全球气候变化:从世界最高峰看古气候。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2010-06-01

Lonnie G Thompson

{"title":"Understanding global climate change: paleoclimate perspective from the world's highest mountains.","authors":"Lonnie G Thompson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Glaciers are among the world's best recorders of, and first responders to, natural and anthropogenic climate change and provide a time perspective for current climatic and environmental variations. Over the last 50 years such records have been recovered from the polar regions as well as low-latitude, high-elevation ice fields. Analyses of these ice cores and of the glaciers from which they have been drilled have yielded three lines of evidence for past and present abrupt climate change: (1) the temperature and precipitation histories recorded in the glaciers as revealed by the climate records extracted from the ice cores; (2) the accelerating loss of the glaciers themselves; and (3) the uncovering of ancient fauna and flora from the margins of the glaciers as a result of their recent melting, thus illustrating the significance of the current ice loss. The current melting of high-altitude, low-latitude ice fields is consistent with model predictions for a vertical amplification of temperature in the tropics. The ongoing rapid retreat of the world's mountain glaciers, as well as the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, is not only contributing to global sea level rise, but also threatening fresh-water supplies in many of the most populous regions. More recently, strong evidence has appeared for the acceleration of the rate of ice loss in the tropics, which especially presents a clear and present danger to water supplies for at-risk populations in South America and Asia. The human response to this issue, however, is not so clear, for although the evidence from both data and models becomes more compelling, the rate of global CO2 emissions continues to accelerate. Climatologically, we are in unfamiliar territory, and the world's ice cover is responding dramatically. The loss of glaciers, which can be viewed as the world's water towers, threatens water resources that are essential for hydroelectric power, crop irrigation, municipal water supplies, and even tourism. As these glaciers are disappearing, we are also losing very valuable paleoclimate archives.","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"154 2","pages":"133-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29867871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The immediate challenge of climate change: reducing impacts on the poorest communities in the poorest countries. 气候变化的直接挑战是:减少对最贫穷国家最贫穷社区的影响。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2010-06-01

James Warren Evans

引用次数: 0

Population and climate change. 人口与气候变化。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2010-06-01

Joel E Cohen

{"title":"Population and climate change.","authors":"Joel E Cohen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"To review, the four broad dimensions of any complex human problem, including climate change, are the human population, economics, culture, and environment. These dimensions interact with one another in all directions and on many time-scales. From 2010 to 2050, the human population is likely to grow bigger, more slowly, older, and more urban. It is projected that by 2050 more than 2.6 billion people (almost 94% of global urban growth) will be added to the urban population in today's developing countries. That works out to 1.26 million additional urban people in today's developing countries every week from 2010 to 2050. Humans alter the climate by emitting greenhouse gases, by altering planetary albedo, and by altering atmospheric components. Between 1900 and 2000, humans' emissions of carbon into the atmosphere increased fifteenfold, while the numbers of people increased less than fourfold. Population growth alone, with constant rates of emissions per person, could not account for the increase in the carbon emissions to the atmosphere. The world economy grew sixteenfold in the twentieth century, accompanied by enormous increases in the burning of gas, oil, and coal. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, population grew much faster in developing countries than in high-income countries, and, compared with population growth, the growth of carbon emissions to the atmosphere was even faster in developing countries than in high-income countries. The ratio of emissions-to-population growth rates was 2.8 in developing countries compared with 1.6 in high-income countries. Emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are influenced by the sizes and density of settlements, the sizes of households, and the ages of householders. Between 2010 and 2050, these demographic factors are anticipated to change substantially. Therefore demography will play a substantial role in the dynamics of climate changes. Climate changes affect many aspects of the living environment, including human settlements, food production, and diseases. These changes will affect poor people more severely than rich, and poor nations more severely than rich. Yet not enough is known to predict quantitatively many details that will matter enormously to future people and other species. Three kinds of responses are related to demographic issues that affect climate changes: universal secondary education, voluntary contraception and maternal health services, and smarter urban design and construction. These responses may prevent, reduce, or ameliorate the impacts of climate changes. They are as relevant to rich countries as to poor, though in ways that are as different as are rich countries and poor. They are desirable in their own right because they improve the lives of the people they affect directly; and they are desirable for their beneficial effects on the larger society and globe. They are effective responses to the twin challenges of reducing poverty and reducing greenhouse gas em","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"154 2","pages":"158-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29868263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Boasian ethnography and contemporary intellectual property debates. 鲍亚士人种学与当代知识产权之争。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2010-03-01

Jason Baird Jackson

引用次数: 0

On alternating Boasians: generational connections. 关于交替的鲍亚士:代际联系。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2010-03-01

James A Boon

引用次数: 0

The cult of Franz Boas and his "conspiracy" to destroy the white race. 对弗朗茨·博阿斯的崇拜和他摧毁白人种族的“阴谋”。

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2010-03-01

Lee D Baker

引用次数: 0