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Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society最新文献

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The origin of bounded rationality and intelligence. 有限理性和智慧的起源。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2013-09-01
Andrew W Lo
{"title":"The origin of bounded rationality and intelligence.","authors":"Andrew W Lo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rational economic behavior in which individuals maximize their own self-interest is only one of many possible types of behavior that arise from natural selection. Given an initial population of individuals, each assigned a purely arbitrary behavior with respect to a binary choice problem, and assuming that offspring behave identically to their parents, only those behaviors linked to reproductive success will survive, and less successful behaviors will disappear exponentially fast. This framework yields a single evolutionary explanation for the origin of several behaviors that have been observed in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans, including risk-sensitive foraging, risk aversion, loss aversion, probability matching, randomization, and diversification. The key to understanding which types of behavior are more likely to survive is how behavior affects reproductive success in a given population's environment. From this perspective, intelligence is naturally defined as behavior that increases the likelihood of reproductive success, and bounds on rationality are determined by physiological and environmental constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"157 3","pages":"269-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33018216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr. 3 June 1937 - 4 May 2012. 1937年6月3日- 2012年5月4日。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2013-09-01
George F Bass
{"title":"Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr. 3 June 1937 - 4 May 2012.","authors":"George F Bass","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"157 3","pages":"355-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33018220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From hero to Newcomen: the critical scientific and technological developments that led to the invention of the steam engine. 从英雄到纽科门:导致蒸汽机发明的关键科学技术发展。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2013-09-01 DOI: 10.4324/9781315669694-10
Harry Kitsikopoulos
{"title":"From hero to Newcomen: the critical scientific and technological developments that led to the invention of the steam engine.","authors":"Harry Kitsikopoulos","doi":"10.4324/9781315669694-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315669694-10","url":null,"abstract":"This essay provides an analytical account of the history of various steam devices by tracing the key technological and scientific developments culminating in the Savery and Newcomen models. It begins in antiquity with the writings of Hero of Alexandria, which were rediscovered and translated in Italy fourteen centuries later, followed by the construction of simple steam devices. The most decisive development comes in the middle of the seventeenth century with the overturning, through the experimental work of Torricelli, Pascal, and Guericke, of the Aristotelian dogma that no vacuum exists. The final stretch of this discovery process amounted to an Anglo-French race, with English inventors being more successful in the end.","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"157 3 1","pages":"304-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70430895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Elinor "Lin" Ostrom 7 August 1933 - 12 June 2012. Elinor“Lin”Ostrom 1933年8月7日- 2012年6月12日。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2013-09-01
James M Walker
{"title":"Elinor \"Lin\" Ostrom 7 August 1933 - 12 June 2012.","authors":"James M Walker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"157 3","pages":"365-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33018647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human skin pigmentation as an example of adaptive evolution. 人类皮肤色素沉着作为适应性进化的一个例子。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2012-03-01
Nina G Jablonski
{"title":"Human skin pigmentation as an example of adaptive evolution.","authors":"Nina G Jablonski","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"156 1","pages":"45-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30952173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evolution of the human lifespan, past, present, and future: phases in the evolution of human life expectancy in relation to the inflammatory load. 人类寿命的进化，过去，现在和未来:人类预期寿命的进化阶段与炎症负荷的关系。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2012-03-01
Caleb E Finch
{"title":"Evolution of the human lifespan, past, present, and future: phases in the evolution of human life expectancy in relation to the inflammatory load.","authors":"Caleb E Finch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"156 1","pages":"9-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30952171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bariatric surgery for severe obesity. 治疗严重肥胖的减肥手术。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2011-09-01
Harvey J Sugerman
{"title":"Bariatric surgery for severe obesity.","authors":"Harvey J Sugerman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"155 3","pages":"263-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40145876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Face transplant: learning from the past, facing the future. 面部移植:总结过去，面向未来。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2011-03-01
Laurent A Lantieri
{"title":"Face transplant: learning from the past, facing the future.","authors":"Laurent A Lantieri","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"155 1","pages":"23-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30155797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Novel hand representations in the human motor cortex after hand allograft. 同种异体手部移植后人类运动皮层中的新手部表征。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2011-03-01
Angela Sirigu, Claudia Vargas, Jean-Michel Dubernard
{"title":"Novel hand representations in the human motor cortex after hand allograft.","authors":"Angela Sirigu,&nbsp;Claudia Vargas,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Dubernard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"155 1","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30155798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The brain and its self. 大脑和它自己。
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Pub Date : 2011-03-01
Patricia Smith Churchland
{"title":"The brain and its self.","authors":"Patricia Smith Churchland","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":82373,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","volume":"155 1","pages":"41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30155799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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