Abhinendra Singh, Hojin Kim, Jeffrey F Morris, Heinrich M Jaeger
{"title":"Jamming and Yielding in Dense Suspensions.","authors":"Abhinendra Singh, Hojin Kim, Jeffrey F Morris, Heinrich M Jaeger","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-075250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-075250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Suspensions of particles dispersed in liquids are ubiquitous materials in industry and geophysics; relevant examples include cement and mud. At high particle concentration, in what is called a dense suspension, crowding induces multiscale interactions ranging from local, particle-level contact forces to macroscopic, system-spanning contact networks that dynamically evolve under applied shear. As the number of constraints on relative particle movement increases, the suspension viscosity rises, and eventually the material reaches a jammed state. In this review, we discuss frameworks developed to predict the rheological behavior of dense suspensions in the vicinity of jamming and describe the resulting flow-state diagram. Going beyond mean-field models, we discuss recent advances in understanding the contact network of spatially correlated particles. We also review recent developments for tailoring flow constraints at the particle level, both by particle geometry and by interactions induced by chemical bonds, which can be used to engineer the location and extent of different regimes in the flow-state diagram. We end with a set of issues and perspectives for future research, including possible ways to extend the current theoretical framework, apply simulations to suspensions comprising particles with more complex nonspherical or highly anisotropic shapes, and develop approaches to predict how molecular-scale details influence macroscopic flows.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond Clean: Unraveling Phase Behavior and Rheology of Soaps.","authors":"Yogesh M Joshi, Teanoosh Moaddel, Janhavi S Raut","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-082223-055237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-082223-055237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soaps are some of the oldest surfactants known to humans and remain indispensable in modern health, personal care, and sustainability agendas. Still, the simple chemistry of salts of fatty acids reveals a rich, multiscale landscape of self-assembly and flow behavior that controls soap processing and sensorial attributes. This review integrates phase behavior with rheological analysis to demonstrate how distinct microstructures, ranging from micellar to liquid-crystalline phases, possess unique rheological signatures. We further demonstrate how the coexistence and combination of these phases in a product such as a soap bar introduce additional levels of structural and rheological complexity. In addition, we highlight how linear viscoelastic analysis resolves relaxation hierarchies and how yield stress and thixotropic responses are inherent to the multiphase brick-and-mortar microstructures in products such as soap bars. The complex rheology of soap bars necessitates constitutive models that incorporate elasticity, plasticity, and time-dependent structure to predict extrusion or stamping performance. We also explore how the microstructure relates to cleaning efficacy, foam richness, lather dynamics, and rinse feel by coupling rheology measures with in-use dilution behavior. Finally, we discuss open questions, challenges, and future directions for developing more sustainable products.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147637785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R Peredo-Ortiz, E Lázaro-Lázaro, O Joaquín-Jaime, M Medina-Noyola, L F Elizondo-Aguilera
{"title":"The Nonequilibrium Self-Consistent Generalized Langevin Equation Theory of Glasses and Gels.","authors":"R Peredo-Ortiz, E Lázaro-Lázaro, O Joaquín-Jaime, M Medina-Noyola, L F Elizondo-Aguilera","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-073012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-073012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nonequilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory of irreversible processes in liquids is a first-principles approach that allows for the derivation of general equations that describe the out-of-equilibrium and nonstationary relaxation of a liquid after a sudden quench or compression into an amorphous state. Proposed in 2010, the theory has since been systematically applied to describe a wide variety of model systems, with predictions rigorously and successfully validated against both experimental and simulated results. In this work, we briefly review the progress of this theoretical framework over the past 15 years, focusing on its applications to the description of the structural, dynamical, and rheological behavior of model glass- and gel-forming systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147580404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Molecular Understanding of Free-Energy Landscapes.","authors":"Marcello Sega, Matteo Salvalaglio","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-082451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-082451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free-energy surfaces (FESs) offer a unifying framework for understanding molecular-level structures, transformations, and thermodynamic stability. They distill the complexity of atomistic simulations into interpretable landscapes of metastable states, bridging molecular-level detail with macroscopic observables. This review provides researchers in molecular simulations, computational physical chemistry, and chemical engineering with a conceptual and practical guide to computing and interpreting FESs, from their statistical-mechanical foundations to modern machine learning approaches that are transforming the sampling, representation, and analysis of molecular systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147508925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protein Vesicles as Emerging Platforms for Drug Delivery, Vaccines, and Immunotherapy.","authors":"Nishat Tasnim, Yeongseon Jang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-084456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-084456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein vesicles are spherical, hollow structures made entirely of folded proteins, fusion proteins, or polypeptides. Their intrinsic biocompatibility, nontoxicity, structural tunability, and cargo-loading capacity make them promising candidates for diverse biomedical applications. Although diverse forms of protein-based carriers have long been employed in drug, gene, and vaccine delivery, as well as in artificial antigen-presenting cells, vesicle architectures provide distinct advantages over free proteins, including enhanced stability, targeted delivery, and controlled release. We summarize recent advances in engineering protein vesicles and assess their current status within the broader landscape of synthetic vesicles in biomedicine. By comparing protein vesicles with liposomes, polymersomes, and virus-like particles, we highlight the limitations of conventional systems and underscore the unique benefits of protein-based assemblies. We further examine the emerging applications of protein vesicles in therapeutic delivery, diagnostics, and immunotherapy and discuss future directions needed to advance protein vesicle technologies toward clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strategies to Improve the Stability and Translation of Therapeutic mRNAs.","authors":"Baizhen Gao, Shujun He, Qing Sun","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-084241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-084241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) offer a versatile platform for treating a wide range of diseases, but their clinical efficacy hinges on optimizing both stability and translational efficiency. This review summarizes recent advances in strategies to enhance mRNA performance, with a focus on human therapeutics. We discuss secondary structure optimization, including artificial intelligence-guided design tools like RNAdegformer and LinearDesign, which balance structural stability and translational output. The roles of 5' and 3' untranslated regions in ribosome recruitment and mRNA decay are examined, highlighting sequence motifs and empirical design strategies that facilitate these processes. Chemical modifications, such as pseudouridine substitution, are shown to improve stability and reduce immunogenicity. Emerging approaches using circular RNA further extend transcript longevity. Finally, we review delivery technologies, including lipid nanoparticles, polymers, and extracellular vesicles, that protect mRNA and enable targeted cellular uptake. Together, these advances provide a road map for developing stable, efficient, and clinically viable mRNA-based therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D'Jana R Wyllis, Saloni P Gupta, Shelby R Anderson, Aditya M Kunjapur
{"title":"Advancing Genetic Code Expansion in Live Cells Through Metabolic Engineering.","authors":"D'Jana R Wyllis, Saloni P Gupta, Shelby R Anderson, Aditya M Kunjapur","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-081506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-081506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic code expansion (GCE) is the ability to encode polypeptide building blocks beyond the standard 20 the ribosome uses for protein translation, known as nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs). The broadening of chemical functionalities in proteins produced by live cells has generated substantial value across fundamental and applied research settings. However, a common limitation of GCE approaches is their reliance on the supplementation of chemically synthesized nsAAs to cell culture media. To overcome this limitation of nsAA sourcing, efforts have engineered systems for nsAA biosynthesis, often in the same host that performs GCE. In recent years, these works have reported new chemical targets obtained through biosynthesis, as well as additional rationale for combining metabolic engineering and GCE, particularly for synthetic biology applications. Here, we review this rapidly advancing field and provide our perspectives on technical and conceptual innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147343315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia Amorim, Patrice Crosby, Jennifer Tran, Wren Kitchings, Rong Yang, Eleftheria Roumeli
{"title":"Microbial Polymers and Living Interfaces: Interplay Between Matter and Microbes.","authors":"Julia Amorim, Patrice Crosby, Jennifer Tran, Wren Kitchings, Rong Yang, Eleftheria Roumeli","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-081311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-081311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymer design is being reshaped by demands for low-carbon fabrication and bioactive/living function. We trace the bidirectional interface between microbes and polymers. First, we analyze how microbes synthesize polymers like polysaccharides, polyesters, and proteins and how post-synthesis processing (via mechanical and/or chemical treatments) reshapes molecular architecture and mechanical and thermal properties. We compare reported properties, highlight missing metrics, and evaluate sustainability levers including solvent recovery, cradle-to-gate impacts, and biodegradation/biocontainment constraints. Second, we examine how polymers shape the behavior of living organisms in the context of engineered living materials. Design is organized around four axes-regulating adhesion and detachment, sustaining or directing growth for regeneration, imposing spatial organization on consortia, and tuning phenotype-with implementations in drug delivery, carbon capture, antimicrobial screening, and structural composites. Finally, we outline how automation, artificial intelligence-guided experimentation, and robust sustainability metrics can couple performance with responsible deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147316089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Chemical Information Extraction.","authors":"Yufan Chen, Yuxuan Zhang, Haifan Zhou, Ching Ting Leung, Hanyu Gao","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-080433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-080433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rich information in the chemical literature presents unprecedented opportunities for accelerating discovery and optimization in chemistry through data-driven approaches. Nevertheless, converting raw information in the literature into structured databases relies primarily on manual curation, which is time-consuming and costly. In this review, we comprehensively examine recent advances in automatic chemical information extraction from the literature, focusing on image and text modalities. We trace the evolution from early rule-based and machine learning approaches to state-of-the-art methods leveraging large language models (LLMs) and vision language models. We discuss core tasks such as optical chemical structure recognition, reaction diagram parsing, named entity recognition, and experimental procedure extraction, highlighting representative methods, benchmark data sets, and practical challenges such as multimodal integration and data annotation. By systematically comparing these approaches, we identify key trends and persistent limitations and outline promising future directions toward robust, scalable, and automated chemical information extraction frameworks. This review aims to provide a practical guide for researchers seeking to harness machine learning and LLM technologies to accelerate the digital transformation of chemical science.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunjia Ling, Cui Zhang, Lingjie Zhang, Feifei Jia, Deshou Wang, Yang Bao, Shaoxian Song, Jun Chen, Yali Cheng, Mildred Quintana
{"title":"Advances and Sustainable Implementation of Nanomaterials in Water Remediation: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Yunjia Ling, Cui Zhang, Lingjie Zhang, Feifei Jia, Deshou Wang, Yang Bao, Shaoxian Song, Jun Chen, Yali Cheng, Mildred Quintana","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-073202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-100724-073202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To overcome global water scarcity and pollution, nanomaterials have emerged as revolutionary tools for water remediation owing to their unique physicochemical properties, in particular, their ultrahigh specific surface area and programmable interface for molecular recognition. This review integrates multifaceted perspectives on contaminant treatment and compares the relative performance strength of nanomaterials for diverse contaminants, surpassing fragmented assessments focused on single contaminants. We taxonomize nanomaterial classes and highlight their recent advances across four domains: heavy metals removal, critical metals recovery, microbial contamination control, and emerging organic contaminants degradation. For each domain, we dissect scalability bottlenecks and define future research priorities, including database integration, graph neural networks, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. We provide design principles for high-performance water remediation by synthesizing cutting-edge materials using cross-disciplinary strategies. We describe eco-safe nanomaterials that guide industrial water management toward sustainable transformation, propelling global water remediation toward green, intelligent, and resource-recycling models.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}