Applied Sciences最新文献_第6页

The Difference between Traditional Magnetic Stimulation and Microcoil Stimulation: Threshold and the Electric Field Gradient 传统磁刺激与微线圈刺激的区别：阈值和电场梯度

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188349

Mohammed Alzahrani, Bradley J. Roth

引用次数: 0

Research on the Gap Effect of Circular Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes Using the Improved Cohesive Zone Model 利用改进的内聚区模型研究圆形混凝土填充钢管的间隙效应

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188361

Jiang Yu, Bin Gong, Chenrui Cao

{"title":"Research on the Gap Effect of Circular Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes Using the Improved Cohesive Zone Model","authors":"Jiang Yu, Bin Gong, Chenrui Cao","doi":"10.3390/app14188361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188361","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the influence of gap distribution characteristics on the mechanical properties of circular concrete-filled steel tubes (CCFSTs) under bending load is important for stability and support design in engineering projects. In this study, the improved cohesive zone model considering friction was used to describe the mechanical behavior of mortar interfaces. Meanwhile, the concrete damage plastic model and isotropic elastoplastic model were applied for core concrete and steel tubes. The improved cohesive zone model has a unified potential function that governs the Mode I and Mode II failure processes of mortar interfaces to realize the mechanical interaction between concrete and steel. A smooth frictional function was utilized in the elastic stage to calculate the accurate frictional effect. Furthermore, the capability of the model in addressing unloading and reloading was verified, and the fracture energy varied accordingly during the cyclic loading. Then, the mechanical response of CCFSTs was investigated under bending loads by setting different gap sizes and angles between the gap and loading direction. The results show that under three-point bending, the equivalent plastic strains at the middle part of CCFSTs are much larger and the peak bearing forces are much lower than the other degrees when the angles between the coronal gap axis and loading direction equal 0° and 180°. In addition, the order of the peak bearing forces, from highest to lowest, is when the height of the coronal-cap gap increases from 0.0 mm to 2.5 mm, 5.0 mm, and 7.5 mm. The significant effect makes it inappropriate to ignore the weakening of the structural performance caused by coronal gaps in structural design.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of a Portable Air Cleaning Device Performance in Eliminating Indoor Air Contaminants by Considering Particle Transport Characteristics 通过考虑粒子传输特性评估便携式空气净化设备消除室内空气污染物的性能

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188362

Miray Gür, Muhsin Kılıç

{"title":"Assessment of a Portable Air Cleaning Device Performance in Eliminating Indoor Air Contaminants by Considering Particle Transport Characteristics","authors":"Miray Gür, Muhsin Kılıç","doi":"10.3390/app14188362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188362","url":null,"abstract":"Human health is significantly impacted by the quality of the air in living areas. Numerous factors, such as the kind of particle, clean air delivery rate, room geometry, surface features, and thermal plume produced by people or other equipment, all have an impact on indoor particle movement. This work uses computational fluid dynamics to quantitatively examine the performance of a portable air purifier that is routinely used to improve the indoor air quality of a room. The volumetric flow rate, particle diameter, and placement of the air cleaner device were considered in the assessment of the particle transport characteristics. The temperature, velocity, and age of the air distribution in the room were computed in three-dimensional simulations, and the effectiveness of the air cleaning device (ACD) in eliminating contaminants was then investigated. Clean air delivery rate (CADR), collection efficiency, and particle concentration rate values were also computed for every case that was taken into consideration. It is found that CADR and collection efficiency values for larger particles are about 2–7% better than those for smaller particles. The collection efficiency of ACD with different operating conditions is in the range of 71% to 87%. Better collection performance parameters are observed with higher flow rates.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

GIS-Based Agricultural Land Use Favorability Assessment in the Context of Climate Change: A Case Study of the Apuseni Mountains 气候变化背景下基于地理信息系统的农业土地利用有利性评估：阿普塞尼山脉案例研究

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188348

Gabriela Săvan, Ioan Păcurar, Sanda Roșca, Hilda Megyesi, Ioan Fodorean, Ștefan Bilașco, Cornel Negrușier, Lucian Vasile Bara, Fiodor Filipov

{"title":"GIS-Based Agricultural Land Use Favorability Assessment in the Context of Climate Change: A Case Study of the Apuseni Mountains","authors":"Gabriela Săvan, Ioan Păcurar, Sanda Roșca, Hilda Megyesi, Ioan Fodorean, Ștefan Bilașco, Cornel Negrușier, Lucian Vasile Bara, Fiodor Filipov","doi":"10.3390/app14188348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188348","url":null,"abstract":"With an emphasis on the effects of climate change, this study offers a thorough GIS-based assessment of land use favorability in the Apuseni Mountains. The Apuseni Mountains, a region characterized by its biodiversity and complex terrain, are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which threaten both natural ecosystems and human activities. The territory of 11 territorial administrative units was selected for the investigation because it shows more of an anthropogenic influence due to the migration of people to mountainous areas following the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased the amount of anthropogenic pressure in this area. Factors that describe the climate of the study area, the soil characteristics, and the morphometric characteristics of the relief were used to create a classification for the present on classes of favorability and restrictiveness for the plots of land, using a quantitative GIS model to determine the favorability of the land for the main crops and agricultural uses. The current land favorability was thus initially obtained, taking into account current temperature and precipitation values and using the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the 2020–2099 time frame. The results indicate a variation in the statistical classification of the land for different favorability classes, a decrease of 4.7% for the high favorability class for pastures, an estimated decrease of 4.4% for grassland, and in the case of orchards, the situation reflects a fluctuating variation. There is a decrease of 6.4% in the case of the very low favorability class according to SSP2-4.5 (in the case of reaching an average temperature of 12.7 °C and an annual precipitation of 895 mm), and in case of high and very high favorability, there is an increase in plots falling into better high favorability classes of up to 0.7%.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Weightless Model Predictive Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Extended State Observer 带扩展状态观测器的永磁同步电机失重模型预测控制

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188359

Quanfu Geng, Quanhui Liu, Weiguang Zheng

{"title":"Weightless Model Predictive Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Extended State Observer","authors":"Quanfu Geng, Quanhui Liu, Weiguang Zheng","doi":"10.3390/app14188359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188359","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional model predictive torque control (MPTC) predicts the torque and flux values for the next time step and selects the voltage vector that minimizes the cost function as the optimal vector to apply to the inverter. This control approach is straightforward and allows for multi-objective control, but it has some issues in terms of the dynamic steady-state performance and parameter robustness. Therefore, this paper proposes a weightless model predictive control method based on an extended state observer (ESO). By designing an improved ESO to observe and compensate for motor parameter disturbances in real time, and employing a novel 2-D switching table and voltage vector sector selection diagram, the method evaluates three out of eight voltage vectors based on the torque and stator flux error signals. This reduces the computational load while increasing the number of candidate voltage vectors. Finally, a cost function without weighting factors is designed to lower the computational complexity. The simulation results show that the proposed new control method effectively reduces the torque and flux ripple and improves the current waveform compared to traditional MPTC.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

SBD-Net: Incorporating Multi-Level Features for an Efficient Detection Network of Student Behavior in Smart Classrooms SBD-Net：结合多层次特征，建立高效的智能教室学生行为检测网络

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188357

Zhifeng Wang, Minghui Wang, Chunyan Zeng, Longlong Li

{"title":"SBD-Net: Incorporating Multi-Level Features for an Efficient Detection Network of Student Behavior in Smart Classrooms","authors":"Zhifeng Wang, Minghui Wang, Chunyan Zeng, Longlong Li","doi":"10.3390/app14188357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188357","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting student behavior in smart classrooms is a critical area of research in educational technology that significantly enhances teaching quality and student engagement. This paper introduces an innovative approach using advanced computer vision and artificial intelligence technologies to monitor and analyze student behavior in real time. Such monitoring assists educators in adjusting their teaching strategies effectively, thereby optimizing classroom instruction. However, the application of this technology faces substantial challenges, including the variability in student sizes, the diversity of behaviors, and occlusions among students in complex classroom settings. Additionally, the uneven distribution of student behaviors presents a significant hurdle. To overcome these challenges, we propose Student Behavior Detection Network (SBD-Net), a lightweight target detection model enhanced by the Focal Modulation module for robust multi-level feature fusion, which augments feature extraction capabilities. Furthermore, the model incorporates the ESLoss function to address the imbalance in behavior sample detection effectively. The innovation continues with the Dyhead detection head, which integrates three-dimensional attention mechanisms, enhancing behavioral representation without escalating computational demands. This balance achieves both a high detection accuracy and manageable computational complexity. Empirical results from our bespoke student behavior dataset, Student Classroom Behavior (SCBehavior), demonstrate that SBD-Net achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.824 with a low computational complexity of just 9.8 G. These figures represent a 4.3% improvement in accuracy and a 3.8% increase in recall compared to the baseline model. These advancements underscore the capability of SBD-Net to handle the skewed distribution of student behaviors and to perform high-precision detection in dynamically challenging classroom environments.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Know-How of the Effective Use of Carbon Electrodes with a through Axial Hole in the Smelting of Silicon Metal 在冶炼金属硅过程中有效使用带轴向通孔碳电极的诀窍

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188346

Alexandr A. Ilin, Almas S. Yerzhanov, Nikolay N. Zobnin, Nina V. Nemchinova, Victor I. Romanov

{"title":"Know-How of the Effective Use of Carbon Electrodes with a through Axial Hole in the Smelting of Silicon Metal","authors":"Alexandr A. Ilin, Almas S. Yerzhanov, Nikolay N. Zobnin, Nina V. Nemchinova, Victor I. Romanov","doi":"10.3390/app14188346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188346","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes elements of the know-how of using carbon electrodes produced using the technology of molding around a rod when smelting silicon metal. Application of our know-how will dramatically increase the competitiveness of silicon metal production. Experts’ concerns regarding the use of such electrodes were that such electrodes have a through axial hole. This significantly reduces the mechanical strength of such electrodes, which can presumably lead to problems associated with the breakage of the working side of the electrode, which is immersed in the smelting space of the furnace under the charge layer. Industrial testing of such electrodes was carried out in a 30 MVA furnace of “Tau-Ken Temir” LLP. During testing, we used an approach previously developed by our team for working with a furnace in the process of smelting silicon metal. In particular, we used an interval between top treatments of about 30 min and adhered to the principles of balanced smelting, i.e., provided a balance between the intensity of the uniform supply of the charge into the furnace and the current active electrical power. Industrial testing carried out over four weeks confirmed the stability of the operation of cheaper carbon electrodes with a through axial hole. The recovery of silicon into finished products was also improved to 88–89% and the specific energy consumption was reduced to 11.2–12.1 MWh/t of silicon metal from the initial value 14,752 MWh/t. Thus, we received additional evidence for the effectiveness of our approach in furnace operating compared to an approach based on the ultimate provision of gas and permeability of the furnace top due to excessively intense processing of the top and an uncontrolled, uneven supply of charge to the furnace.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spectrophotometric Determination of Biopolymers in Alabama Benchmark Soils 分光光度法测定阿拉巴马州基准土壤中的生物聚合物

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188351

Jonathan Alunge Metuge, Erneste Havugimana, Jean Rugandirababisha, Zachary Ngewoh Senwo

{"title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Biopolymers in Alabama Benchmark Soils","authors":"Jonathan Alunge Metuge, Erneste Havugimana, Jean Rugandirababisha, Zachary Ngewoh Senwo","doi":"10.3390/app14188351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188351","url":null,"abstract":"Biopolymers are organic polymers synthesized by biological organisms. Cellulose, lignin, and proteins are important soil biopolymers known to bind soil particles to improve or strengthen soil structures and support agricultural productivity. In this study, we spectrophotometrically determined the amount of soil cellulose, acetyl bromide lignin, and autoclaved citrate extractable protein in soils in relation to other soil properties. Results showed acetyl bromide lignin > cellulose > autoclaved citrate extractable protein. High clay soils have relatively higher amounts of cellulose and lignin but have lower protein content. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the three biopolymers in the soils studied was autoclaved citrate extractable protein (56.8%), >cellulose (55.2%), >acetyl bromide lignin (44.7%). Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil cellulose was significantly related to cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen, soil organic matter, and available phosphorus. An increase in soil acetyl bromide lignin suggested an increase in soil organic matter and lower soil available phosphorus. Soil autoclaved citrate extractable protein was significantly correlated with extractable acidity. However, cellulose, acetyl bromide lignin, and autoclaved citrate extractable protein were not significantly correlated with permanganate oxidizable carbon (POxC), electrical conductivity (EC), and C:N ratio. We assume that the concentrations of biopolymers in soils are an intrinsic soil characteristic and contribute to general soil health and productivity.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Survey on Penetration Path Planning in Automated Penetration Testing 自动渗透测试中的渗透路径规划调查

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188355

Ziyang Chen, Fei Kang, Xiaobing Xiong, Hui Shu

{"title":"A Survey on Penetration Path Planning in Automated Penetration Testing","authors":"Ziyang Chen, Fei Kang, Xiaobing Xiong, Hui Shu","doi":"10.3390/app14188355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188355","url":null,"abstract":"Penetration Testing (PT) is an effective proactive security technique that simulates hacker attacks to identify vulnerabilities in networks or systems. However, traditional PT relies on specialized experience and costs extraordinary time and effort. With the advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, automated PT has emerged as a promising solution, attracting attention from researchers increasingly. In automated PT, penetration path planning is a core task that involves selecting the optimal attack paths to maximize the overall efficiency and success rate of the testing process. Recent years have seen significant progress in the field of penetration path planning, with diverse methods being proposed. This survey aims to comprehensively examine and summarize the research findings in this domain. Our work first outlines the background and challenges of penetration path planning and establishes the framework for research methods. It then provides a detailed analysis of existing studies from three key aspects: penetration path planning models, penetration path planning methods, and simulation environments. Finally, this survey offers insights into the future development trends of penetration path planning in PT. This paper aims to provide comprehensive references for academia and industry, promoting further research and application of automated PT path planning methods.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of Biotechnology and Chiral Technology Methods in the Production of Ectoine Enantiomers 应用生物技术和手性技术方法生产外辛烯对映体

Applied Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/app14188353

Marcela Šišić, Mladenka Jurin, Ana Šimatović, Dušica Vujaklija, Andreja Jakas, Marin Roje

{"title":"Application of Biotechnology and Chiral Technology Methods in the Production of Ectoine Enantiomers","authors":"Marcela Šišić, Mladenka Jurin, Ana Šimatović, Dušica Vujaklija, Andreja Jakas, Marin Roje","doi":"10.3390/app14188353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188353","url":null,"abstract":"Natural ectoine, (+)-(4S)-2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid, is an extremely important small biomolecule belonging to the class of osmolytic/osmoprotective compounds. It stabilizes biomacromolecules such as DNA and proteins and protects them from denaturation by heat, dehydration, and UV radiation. The rapidly growing interest in this compound resulted in currently exclusive biotechnological production, while a chemical process along with enantioseparation as an alternative has not yet been established. An improved chemical synthesis of racemic ectoine starting from γ-butyrolactone in very good yield is described. Regioselective monoacetylation is achieved by the complexation of a copper(II)-ion with two molecules of 2,4-diamonobutyric acid in the key synthetic step. The racemic ectoine was synthesized with the aim of being successfully enantioseparated for the first time by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a teicoplanin-based Chiral-T column in different solvent systems. The presence of (+)-ectoine was determined and quantified using an HPLC protocol on the Synergy Polar-RP column in fermentation broths inoculated with different strains of Streptomyces sp. bacteria isolated from the Adriatic Sea and grown on different NaCl concentrations.","PeriodicalId":8224,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0