Applied Animal Behaviour Science最新文献

{"title":"Do looks matter? Investigating facial expressions and intraspecific communication across different dog morphotypes","authors":"Chiara Canori ,&nbsp;Eleonora Biffi ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Gaggia ,&nbsp;Barbara Iuliano ,&nbsp;Paola Valsecchi","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brachycephalic dogs gained great popularity in recent years, however the extreme conformation (e.g., wide eyes, flat nose, round heads, short tails) characterizing some breeds raised concerns about the effectiveness of facial signals in these dogs. These features might create challenges for an effective intraspecific communication and potentially lead to misunderstandings during intraspecific interactions. This study aimed to investigate potential differences in behavioural displays during intraspecific approaches between dogs of different morphotypes: hunting dogs and shepherd dogs (mesocephalic morphotype) and small companion molossoids and guard molossoids (brachycephalic morphotype). Fourteen brachycephalic dogs and sixteen mesocephalic dogs were tested. We predicted that mesocephalic and brachycephalic would express facial signals at different extent and that if brachycephalic dog facial signaling is impaired by their facial conformation it could elicit different responses in the opponent dog. Contrary to our predictions, no behavioural differences were found between brachycephalic and mesocephalic breeds, suggesting that extreme conformation of brachycephalic dogs has not drastically altered their communicative abilities. Further results showed that the “tongue flicking” behaviour, previously suggested to function as an early warning in conflicted/aggressions-related contexts was performed more by mesocephalic TESTED DOGS when the DOG STIMULUS was a brachycephalic dog, suggesting that this morphotype can elicit intense and ambiguous response in mesocephalic dogs. Conversely, the “bow” behaviour, a stereotyped cue consistently found in canids intraspecific social contexts, was expressed more by the mesocephalic TESTED DOG towards other mesocephalic approaching DOG STIMULI. Different behavioural patterns associated to the specific breed types tested emerged: shepherd dogs showed higher alertness and dog orientation, hunting dogs barked more, guard molossoids showed calm vigilance and small companion molossoids were more avoidant in regards of the dog approaching them. The present study is the first aimed to examine if the brachycephalic morphotype influences dogs’ intraspecific communication and due to the limited number of dogs tested further experimental evidences are needed. Nevertheless, it appears that brachycephalic dogs are perceived differently by non-brachycephalic ones and these results could provide valuable insights for researchers, breeders and dog trainers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 106720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of behaviour and habitat-use of black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in a captive zoo environment","authors":"De Cai ,&nbsp;Fidelma Butler ,&nbsp;Paul.S. Giller ,&nbsp;Declan O’Donovan ,&nbsp;Ruth Mary O’Riordan","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black-and-white ruffed lemurs (<em>Varecia variegata variegata</em>) are critically endangered animals, which highlights the urgent need to establish backup populations within zoos and promote their animal welfare and breeding potential. However, studies have shown captive <em>Varecia</em> are more inactive than their wild counterparts. The present research focuses on a year-long study (2022–3) of the behavioural patterns and habitat preferences of a successfully breeding captive group of ten <em>Varecia</em> under naturalistic conditions at Fota Wildlife Park, Cork, Ireland. Focal and scan sampling were used to examine the effects of a series of factors such as time, daylight duration, temperature and visitors on the behavioural repertoire and activity budget to help elucidate which factors may influence behaviour and thereby enhance management options and breeding success. The results reveal that the activity budget of this captive <em>Varecia</em> group was similar to that of their wild counterparts, with the exception of a higher level of self-directed (9 %) and affiliative behaviours (20 %). Juveniles engaged in affiliative behaviours 112 % more than subadults, while adults spent 60 % more time being inactive than juveniles. Behaviours of the group changed significantly across the day and also across the year, with locomotion significantly decreasing as daylight hours lengthened and affiliative behaviours decreasing as temperatures rose. The most utilized area of the captive <em>Varecia</em> was the naturalistic island (39 %) and an out-door mesh tunnel (33 %). Locomotion was significantly higher on the island, while the tunnel had greater occurrences of affiliative behaviours. Visitor numbers had a significant influence on the utilization of all habitats, with higher visitor numbers near the island and tunnel increasing the use of the tunnel, while higher visitor numbers near the viewing window prompted greater utilization of this inside off-exhibit cage. These data contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of the behaviour of <em>Varecia</em> in a captive environment and can potentially offer insights into enhancing natural behaviours of this species within complex zoo settings, whilst also providing valuable guidance for future husbandry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 106722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"fair-fish database|catch: A platform for global assessment of welfare hazards affecting aquatic animals in fisheries","authors":"Caroline M. Maia ,&nbsp;María J. Cabrera-Álvarez ,&nbsp;Jenny Volstorf","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish welfare is a crucial issue that needs to be addressed in fisheries. Thus, the scope of the fair-fish database - an online open-access platform - was expanded from aquaculture (farm branch) to fisheries (catch branch). It provides farm and catch welfare profiles (WelfareChecks) of aquatic species based on literature reviews. In the catch branch, each WelfareCheck encompasses a species in relation to a specific fishing method used to catch it, assessing 10 criteria covering welfare hazards throughout the steps of the catching process: prospection, setting, catching, emersion, release from gear, bycatch avoidance, sorting, discarding, storing, and stunning/slaughter. In each criterion, we assess the likelihood and potential of experiencing good welfare under minimal and high-standard fisheries conditions, respectively, besides the certainty level about these. A final WelfareScore is provided for each profile, which serves as a benchmark for assessing and improving fish welfare. Since its publication in 2023, we have published five WelfareChecks. The goal is to increase the number of profiles for several fished species and catching methods over time. In conclusion, the catch branch of the fair-fish database serves as an open-access source providing an overview of the welfare of a fished species given a certain catching method. It is a reliable tool that raises public awareness of fish welfare, provides scientists with insight into knowledge gaps, and offers practitioners with suggestions about how to avoid welfare risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 106732"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of an unfamiliar person’s presence on shelter use, feeding, and exploratory behavior in domestic rabbits during animal-assisted interventions","authors":"Michaela Součková ,&nbsp;Lucie Přibylová ,&nbsp;Martina Frühauf Kolářová ,&nbsp;Hana Vostrá-Vydrová ,&nbsp;Helena Chaloupková","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rabbits have been increasingly used in Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) in recent years. The issue of their welfare during these interventions, however, remains insufficiently explored. The common practice of holding a rabbit on the client’s lap often leads to signs of stress. An alternative could be the use of a therapeutic table which allows for partial movement and provides a hiding place. This study aimed to analyze rabbits’ behavior during AAI and determine whether the therapeutic table represents an appropriate compromise for ensuring their well-being, or whether a no-contact approach with the client would be more suitable. The study included 9 female domestic rabbits habituated to human handling and 4 children, aged 9–11 years, unknown to the rabbits. A randomized controlled within-subject design with repeated measures was used. Each rabbit was tested twice in two different conditions: either on a specially adapted table with a hiding place in the presence of a child or without the presence of a child. A total of 36 sessions, each lasting 10 min, were conducted. The use of the hiding place, exploratory behavior, and feed intake were monitored, with all sessions video-recorded and later analyzed using Observer XT software. Statistical analysis was performed using R software (version 4.3.3; unction <em>glmer</em> in lme4 package and <em>nlme</em> package). The results showed that the rabbits spent on average three times more in the shelter during therapeutic sessions when a child was present compared to sessions without a child (F_1,34 = 2.051; p = 0.051). Rabbits displayed exploratory activity significantly less (F_1,34 = 6.308; p &lt; 0.0001) in the presence of a child, whereas in his absence, this time increased. Additionally, we observed a significant reduction in feed intake: in the presence of a child, the rabbits ate in less than 20 % of the observation time, while in the control group, feed intake was recorded in more than 80 % of the observation time (F_1,34 = 2.709; p = 0.007). The findings suggest that even though the therapeutic table provided hiding opportunities and allowed for movement, it did not fully mitigate the negative impact of the unfamiliar child’s presence on the rabbits’ welfare during AAI. These insights must be considered when planning and conducting these interventions, taking into account the welfare of the participating animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 106721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Having a gander at goose behaviour. Evaluating time-activity of captive and wild geese at two different wetland sites","authors":"Paul Rose ,&nbsp;Amelia Roper ,&nbsp;Christopher Giorgio ,&nbsp;Joe Thomas ,&nbsp;Robert Kelly ,&nbsp;Michelle F. O’Brien","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geese are not common subjects for behavioural investigation in zoological facilities, despite their popularity in waterfowl collections and their complex ecological needs. This research evaluated time-activity budgets of six goose species located at two UK Wildfowl &amp; Wetland Trust (WWT) centres, comparing captive population behaviours with two species of wild goose. Using a standardised ethogram and instantaneous focal sampling, we recorded over 220 h of behavioural data across 892 observations. All data were recorded in spring and summer of 2015, 2017 and 2018. Data were analysed using linear mixed models and zero-inflated models to account for high frequencies of zero occurrences in alert and social behaviours. Results show that whilst captive and wild geese broadly perform similar species-typical behaviours, captive birds exhibited higher levels of resting and lower social engagement. Foraging and locomotion differed significantly by species, and this may be a factor of ecological niche. Minimal stereotypic behaviour (&lt;2 % of observations) was recorded in the captive birds, suggesting that the large, naturalistic enclosures provided by WWT support positive welfare by enabling appetitive behaviours, such as grazing. However, high inactivity rates highlight the need for further enrichment and dynamic enclosure management to be considered to further improve goose behavioural diversity. Comparisons with wild geese provide useful benchmarks for evaluating behavioural normality under human care. This research supports the use of time-activity budgets as a practical tool for developing evidence-based, species-specific husbandry guidelines. We recommend future research focusses on long-term, individual-bird behavioural monitoring, seasonal comparisons, and the incorporation of personality profiling to further our understanding of how geese respond to their captive care at the population, species and individual bird level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 106719"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined reinforcement: Poisoned cue or a panacea for modern equine training? A narrative review","authors":"Ella Bradshaw-Wiley ,&nbsp;Cathrynne Henshall ,&nbsp;Andrew McLean ,&nbsp;Rafael Freire","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Equine industry stakeholders have identified that inappropriate training practices are of significant concern for the welfare of domestic horses. Common approaches to horse training are largely based upon traditional practices, which frequently do not align with equine telos, ethology or cognition, and consequently, the techniques used to facilitate human-horse interactions warrants this concern. Given the current pressure on equestrianism’s social licence, it is timely to review what is currently known about equine behaviour modification approaches and identify areas where there is a deficit of knowledge. Uniquely in horse training, negative reinforcement is the fundamental basis for the majority of human-horse interactions, compared to the wider reliance on positive reinforcement in other animal species. While positive reinforcement offers many advantages for animal training, the characteristics of the ridden horse interaction necessarily relies on the use of aversive stimuli during training, such as pressure cues, even if of low intensity. Therefore, the question of whether a combined reinforcement model, incorporating both positive and negative reinforcement, can provide the benefits of positive reinforcement while accommodating pressure cues from negative reinforcement is worth investigating. This review seeks to outline current knowledge and application of combined reinforcement in the equine training literature for comparison with positive and negative reinforcement modalities. A survey of the literature highlighted a large number of inconsistencies in the description and classification of different forms of reinforcement used in training. Many studies putatively exploring positive reinforcement incorporate unacknowledged aspects of negative reinforcement, thereby confounding experimental outcomes and the interpretation of the results. Consequently the lack of specific focus on how these approaches actually consist of combined reinforcement has meant opportunities to advance scientific understanding in this area have been missed. As a result, knowledge of combined reinforcement remains poor, whilst training approaches and outcomes arising from positive reinforcement are inconsistent or incorrectly classified. These inconsistencies highlight the need for targeted research on the use of combined reinforcement, to better understand how to incorporate rewards-based training programs in horse training, including during riding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 106718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ability to interpret affective states in horses' body language is associated with experience with animals","authors":"Moritz Nicolai Braun ,&nbsp;Sina Bülow ,&nbsp;Alicia Müller-Klein ,&nbsp;Ulrike Link-Dorner ,&nbsp;Tanja Michael ,&nbsp;Johanna Lass-Hennemann","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In light of an increasing interest in the human ability to read equine emotions, Braun et al. (2024) recently showed that horse-experienced individuals performed better in interpreting affective states in horses’ body language than horse-inexperienced individuals. Further, individuals with a high emotion recognition ability performed better in interpreting horses’ affective states than individuals with a low emotion recognition ability. The authors operationalized the ability to interpret affective states from horses’ body language by means of the behavior identification test (BIT). In the BIT, participants are presented with 32 photographs of horses that express different affective states and, for each photograph, are asked to choose which out of eight affective states the depicted horse expresses in its body language. In the present study, we scrutinized the replicability and the robustness of these findings. Further, we tested the idea that a better ability to interpret affective states in horses’ body language is associated with experience with animals in general but even more so with horses in particular. We did so by employing the design by Braun et al. (2024) in a novel sample, expanded by a number of quasi-experimental variables (i.e., animal/horse contact while growing-up; current pet/horse ownership; contact with animals/horses during work). We directly replicated the effect reported by Braun et al. (2024) that horse-experienced individuals outperform horse-inexperienced individuals in the BIT. Further, we demonstrated that a higher emotion recognition ability was associated with a better ability to interpret affective states in horses’ body language. Moreover, we found strong evidence in support of the notion that a better ability to interpret affective states in horses’ body language is associated with experience with animals in general and, more strongly, with horses in particular, be it during childhood or currently. We call future research to test the idea that the ability to interpret affective states in horses’ body language can be trained through contact with horses or other animals by means of experimental designs to identify a potential causal relation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 106716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the occurrence and association of physical diseases and behavioural problems in dogs and cats","authors":"Worakan Boonhoh ,&nbsp;Chaithep Poolkhet ,&nbsp;Natalie Waran ,&nbsp;Tuempong Wongtawan","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is believed that physical diseases may influence animal behaviour, though the prevalence and strength of this association remain unclear. Understanding the relationship between physical conditions and behavioural abnormalities is essential for improving prevention and treatment strategies. This study aimed to examine the occurrence and association of physical diseases and behavioural disorders through a systematic review and meta-analysis of published articles. Relevant studies were sourced from PubMed and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria required articles published between 2004 and 2024 that reported the presence or association of behavioural disorders with physical diseases and were either research articles or case reports. Exclusion criteria were review articles, conference proceedings, books, and articles without full-text access. For the meta-analysis, at least three studies with similar methodologies were required. Three independent researchers reviewed the data to minimise bias, and article quality was assessed using established guidelines for systematic reviews. Publication bias was evaluated using Fail-safe-N analysis and a rank association test for funnel plot asymmetry. Data were recorded in Microsoft Excel 365 and analysed using the meta-analysis package in Jamovi software. Of the 14,267 articles identified, 29 met the criteria for the systematic review, and 4 were included in the meta-analysis. Aggression was the most frequently reported behavioural issue (18 articles), while hormonal imbalances were the most reported physical disease (13 articles). All physical disease categories showed some connection to aggressive behaviour. The meta-analysis focused on aggression in cats infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV). The pooled prevalence of aggression was 64 % in FIV-positive cats and 60 % in FeLV-positive cats, with a statistically significant association between aggression and FIV or FeLV infection (P &lt; 0.001). However, the meta-analysis indicated substantial heterogeneity across studies. Two hypotheses were proposed to explain the link between aggression and FIV/FeLV infection: first, aggressive cats are more likely to engage in fights, facilitating disease transmission; second, the progression of these infections may cause local and systemic inflammation and pain, leading to behavioural changes. A key limitation of this study was the small number of published articles addressing the association between physical disease and behavioural disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 106717"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escape patterns of companion parrots kept in Brazilian Households","authors":"Rodrigo Mendes Aguiar ,&nbsp;Cristiano Schetini Azevedo ,&nbsp;ChalineNicolas Châline","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uncontrolled escapes of pet psittacine birds present significant risks to individual welfare, public health, and local ecosystems. In Brazil, a country with a strong cultural tradition of parrot keeping, such events are frequent and often poorly managed. This study aimed to describe the dynamics of escape, assess preventive strategies, and evaluate recovery efforts following escape events. An online questionnaire collected data from 865 respondents, yielding 1053 individual bird records. A high escape incidence was reported (63.6 %), with most events occurring indoors, often due to open or unscreened windows. Although 67.4 % of birds had undergone wing clipping at some point, 70.6 % of those that escaped had fully regrown feathers at the time of the event. Birds with clipped wings exhibited a significantly higher escape probability (OR = 7.60, 95 % CI [3.33, 18.37]), possibly due to reduced caregiver vigilance. None of the prevention strategies such as window netting or enclosure confinement were fully effective, and escape rates remained high even in households that reported combined efforts. A total of 57.2 % of escaped birds were recovered, most within 12 h. Recovery was more likely when owners engaged in active search methods, while wing clipping and low effort were associated with delayed retrieval. Thirteen percent of recovered birds were found ill, injured, or died shortly after,reinforcing the need to replace restrictive practices with ethical, behaviorally sound alternatives. These findings highlight the urgency of improving husbandry standards, promoting caregiver education, and adopting science-based, welfare-centered strategies for the management of companion psittacines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 106700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"Irene Camerlink","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106715","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 106715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}