Applied Animal Behaviour Science最新文献

{"title":"Behavioral and performance effects on female offspring from rabbit does housed in enriched cages during gestation and lactation","authors":"Gabriel Kioshi Cavalari Nakamura ,&nbsp;Daniele Alencar ,&nbsp;Leandro Batista Costa ,&nbsp;Ruan R. Daros","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In mammals, intrauterine experiences and early-life conditions can influence future behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of enriched and conventional cages for rabbit does during gestation and lactation on the behavior and performance of the first generation of offspring. A 2 × 2 factorial experimental design was used, with 16 White New Zealand does. During the last two thirds of gestation and lactation (birth to day 35), the does were housed individually in either enriched or conventional cages, resulting in the following four treatments: enriched-enriched (E-E), enriched-conventional (E-C), conventional-enriched (C-E), and conventional-conventional (C-C). Does entered the study after pregnancy confirmation (10 days after mating). Close to partum, on the 28th day of gestation, they were transferred to the cages assigned for their respective treatment group. Conventional cages measured 80x60x40 cm, while enriched cages were eight times larger, with hiding areas, resting platforms, space to stand, and a sawdust box. After weaning on day 35, the offspring were transferred to conventional cages. At 90 days of age, two females from each litter were randomly selected for behavioral tests (n = 32): open field, novel object, novel object recognition, and social interactions. The observed behaviors were analyzed using mixed linear regression to assess the effects of the treatments. Offspring from does housed in enriched cages during gestation had a reduced latency to interact with the object in the novel object recognition test compared to offspring from does housed in conventional cages during gestation; however, no other effects were seen in the behaviours measured in the other tests. Offspring of does housed in enriched environments during lactation exhibited a higher frequency of joy jumps. They also interacted less with the object compared to the conventional reared group. Regarding performance, offspring reared in the enriched cages weighed more at weaning compared to offspring reared in conventional cages in any phase. However, the number of weaned offspring was lower in the group exposed to environmental enrichment during gestation, compared to those of the conventional group. This study highlights the importance of the environment during gestation and lactation for does, showing that these stages significantly influence the behavior and performance of the offspring. While enriched housing during pregnancy positively influenced some behaviors of the offspring, it appeared to have a negative effect on the number of kittens weaned. After birth, environmental enrichment impacted exploration, curiosity, and weight gain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing a predictable cue for catches to reduce reactivity to management events for captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","authors":"Alexander J. Pritchard ,&nbsp;Rosemary A. Blersch ,&nbsp;Amy C. Nathman ,&nbsp;Eli R. DeBruyn ,&nbsp;Julia A. Salamango ,&nbsp;Emily M. Dura ,&nbsp;Brianne A. Beisner ,&nbsp;Jessica J. Vandeleest ,&nbsp;Brenda McCowan","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Psychological duress can emerge from the perceived lack of predictability such that, in captive circumstances, reliable signals for aversive events can afford animals with the opportunity to behaviorally and physiologically prepare. Does a reliable and unique signal cue for an aversive management event reduce reactivity to management events that share unreliable cues? We recorded animal responses to management events near, or involving, outdoor-housed rhesus macaques (<em>Macaca mulatta</em>) in two large mixed-sex groups, with experimental periods that introduced a signal coupled to catch events. Management events varied in the severity and magnitude of animal responses. Our results validated that catches were more disruptive than management events that indirectly involved animal subjects, yet were comparable to management events involving direct interactions. Signal use reduced aversive responses to more routine management events that shared unreliable cues with catches. Due to the abundance of these routine events, we assert that the value of change with the implementation of the signal provided a detectable improvement across multiple measures of disruption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To see or not to see: Horses’ ability to find the hidden treat","authors":"Clemence Lesimple ,&nbsp;Ewa Jastrzębska ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Paszek ,&nbsp;Magdalena Drewka ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Górecka-Bruzda","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In animal cognition, the acquisition of object permanence is critical in many species to apprehend the physical world, including the position of conspecifics, alimentary resources or potential dangers. If most of the “highly cognitive” species, including great apes and some birds were shown to reach stage 6 (retrieving an object hidden invisibly at a new location) of Piagetian development, the ability of other species to reach stage 4 (retrieve an object entirely hidden) is more at stake. Domestic horses are exposed to a highly partitioned environment, and being able to mentally figure out the presence of a hidden object represents a particularly relevant challenge. In this study, we used a simple Piagetian-like task to determine whether horses would be able to retrieve a hidden treat when the displacement was not visible. Sixty-three horses, distributed amongst three groups, were tested. The Experimental (E) and first control (C1) horses were familiarised with the task of searching for the treat (a carrot) hidden under an upside-down bucket. During the test procedure, a carrot was placed under the bucket for E horses, but not for C1 horses. The second control group (C2) did not follow the familiarisation procedure and was presented with the upside-down bucket only to test a potential intrinsic effect of the bucket for exploration. In the groups that followed the familiarisation procedure, the success rate achieved 93.1 % (E group, the horses exposed and ate the treat) and 100 % (C1 group, the horses pushed the bucket enough to uncover the location of the theoretical position of the treat) which was significantly above chance (p &lt; 0.001in both cases). In the C2 group, only 60.0 % of the horses touched and/or pushed the bucket, which was not above chance (p = 0.303) Our results show that horses are able to locate and find a hidden treat, even when the displacement was performed out of their sight, suggesting that they can at least reach Piaget’s stage 4 of object permanence task.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solitary working hunting dogs show a higher tendency for magnetic alignment, with decreased alignment in older dogs","authors":"Kateřina Benediktová ,&nbsp;Natalia Iakovenko ,&nbsp;Jana Adámková ,&nbsp;Luděk Bartoš ,&nbsp;Hana Brinkeová ,&nbsp;Vlastimil Hart ,&nbsp;Jitka Bartošová ,&nbsp;Hynek Burda","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have suggested that domestic dogs may be able to sense the Earth's magnetic field. One way in which this sensory ability (magnetoreception) may be behaviourally expressed is via magnetic alignment, when animals align their bodies in a non-random direction relative to the geomagnetic field. Expression of magnetic alignment can vary depending on environmental and magnetic conditions, cognitive ability, motivation, experience, and possibly on dog breed. Here, we investigated whether magnetic alignment in domestic dogs varied according to breed working specialisation, particularly between breeds used for independent work away from their owners and those working closely with them. We analysed 4986 observations of dogs during excretion, categorising them into three groups based on their working specialisation: (1) non-hunting breeds cooperating closely with their owners, (2) hunting dogs working in visual contact with their owners, and (3) hunting dogs working independently of their owners out of sight. Although we did not observe a consistent pattern of magnetic alignment across all dogs, our results indicate that breeds working independently of their owners demonstrated a higher tendency to align their bodies along the North-South magnetic axis (N-S alignment) than those working closely with their owners. Additionally, the likelihood of N-S alignment decreased with the dogs' age, indicating that older dogs were less likely to exhibit this behaviour. Interestingly, dogs that defecated were more likely to align themselves than those that urinated. These findings highlight the importance of considering working specialisation and age in future studies of magnetoreception in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining time sampling schemes for quantifying pullet and hen behavior","authors":"Qinyi Lu ,&nbsp;Jennifer Van Os ,&nbsp;Maja M. Makagon","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within poultry science, a variety of behavioral observation sampling methods have been used. Although the method for determining the acceptability of a chosen time sampling strategy should be provided, the reasoning behind the selection of a specific sampling strategy is seldom explained in publications. A previous study provided a framework for validating behavioral sampling schemes for adult laying hens. Rather than utilizing this framework, some researchers have used the results of the published time sample validation to justify their sampling scheme. However, the results may not be generalizable due to sample size limitations. Application of previously validated time sampling methods to new research contexts may be particularly problematic when a validation is completed on older birds but applied to other ages. This is due to developmentally relevant differences in activity levels and resource use. We examined the appropriateness of different interval scan sampling durations for estimating resource use by laying hen pullets reared in a single-platform aviary system. We hypothesized that younger birds would be more active, and therefore more frequent sampling would be needed to accurately capture their location within the aviary during the day. Dekalb White pullets were reared in 4 pens (55 per pen). Using continuous observations, we identified the location (floor, perch, ramp and platform) of each of 20 individually marked focal birds (5 pullets/pen) at 6 and 12 weeks of age. Observations were carried out on one of two days within each week (half of the pens observed on each day), for a total of 6 hours per day. We conducted pairwise comparisons between the actual frequencies of resource use (continuously sampled data converted into 1-s interval data) and data representing 1, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min scan intervals. Scan sampling intervals were deemed to be accurate if 3 criteria were met: the slope of the regression between the actual and estimated values did not differ from 1 (P &gt; 0.05), the intercept did not differ from 0 (P &gt; 0.05), and the association among the actual and estimated values was strong. The Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment was applied to account for multiple testing on the same data. The results demonstrate that different sampling intervals are appropriate for different resources and ages. The study highlights the necessity of validating behavioral sampling schemes for each age and behavior independently, as well as reporting the validation process in research publications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106572"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural indicators of infectious disease in managed animals","authors":"Christine Janet Nicol","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying reliable and valid behavioural indicators of infection in managed animals is increasingly important as the risks of emergent diseases increase alongside concomitant concerns over pathogen resistance and the environmental and safety impacts of traditional therapeutic treatments. Early behavioural detection of disease could help to curb transmission, assist in selecting resilient animals and guide facility design to help animals avoid infection and to support their recovery. This review explores the adaptability and flexibility of animal responses to pathogens, including behaviours that (i) favour disease avoidance (ii) are associated with immune activation (iii) directly resist pathogens (iv) are dysregulated leading to hypersensitivity and (v) are associated with pathogen tolerance. A key theme is that all of these behavioural responses are strongly modulated by contextual factors such as pain, hunger and social priorities. Efforts to develop and validate, and increasingly automate, behavioural indicators of infection have so far primarily focused on infection-induced changes in core behaviours such as feeding and general activity or on hypothesis-free machine-learning comparison. However, such approaches have limited specificity, sensitivity and may be hard to generalise across contexts. The current review suggests ways in which specificity could be improved by monitoring changes in behaviours that are more closely linked to immune activation e.g. sleep, attention and motor function, by a more granular focus, and by integration with clinical symptoms. It also proposes that sensitivity could be improved by monitoring pliant (“luxury”) behaviours and by intentional challenges or tests. Improved knowledge of how animals behave when infected could be used to design environments where the costs of resistance or tolerance are reduced and where recovery is promoted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural effects of feed dilution and daily roughage provision in male Hubbard M77 broiler breeders during rearing","authors":"Fernanda M. Tahamtani,&nbsp;Kathe E. Kittelsen,&nbsp;Guro Vasdal","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing public interest in broiler chicken welfare is leading to an increase in the number of private companies committing to switch to slower growing hybrids, particularly those approved by schemes such as the Better Chicken Commitment. These slow growing chickens are often, however, a result of cross breeding a slow growing hybrid with a conventional hybrid. The Hubbard JA787 for example, is fathered by the M77 which has a conventional growth rate. As such, these broiler breeder males still experience feed restriction as is routine with other conventional hybrids. This study, therefore, aimed at investigating the effects of a combination of qualitative feeding restriction strategies (i.e. feed dilution and daily roughage) on several behavioural indicators of welfare in Hubbard M77 broiler breeder cockerels during the rearing period. Two hundred M77 broiler breeder cockerels were housed from 5 to 10 weeks of age in 12 pens (6 pens/treatment). The treatments were conventional feed restriction (Control) and feed with 20 % dilution with oat hulls and a daily provision per pen of 150 g of alfalfa roughage (D+R). In the home pen, novel object (NO) tests and frustration assessments during thwarted feeding were conducted, with responses captured on video. Additionally, four birds from each pen underwent a tonic immobility (TI) test. These behavioural tests were carried out weekly at 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age. After euthanasia, two feathers from each bird were plucked and examined macroscopically for fault bars. The results from the NO test introduced doubt as to whether the D+R diet reduced hunger in the short term (4 hours) or increased it in the longer term (24 hours). In the frustration test, control birds performed more behavioural transitions and spent more time pacing and pecking the feed box than D+R birds (P &lt; 0.05), but these results were not consistent across weeks of age. Finally, no diet treatment differences were observed in the tonic immobility test or in the assessment of feather fault bars. We conclude that a combination of feed dilution with 20 % oat hulls and daily provision of roughage did not significantly improve M77 broiler breeder cockerel welfare during rearing according to the indicators assessed. Furthermore, the present study contributes to the growing literature suggesting that qualitative feed restriction, while promising in theory, in practice fails to deliver strong and consistent improvements to animal welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hair cortisol assessment of equine assisted therapy horses: Assessing long-term welfare and influencing management factors","authors":"Štěpán Zítek ,&nbsp;Kristýna Machová ,&nbsp;Radka Procházková ,&nbsp;Zdislava Vaníčková ,&nbsp;Ivona Svobodová","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the long-term welfare of horses involved in Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) using hair cortisol concentration (HCC) as an indicator of chronic stress. A total of 102 horses from 21 stables across the Czech Republic were included, with 69 horses participating in EAT (experimental group) and 35 horses participating in recreational riding (control group). Hair samples were taken from the mane and analyzed for HCC, reflecting stress levels over a six-week period. Statistical analyses were performed to compare cortisol levels between groups and to assess the influence of biological and management factors on HCC. The results showed no significant difference in HCC between the EAT horses (mean: 17.06 pg/mg, SD: 3.528) and the recreational horses (mean: 17.33 pg/mg, SD: 2.816) (p = 0.85), indicating that EAT does not inherently increase chronic stress levels when horses are managed appropriately. Among the factors analyzed, sex significantly influenced cortisol levels, with mares having lower HCC (mean: 15.776 pg/mg) compared to geldings (mean: 18.248 pg/mg) (p = 0.003). Other factors, such as age and type of housing, did not significantly affect HCC. In EAT horses, the type of therapeutic work performed was an important determinant of cortisol levels. Horses involved in less physically demanding activities, such as equine-facilitated learning and social care, had significantly lower HCC than those involved in more intensive therapies, such as equine-facilitated physiotherapy and occupational therapy (p &lt; 0.001). Time spent with a client was also significant. The number of clients per day has not significantly impacted HCC. In addition, management practices such as the frequency and distribution of rest periods were important. More frequent rest days throughout the year were associated with lower cortisol levels, with a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.492, p = 0.003). Factors such as breed, client weight, and the number of clients per day did not significantly impact cortisol levels This study highlights that EAT, when conducted under appropriate management conditions, does not compromise the welfare of horses when compared to recreational use. The results emphasize the importance of tailoring therapeutic activities to individual horses and ensuring consistent downtime to support their welfare. Further research is needed to explore additional factors influencing welfare and establish evidence-based guidelines for managing EAT horses. These findings provide valuable insights into the long-term welfare of horses used in therapeutic environments and contribute to optimizing EAT practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can I touch you? A pilot study comparing consensual and non-consensual human-dog touch interactions","authors":"Amir Sarrafchi ,&nbsp;Natassja de Zwaan ,&nbsp;Maya Tucker ,&nbsp;Katrina Merkies","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Choice and consent are critical welfare elements, especially in interactions between humans and animals. Dogs incorporated in therapeutic settings (therapy dogs) may encounter human touch interactions where they have limited control over their circumstances. The present study examined how forced and free-choice touch treatments during interaction with humans influenced the behaviour of therapy dogs and hypothesized that therapy dogs would display a higher frequency of stress-related behaviours during forced in comparison to free-choice touch treatment. The study involved 18 certified therapy dogs with 44 human participants. Each human interacted individually with up to four therapy dogs in forced and free-choice touch treatments for 3 min. During forced touch treatments, dogs were held on a leash by their owners while participants continuously touched the dog, but during free-choice touch treatments dogs roamed freely in a pen and participants were directed to touch them only if they approached within arm’s reach. Treatments were videoed for retrospective behavioural coding. A GLIMMIX for repeated measures tested the effect of treatment on dog behaviours. During forced touch there was a higher frequency of ear back behaviour (p = .0115) compared to free-choice touch treatment. Sniffing behaviour (p &lt; .0001) and avoidance of the participants (p &lt; .0001) occurred more frequently during free-choice touch compared to forced touch treatments. Dogs spent 77.9 % of their time within reach of the participants during free-choice touch treatments. Male dogs demonstrated a higher frequency of avoidance of participants (p = .0031) and interaction with owners (p = .0352) than female dogs, regardless of treatment. The findings revealed subtle behavioural differences in therapy dogs between forced and free-choice touch treatments with humans, highlighting the importance of incorporating choice and agency in human-dog interactions within therapy programs to enhance dog welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"John Eddison","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106558","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8222,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 106558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}