Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology最新文献_第5页

Overview of NASA's space radiation research program. 美国宇航局空间辐射研究计划概述。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

Walter Schimmerling

引用次数: 0

Calcium-regulated protein kinases of plants. 植物钙调节蛋白激酶。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

Alice C Harmon

{"title":"Calcium-regulated protein kinases of plants.","authors":"Alice C Harmon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of calcium ions in coupling physiological responses to external and developmental signals in plants has been well documented. Recently, Plieth and Trewavas (Plant Physiology, 2002, 129: 786-796) have shown that gravistimulation, too, elicits changes in the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in Arabidopsis plants. Cytoplasmic calcium brings about responses by interacting with target proteins, many of which contain EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. In plants there are at least five classes of protein kinases, all of which are in the CDPK/SnRK family, that either contain EF-hands within their structure or interact with proteins that contain EF-hands. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and calcium and calmodulin-activated protein kinases (CCaMKs) both contain EF hands in their C-terminal domains and are activated by the binding of calcium. SnRK3s (Group 3 of the SNF-1 related kinases) bind to proteins that contain three EF hands, and some are activated by calcium. Members of two other protein kinase classes, plant calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and CDPK-related kinase (CRK), bind to calmodulin, but it remains to be seen whether the activity of these enzymes is regulated by calcium/calmodulin. This paper will review what is known about the structure and the regulation of these protein kinases and address the question of why there is such a plethora of calcium-regulated kinases in plants.","PeriodicalId":81348,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology","volume":"16 2","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22563770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Plant-centered biosystems in space environments: technological concepts for developing a plant genetic assessment and control system. 空间环境中以植物为中心的生物系统:开发植物遗传评估和控制系统的技术概念。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

Terri L Lomax, Kirk A Findlay, T J White, William E Winner

{"title":"Plant-centered biosystems in space environments: technological concepts for developing a plant genetic assessment and control system.","authors":"Terri L Lomax, Kirk A Findlay, T J White, William E Winner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Plants will play an essential role in providing life support for any long-term space exploration or habitation. We are evaluating the feasibility of an adaptable system for measuring the response of plants to any unique space condition and optimizing plant performance under those conditions. The proposed system is based on a unique combination of systems including the rapid advances in the field of plant genomics, microarray technology for measuring gene expression, bioinformatics, gene pathways and networks, physiological measurements in controlled environments, and advances in automation and robotics. The resulting flexible module for monitoring and optimizing plant responses will be able to be inserted as a cassette into a variety of platforms and missions for either experimental or life support purposes. The results from future plant functional genomics projects have great potential to be applied to those plant species most likely to be used in space environments. Eventually, it will be possible to use the plant genetic assessment and control system to optimize the performance of any plant in any space environment. In addition to allowing the effective control of environmental parameters for enhanced plant productivity and other life support functions, the proposed module will also allow the selection or engineering of plants to thrive in specific space environments. The proposed project will advance human exploration of space in the near- and mid-term future on the International Space Station and free-flying satellites and in the far-term for longer duration missions and eventual space habitation.","PeriodicalId":81348,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology","volume":"16 2","pages":"91-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22563771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Human utilization of subsurface extraterrestrial environments. 人类对地下地外环境的利用

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

P J Boston, R D Frederick, S M Welch, J Werker, T R Meyer, B Sprungman, V Hildreth-Werker, S L Thompson, D L Murphy

{"title":"Human utilization of subsurface extraterrestrial environments.","authors":"P J Boston, R D Frederick, S M Welch, J Werker, T R Meyer, B Sprungman, V Hildreth-Werker, S L Thompson, D L Murphy","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Caves have been used in the ancient past as shelter or habitat by many organisms (including humans). Since antiquity, humans have explored caves for the minerals they contain and sometimes for ceremonial purposes. Over the past century, caves have become the target of increasing exploration, scientific research, and recreation. The use of caves on extraterrestrial bodies for human habitation has been suggested by several investigators. Lunar lava tube bases received early attention because lava tubes were clearly visible in lunar images from the Apollo Era. More recently, Mars Observer Camera data has shown us clear evidence of large tubes visible in a number of volcanic regions on Mars. The budding field of cave geomicrobiology has direct application to questions about subsurface life on other planets. Caves contain many unusual organisms making their living from unlikely materials like manganese, iron, and sulfur. This makes caves and other subsurface habitats prime targets for astrobiological missions to Mars and possibly other bodies. We present the results of a completed Phase I and on-going Phase II NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) study that intensively examines the possibilities of using extraterrestrial caves as both a resource for human explorers and as a highly promising scientific target for both robotic and future human missions to Mars and beyond.","PeriodicalId":81348,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology","volume":"16 2","pages":"121-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22563774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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The impact of skeletal unloading on bone formation. 骨骼卸荷对骨形成的影响。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

Daniel D Bikle, Takeshi Sakata, Bernard P Halloran

{"title":"The impact of skeletal unloading on bone formation.","authors":"Daniel D Bikle, Takeshi Sakata, Bernard P Halloran","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Skeletal unloading leads to decreased bone formation and decreased bone mass. Bone resorption is uncoupled from bone formation, contributing to the bone loss. During space flight bone is lost principally from the bones most loaded in the 1 g environment. Determining the mechanism(s) by which loading of bone is sensed and translated into a signal(s) controlling bone formation remains the holy grail in this field. It seems likely that matrix/cell interactions will underlie much of the mechanocoupling. Integrins are a prime mediator of such interactions. The role for systemic hormones such as PTH, GH and 1,25(OH)2D compared to locally produced factors such as IGF-I, PTHrP, BMPs and TGF beta in modulating the cellular response to load remains unclear. Our studies demonstrate that skeletal unloading leads to resistance to the anabolic actions of IGF-I on bone as a result of failure of IGF-I to activate its own signaling pathways. This is associated with a reduction in integrin expression, suggesting crosstalk between these two pathways. As the mechanism(s) by which bone responds to changes in mechanical load with changes in bone formation is further elucidated, applications of this knowledge to other etiologies of osteoporosis are likely to develop. Skeletal unloading provides a perturbation in bone mineral homeostasis that can be used to understand the mechanisms by which bone mineral homeostasis is maintained, and that such understanding will lead to effective treatment for disuse osteoporosis in addition to preventive measures for the bone loss that accompanies space travel.","PeriodicalId":81348,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology","volume":"16 2","pages":"45-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22563850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biological countermeasures in space radiation health. 空间辐射健康的生物对策。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

Ann R Kennedy, Paul Todd

引用次数: 0

Transduction and adaptation in sensory hair cells of the mammalian vestibular system. 哺乳动物前庭系统感觉毛细胞的转导和适应。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

J Chris Colclasure, Jeffrey R Holt

{"title":"Transduction and adaptation in sensory hair cells of the mammalian vestibular system.","authors":"J Chris Colclasure, Jeffrey R Holt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The human vestibular apparatus detects head movements and gravitational stimuli which impinge upon the mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear. The hair cells, in turn, transduce these stimuli into electrical signals which are transmitted to the brain. These sensory cells are exquisitely responsive, signaling deflections of their mechanosensitive organelles as small as 1-2 nanometers. Remarkably, they are able to preserve this level of sensitivity even when confronted with large tonic stimuli, such as gravity. To accomplish this feat hair cells have devised a novel adaptation process that repositions the mechanotransduction apparatus on a millisecond time scale to allow high sensitivity over a broad operating range. Mechanotransduction in hair cells occurs via a direct gating mechanism in which hair bundle deflection focuses tension onto membrane-bound, cation-selective ion channels located near the tips of the hair bundle. Increased tension favors an open conformation of the channel and allows calcium to enter the cell. Elevated intracellular calcium promotes adaptation which has been hypothesized to result from the activity of a cluster of molecular motors that continually adjust the tension in the transduction apparatus. Although the transduction channel itself remains elusive, myosin Ic has recently been identified as a molecular component of the \"adaptation\" motor.","PeriodicalId":81348,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology","volume":"16 2","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22563852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The space elevator: a new tool for space studies. 太空电梯:太空研究的新工具。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2003-06-01

Bradley C Edwards

{"title":"The space elevator: a new tool for space studies.","authors":"Bradley C Edwards","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The objective has been to develop a viable scenario for the construction, deployment and operation of a space elevator using current or near future technology. This effort has been primarily a paper study with several experimental tests of specific systems. Computer simulations, engineering designs, literature studies and inclusion of existing programs have been utilized to produce a design for the first space elevator. The results from this effort illustrate a viable design using current and near-term technology for the construction of the first space elevator. The timeline for possible construction is within the coming decades and estimated costs are less than $10 B. The initial elevator would have a 5 ton/day capacity and operating costs near $100/lb for payloads going to any Earth orbit or traveling to the Moon, Mars, Venus or the asteroids. An operational space elevator would allow for larger and much longer-term biological space studies at selectable gravity levels. The high-capacity and low operational cost of this system would also allow for inexpensive searches for life throughout our solar system and the first tests of environmental engineering. This work is supported by a grant from the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC).","PeriodicalId":81348,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology","volume":"16 2","pages":"101-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22563772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Program and abstracts. Eighteenth Annual Meeting, American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology. November 6-9, 2002, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA. 程序和摘要。第十八届美国引力与空间生物学学会年会。2002年11月6日至9日，美国佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2002-11-01

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Plants, plant pathogens, and microgravity--a deadly trio. 植物、植物病原体和微重力--致命的三重奏。

Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology Pub Date : 2001-06-01

J E Leach, M Ryba-White, Q Sun, C J Wu, E Hilaire, C Gartner, O Nedukha, E Kordyum, M Keck, H Leung, J A Guikema

{"title":"Plants, plant pathogens, and microgravity--a deadly trio.","authors":"J E Leach, M Ryba-White, Q Sun, C J Wu, E Hilaire, C Gartner, O Nedukha, E Kordyum, M Keck, H Leung, J A Guikema","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Plants grown in spaceflight conditions are more susceptible to colonization by plant pathogens. The underlying causes for this enhanced susceptibility are not known. Possibly the formation of structural barriers and the activation of plant defense response components are impaired in spaceflight conditions. Either condition would result from altered gene expression of the plant. Because of the tools available, past studies focused on a few physiological responses or biochemical pathways. With recent advances in genomics research, new tools, including microarray technologies, are available to examine the global impact of growth in the spacecraft on the plant's gene expression profile. In ground-based studies, we have developed cDNA subtraction libraries of rice that are enriched for genes induced during pathogen infection and the defense response. Arrays of these genes are being used to dissect plant defense response pathways in a model system involving wild-type rice plants and lesion mimic mutants. The lesion mimic mutants are ideal experimental tools because they erratically develop defense response-like lesions in the absence of pathogens. The gene expression profiles from these ground-based studies will provide the molecular basis for understanding the biochemical and physiological impacts of spaceflight on plant growth, development and disease defense responses. This, in turn, will allow the development of strategies to manage plant disease for life in the space environment.","PeriodicalId":81348,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology","volume":"14 2","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138815375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0