Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management最新文献

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"M. Munawar","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1538865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1538865","url":null,"abstract":"The story of Great Lakes protection and management can be traced as far back as the signing of Boundary Waters Treaty in 1909 between the United States and Great Britain (signed on behalf of Canada), which dealt with the principles and mechanisms of preventing and resolving disputes about water quality and quantity across the border (United States and Great Britain, 1909). The Boundary Waters Treaty resulted in the formation of an independent advisor, namely the International Joint Commission, for preventing any disputes between the two countries. More recently a binational Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement was signed in 1972 (GLWQA, 2012) between the United States and Canada (with revisions in 1978, 1987 and 2012) committing to the restoration, protection and use of an ecosystem approach (Vallentyne and Beeton, 1988; Vallentyne and Munawar, 1993). The GLWQA set water quality objectives to prevent the further pollution of boundary waters of the Great Lakes. The primary focus of the 1972 GLWQA was controlling cultural eutrophication by reducing phosphorus inputs from point and nonpoint sources. A major contribution behind the GLWQA was the excellent empirical evidence by Vollenweider et al. (1974), which indicated that cultural eutrophication was caused by excessive phosphorus loadings. The wide applicability of Vollenweider’s empirical relationships resulted in regulations for sewage treatment plants, regulations on phosphate levels in detergents, reductions in nonpoint phosphorus loadings, and establishment of total phosphorus loading reduction targets. Similar abatement actions were also implemented in European lakes (Will en, 2001). Another major scientific initiative adopted in 1985 through Canada-United States cooperation under the GLWQA, was the development of remedial action plans to restore beneficial use impairments in Areas of Concern-AOCs (IJC, 1985; 1987; Hartig and Thomas, 1988; Hartig and Vallentyne, 1989; Hartig and Zarull, 1992; Minns et al., 2011). Forty-three AOCs were identified: 12 in Canada, 26 in the United States and 5 shared bi-nationally. These restoration efforts have been underway for over 30 years, resulting in substantial progress and many ongoing challenges. In 2017, in conjunction with the 32 anniversary of the onset of remedial action plans to restore AOCs, the Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management Society (AEHMS), International Association for Great Lakes Research (IAGLR), Great Lakes Commission, International Joint Commission, and the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge co-sponsored a two-day symposium titled “Restoring Great Lakes Areas of Concern” at the 2017 annual IAGLR conference in Detroit, Michigan. A binational Symposium Steering Committee was established to coordinate the event. The symposium attracted a large number of delegates. Twenty-six papers, originating from both countries, were presented with a panel discussion at the end of the symposium which generated discussion about achievements, ","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"370 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1538865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43262027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remedies for improving Great Lakes Remedial Action Plans: A Policy Delphi study","authors":"C. McLaughlin, G. Krantzberg","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1529433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1529433","url":null,"abstract":"Remedial Action Plans continue to be the principal program to operationalize an ecosystem approach to the restoration of degraded locations across the Laurentian Great Lakes called Areas of Concern. Initiated in 1985, the progress of Remedial Action Plans on balance has been slow and disappointing. The Remedial Action Plan program has been continued following revisions to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 2012 despite very little systematic inspection of its strengths and limitations. Further, the 2012 Agreement calls for a “nearshore framework” with no clarity on the process for understanding place-based governance methods as developed under these Remedial Action Plans. In this context, we conducted a three-round anonymous online Policy Delphi study involving several dozen experts in the development and implementation of Remedial Action Plans from across the Great Lakes basin within government, industry, academia and civil society. Round 1 collected their direct knowledge of the strengths and limitations of Remedial Action Plans. We distilled that knowledge and asked study participants in Round 2 to further reflect on what worked and what did not work in their experience as Remedial Action Plan practitioners. We found an expected diversity of opinion on what ails the program in Round 2, but an unexpected consensus on the desire to move forward with seven governance options that emerged and were ranked by participants in Round 3. Rankings also indicated a consensus that the options were somewhat feasible and likely to succeed as enhancements to the current governance of Remedial Action Plans. Importantly, the results relate to both the structure and attributes of these collaborative processes, and we therefore stress the need to focus on the predominant tendencies and characteristics that underline Remedial Action Plan processes. These findings will have broad significance for evolving place-based nearshore restoration strategies in the Great Lakes and elsewhere as such programs are initiated.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"493 - 505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1529433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43707049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecology of algal blooms in the Bay of Quinte: composition, diversity and dynamics","authors":"M. Munawar, M. Fitzpatrick, H. Niblock, R. Rozon, J. Lorimer, H. Kling","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1538926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1538926","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 25 algal blooms were observed during three separate surveys of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, conducted during August 2010, September 2010 and September 2011. Here we define algal blooms based on the direct measurement of phytoplankton biomass (>3 g m−3) and not proxy measures such as chlorophyll a. In this chronically eutrophic embayment, we observed 8 diatom blooms (Aulacoseira spp.), 7 cyanobacteria blooms (Dolichospermum, Gloeotrichia, Microcystis, etc.) and 10 more that were mixtures of both taxa. At the cyano-bloom sites, ≈50% or more of the total biomass was composed of species known to be toxigenic. High rates of primary production (40 – 160 mg C m−3 h−1) by the larger algal size classes (>20 μm and 2–20 μm) indicated that there were few constraints on photosynthesis during bloom events (both diatom and cyanobacteria). Productivity to biomass quotients were considerably higher for filamentous algal forms (>9 for both diatoms and cyanobacteria) compared to colonial cyanobacteria (<5) suggesting that filamentous algae are more photosynthetically efficient. Our findings showed the observed algal blooms to be diverse and dynamic entities; management strategies need to recognize the unique characteristics of individual bloom events. Moreover, long term research and monitoring programs are necessary for the application of adaptive management strategies in order to address persistent ecosystem stressors like eutrophication.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"447 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1538926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43918243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severn Sound Remedial Action Plan: The friendly little monster","authors":"R. Sherman, R. Whittam, J. Cayley","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1528819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1528819","url":null,"abstract":"The Severn Sound Remedial Action Plan began as a federal-provincial initiative and became a \"friendly little monster\" when the community of small urban centers and rural townships took their responsibility seriously and became fully committed to the restoration of Severn Sound as a \"toxic hot-spot\" on the Great Lakes. Severn Sound is a complex of bays and inlets in south-eastern Georgian Bay. The Area of Concern was listed in 1985 because of eutrophication and habitat loss. This article will explore the changes in organizational structure supporting Remedial Action Plan development and implementation from an external federal-provincial program to a local organization supported by a variety of partners. Key principles of funding the remedial actions and administration of the local Severn Sound Environmental Association will be highlighted. This transition led to successful implementation and ultimate delisting of the Area of Concern in 2003. Following delisting, creative local partnership agreements and financing were arranged to continue long-term implementation and to meet emerging environmental challenges.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"387 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1528819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48722946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreword","authors":"Andrea R. Kaminski","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1549424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1549424","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"369 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1549424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43447550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The state of Toronto and Region’s ecosystem:Synthesis and highlights","authors":"S. Doka, M. Munawar, J. Midwood, M. Wells","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1505355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1505355","url":null,"abstract":"a. six as impaired (eutrophication/algae, beach closings, aesthetics, fish/wildlife habitat, fish consumption, fish/wildlife populations); b. one as requiring further assessment (phytoplankton/zooplankton communities); c. four re-designated as not impaired after assessment (fish tumours/deformities, bird/animal deformities/reproductive problems, benthos, dredging restrictions), and; d. three that were never considered impaired (flavour of fish/wildlife, drinking water restrictions/taste/odour problems, and added costs to agriculture/industry).","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"362 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1505355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59839095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface—Restoring Toronto’s waters: Progress toward delisting the Toronto and Region Area of Concern","authors":"S. Dahmer, L. Matos, A. Morley","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1491759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1491759","url":null,"abstract":"In 1987, Toronto and Region (formerly Metro Toronto) was recognized as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs) under the amended Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA). AOCs are locations where water quality and ecosystem health are considered to be severely degraded as a result of local sources of pollution caused by human activities that may affect the wider Great Lakes system. Under the GLWQA, the governments of Canada and the United States committed to restoring ecosystem health in the Great Lakes (IJC, 1987). Toronto and Region was identified as an AOC as a result of complex environmental challenges from several centuries of agriculture, industrialization and urban development that have dramatically reshaped the terrestrial and aquatic environments. The health of the waterfront is linked to conditions and activities in local watersheds, which provide a conduit to Lake Ontario by way of the rivers and creeks – as well as storm and sanitary sewer systems – that run through local communities. The boundary of the Toronto and Region AOC encompasses 42 km of waterfront together the north shore of Lake Ontario, along with the six watersheds from Etobicoke Creek in the west to the Rouge River in the east that drain into Lake Ontario (Figure 1). The watersheds of the AOC, which drain an area of approximately 2000 km, originate from the southern slopes of the Oak Ridges Moraine (north of the City of Toronto), and are composed of more than 40% rural landuse, and contain Rouge National Urban Park, one of the world’s largest national urban parks. At the same time, more than three million people live in the AOC drainage area and the City of Toronto is at the centre of one of the most densely urbanized and fastest growing areas in the Great Lakes. Historically within the AOC, a vast number of habitats have been degraded: wetlands have been drained and filled (e.g. Ashbridges Bay Marsh); forests and riverbank vegetation were removed; creeks were buried, channelized or concreted; shorelines were hardened; and dams and weirs were built that obstructed fish movement in rivers. Contaminants associated with runoff from stormwater and snow melt from local watersheds, and direct discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater, have created serious water quality impacts in local rivers, and along the waterfront. Spills, road runoff and historically unregulated chemical inputs to sewers from industries and residences contributed to a highly degraded aquatic environment. These multiple stressors polluted the local environment, impacted fish and wildlife habitats and populations (both directly and indirectly) and degraded water quality at beaches, leading to the impairment of several beneficial uses in the Toronto region, and forming the basis for the AOC designation.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"229 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1491759","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47897688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remediation of a Beneficial Use Impairment at Bluffer’s Park Beach in the Toronto Area of Concern","authors":"T. Edge, S. Hill, A. Crowe, J. Marsalek, P. Seto, B. Snodgrass, R. Toninger, M. Patel","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1497401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1497401","url":null,"abstract":"Bluffer’s Park Beach in the Toronto and Region Area of Concern had a history of beach postings often exceeding 80% of the beach season since the 1980s. A study applied expanded E. coli surveillance and microbial source tracking techniques in 2005–2007 to identify fecal pollution sources contributing to beach postings. Expanded surveillance in the beach vicinity identified significant E. coli hotspots in the foreshore beach sand (pore water max E. coli = 255,000 CFU 100 ml−1) and associated with a marsh inland of the beach. During rain events, streams from the marsh (max E. coli = 173,000 CFU 100 ml−1) and runoff from the parking lot (max E. coli = 4100 CFU 100 ml−1) were observed to overflow across the beach to contaminate beach waters. Microbial source tracking using library-dependent (antibiotic resistance and rep-PCR DNA fingerprinting of E. coli isolates) and library-independent (human HF183 bacterial DNA marker) methods indicated the prevalence of animal fecal pollution sources at the beach rather than human sewage. These results were consistent with sanitary survey information, observations of wildlife in the marsh area, and Gulls and Canada Geese on the beach. In 2006, a bird management program was initiated, and remedial actions continued in advance of the 2008 bathing season to engineer a berm to prevent marsh runoff into beach water and re-direct parking lot drainage into the marsh. Since these remediation actions, Bluffer’s Park Beach has been posted less than 20% of each beach season, and it was awarded a Blue Flag accreditation in 2011.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"285 - 292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1497401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41807505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing occupancy of freshwater fishes in urban boat slips of Toronto Harbour","authors":"M. Veilleux, J. Midwood, C. Boston, N. Lapointe, R. Portiss, M. Wells, S. Doka, S. Cooke","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1507530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1507530","url":null,"abstract":"Hardening of natural shorelines in urban aquatic ecosystems can result in a loss of fish habitat and productivity. The north shore of Toronto Harbour (Lake Ontario) has been converted to hardened boat slips for commercial, industrial and recreational purposes, but its potential utility as fish habitat has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine whether fish frequented and utilized four slips in the Inner Harbour of Toronto. Two western boat slips are adjacent to some natural features and have undergone some rehabilitation to increase the complexity of aquatic habitat (i.e. addition of large substrate, overhead cover, and in-water structure). In contrast, the two eastern slips are deeper and more influenced by the turbid Don River. We assessed the timing and duration of occupancy within all four slips for seven fish species using acoustic telemetry. In just under a year, tagged fishes spent a limited amount of time in any one slip. However, there was evidence for increased use at the two western slips by Northern Pike (Esox lucius) in spring, which is likely linked to the proximity of these slips to a known spawning area. Overall, there was no reliable evidence that the majority of the seven adult fish species evaluated frequented either the western or eastern slips. Despite efforts to track and tag a variety of species, insufficient detections prevented a detailed assessment of habitat selection for the majority of species of interest. A more detailed study of the spatial ecology of these fishes is therefore needed to understand the scale of their habitat use and inform the design of habitat rehabilitation projects for hardened shorelines.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"331 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1507530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45608600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated restoration prioritization–A multi-discipline approach in the Greater Toronto Area","authors":"J. Stille, N. Shrestha, R. Toninger, C. Mackenzie, Andrew Ramesbottom, Joel B. Smith","doi":"10.1080/14634988.2018.1507408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1507408","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem restoration planning requires an integrated approach considering many components of the natural system when prioritizing where and what to restore. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and partners have developed a multi-discipline and multi-benefit approach to restoration planning that facilitates effective restoration works, which contribute to realizing regional watershed objectives pertaining to natural system functions. Through various long term monitoring and modeling initiatives, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority has amassed a wealth of knowledge on terrestrial biodiversity, aquatic ecosystems, hydrology, and headwater conditions. The aim of Integrated Restoration Prioritization is to identify impairments and threats to ecosystem function as a means to improve the delivery of ecological goods and services. Consolidating data and comparing discrete areas based on different parameters and thresholds can help direct decision making for future restoration initiatives. The first iteration of the Integrated Restoration Prioritization analyzed existing datasets, identified gaps, and made recommendations for future monitoring. This approach will assist with delisting Beneficial Use Impairments #14 Loss of Fish and Wildlife Habitat and #3 Degradation of Fish and Wildlife Populations within the Toronto Remedial Action Plan area. Further, the Integrated Restoration Prioritization will assist in implementing the recommendations made in watershed planning documents pertaining to fisheries and natural heritage management. Specifically, the Integrated Restoration Prioritization will identify where impairments to ecological function are located, ensure habitats and corridor linkages are protected or restored, and prioritize local and upstream catchments that could contribute most to improving the natural system if restored.","PeriodicalId":8125,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"352 - 361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14634988.2018.1507408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42574940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}