Ethology and sociobiology最新文献_第8页

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90005-1

Michael T. McGuire, Fawzy I. Fawzy, James E. Spar, Ronald M. Weigel, Alfonso Troisi

引用次数: 23

An evolutionary perspective on substance abuse 药物滥用的进化观点

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90007-8

Randolph M. Nesse

{"title":"An evolutionary perspective on substance abuse","authors":"Randolph M. Nesse","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90007-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90007-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article describes how recent advances in understanding the evolutionary functions of emotions can help to reconcile diverse approaches to substance abuse. Emotions can be understood as specialized states that prepare individuals to cope with opportunities and threats. Drugs that artificially induce pleasure or block normal suffering disrupt these evolved mechanisms, and thus should tend to interfere with adaptive behavior, even if the drugs are medically safe. Nonetheless, we routinely use drugs quite safely to block defenses like pain, cough, and anxiety. This apparent contradiction is explained by the relatively small costs of defenses compared to the potentially huge costs of not expressing a defensive response when it is needed. An evolutionary perspective has implications for substance abuse research, treatment, and social policy. This perspective suggests that the search for etiology needs to address the human tendency to abuse drugs separately from individual differences in these tendencies, that clinical treatments that take account of the broad range of patients' emotional life are well justified, and that social policies need to address substance use and abuse not as diseases to be cured but as human tendencies that need to be managed. To prepare for future drugs that will likely alter emotions safely, we urgently need a better understanding of the adaptive function of the emotions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"15 5","pages":"Pages 339-348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(94)90007-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 54

The astonishing hypothesis: The scientific search for the soul 惊人的假设:对灵魂的科学探索

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90016-7

引用次数: 0

Evidence of a time constant associated with movement patterns in six mammalian species 时间常数与六种哺乳动物运动模式相关的证据

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90013-2

Geoffrey E. Gerstner, Louis J. Goldberg

{"title":"Evidence of a time constant associated with movement patterns in six mammalian species","authors":"Geoffrey E. Gerstner, Louis J. Goldberg","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90013-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90013-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human psychophysical studies have provided evidence of a short duration time constant associated with perceptual tasks. This time constant is approximately 3 s in duration, and evidence suggests that it represents a central neural mechanism that functions to integrate “successive events into a Gestalt” in order to create a “subjective present.” Recent studies have found a 3 s time constant in human and chimpanzee movement patterns, suggesting that a similar mechanism subserves both human perceptual and primate motor skills. These studies have focused exclusively on humans and chimpanzees; therefore, it is unclear whether this time constant represents a characteristic derived in the primate order or an ancestral characteristic found in many different mammalian orders. The current study looked for evidence of a 3 s time constant associated with movement patterns in six mammalian species representing three non-primate orders. The results showed that all six species' movement pattern event durations averaged about 3 s, and that there were no significant differences in the mean event durations among the species. Thus, the 3 s time constant originally found in human perceptual and primate motor skills is common among many mammalian orders and probably represents the operation of an ancestral neural mechanism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 181-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(94)90013-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Adaptive genetic variation and human evolutionary psychology 适应性遗传变异与人类进化心理学

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90015-9

David Sloan Wilson

引用次数: 215

Some differential attributes of lethal assaults on small children by stepfathers versus genetic fathers 继父和亲生父亲对小孩致命攻击的一些不同特征

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90014-0

Martin Daly, Margo I. Wilson

引用次数: 166

Are men more promiscuous than women? 男人比女人更滥交吗?

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90036-1

Dorothy Einon

引用次数: 24

The couvade and the onset of paternal care: A biological perspective 父亲抚育的起源和开始:一个生物学的观点

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90037-X

Robert W. Elwood , Carolyn Mason

引用次数: 30

Sperm donor selection and the psychology of female mate choice 精子供体选择与女性择偶心理

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90035-3

Joanna E. Scheib

{"title":"Sperm donor selection and the psychology of female mate choice","authors":"Joanna E. Scheib","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90035-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90035-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Women's preferences for hypothetical sperm donors were compared to preferences for long-term mates (Experiment 1) and to those for long-term mates and extra-pair copulatory (EPC) partners (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, attributes believed likely to affect a resultant child were significantly more important in a donor than in a long-term mate. “Character,” which was the most important factor in a mate, was the second most important factor after “health” in a donor, despite the belief that character had little likelihood of affecting a resultant child. These results suggest that women were partly relying on the psychology used to choose a long-term mate when they assessed attributes in a sperm donor. An additional construct (“resource potential”) was introduced in Experiment 2, as well as an additional test condition (EPC). As with character, resource potential was believed to have little likelihood of affecting a resultant child, yet it was rated as moderately important to have in a donor, further supporting the hypothesis that women were partly relying on a mate choice psychology. Results did not provide support for the existence of an EPC psychology distinct from that used to select a long-term mate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 113-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(94)90035-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

Sex and food control in the “uncommon chimpanzee”: How Bonobo females overcome a phylogenetic legacy of male dominance “不寻常的黑猩猩”的性和食物控制:雌性倭黑猩猩如何克服雄性统治的系统发育遗产

Ethology and sociobiology Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3095(94)90038-8

Amy Randall Parish

{"title":"Sex and food control in the “uncommon chimpanzee”: How Bonobo females overcome a phylogenetic legacy of male dominance","authors":"Amy Randall Parish","doi":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90038-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0162-3095(94)90038-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inferences for female bonding in humans have drawn on models derived from studies of nonhuman primates. In primates, strong affiliative relationships between unrelated females are rare. This is true for the social systems of apes and particularly for those of the closest living relatives of humans, the chimpanzee (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>). However, the other member of the genus <em>Pan</em>, the bonobo (<em>Pan paniscus</em>) is strikingly different in this regard as evidenced from the present comparative study that was conducted at the Wilhelma Zoo, Germany. A group of bonobos and of chimpanzees was each provided with limited access to an artificial “fishing” site (a simulated termite mound) filled with desirable food. In chimpanzees, the adult male was dominant over all females and able to monopolize the food. In bonobos, on the other hand, the adult bonobo male was low ranking, and females controlled food access. Sex between bonobo females apparently facilitated affiliative encounters between females in the context of feeding. Until now, studies of exchanges of sex-for-food focused on heterosexual interactions. This study reveals that trading of sex for food occurs regularly between bonobo females. These exchanges appear to reduce tension and facilitate female cofeeding and cooperation. They help create stable long-term relationships among females that result in coalition formation, control of food resources, and ability to elevate their dominance status relative to males well above that of their chimpanzee counterparts. The strong affiliative relationships between unrelated female bonobos provide an alternative model from which predictions for bonding among human females can be generated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":81211,"journal":{"name":"Ethology and sociobiology","volume":"15 3","pages":"Pages 157-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0162-3095(94)90038-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53542525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 180