Aquacultural Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Characteristics of aquaculture sludge produced from two different fish diets and its impact on biogas production","authors":"Abhinav Choudhury,&nbsp;Christine Lepine,&nbsp;Michaela Hersom,&nbsp;Christopher Good","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessing the feasibility of anaerobic digestion (AD) for treating recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) sludge requires understanding how fish diet changes affect waste characteristics and, subsequently, the AD process. In this study, sludge produced from RAS utilizing two fish diets (FA and FB) was anaerobically digested in batch reactors at 35 °C for 39 days. The two sludges differed in crude fat, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and volatile fatty acid concentrations. Normalized cumulative methane (CH₄) production was significantly higher for FB (346 ± 5 mL CH₄/g volatile solids [VS]) than FA (279 ± 4 mL CH₄/g VS), which could be attributed to FB’s higher crude fat content (27.4 ± 4.7 % compared to 12.2 ± 1.9 % for FA on a dry matter [DM] basis). However, the CH₄ production rate was higher for FA during the first 10 days of the study, with a maximum of 74.5 ± 1.8 mL CH₄/day on day 8, most likely due to the higher initial total VFA concentrations in FA (3.0 ± 0.2 g/L) compared to FB (2.0 ± 0.2 g/L). Sludge FB also increased peak hydrogen sulfide concentration (2763 ± 82 ppm). Elevated total ammonia nitrogen concentrations (&gt; 3 g/L) were observed in both FA and FB treatments post-digestion due to the high crude protein content in the two sludges (&gt; 30 % DM). The study showed that fish feeds with similar crude fat and protein content can result in different aquaculture waste characteristics, substantially impacting biogas production from AD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of different culture substrates on the water environment and growth performance of Babylonia areolata in a recirculating aquaculture system","authors":"Jiahua Zhang ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaojun Gu ,&nbsp;Xuan Che ,&nbsp;Xingguo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the effects of different substrates (PVC culture nests, ceramic particles, and sand) on <em>Babylonia areolata's</em> growth performance, water environment, and microbial community in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). A RAS, integrating vertical sedimentation tanks, nano-aeration devices, and foam separation equipment with ecological culture nests, was designed to address issues in traditional culture models. Over 180 days, water quality parameters, microbial diversity, growth condition, and enzyme activity of B. areolata were monitored. Water quality remained stable: dissolved oxygen was 5.04–7.98 mg/L, pH 7.26–8.46, ammonia nitrogen 0.05–0.25 mg/L, and nitrite nitrogen 0.021–0.069 mg/L. Different substrates significantly affected snail growth and water environment regulation. The sand group had the highest final shell length (35.46 ± 3.02 mm) and body weight (11.5 ± 1.04 g), while the ceramic particle group showed lower growth rates. Microbial community analysis revealed higher diversity in PVC and sand substrates (Shannon index 6.83–6.91), and the ceramic particle group had significant enrichment of some antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Enzyme activity analysis indicated dynamic changes in antioxidant and digestive enzymes. Lipase activity in the ceramic particle group was significantly lower than in other groups (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, PVC ecological culture nests combined with the efficient water treatment system can maintain stable water quality and support high - density culture (1500 ind./m²). This study provides a feasible technical solution for <em>B. areolata</em> recirculating aquaculture and scientific insights for substrate selection and ARGs control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102596"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MC-MobileFishNet: An efficient algorithm for phenotypic analysis in heat-resistant breeding of Micropterus salmoides using keypoint detection","authors":"Yidan Zhao ,&nbsp;Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Guofu Feng ,&nbsp;Wanying Zhai ,&nbsp;Peng Xiao ,&nbsp;Yongxiang Huang ,&nbsp;Jinchi Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The breeding of heat-resistant fish holds significant economic value in aquaculture, and phenotypic analysis reflects the growth performance of fish in high-temperature environments, making it a key factor in selecting heat-resistant varieties. To efficiently conduct phenotypic analysis for the breeding of heat-resistant Micropterus salmoides, we designed a phenotypic analysis system specifically for the selection of heat-resistant Micropterus salmoides. Utilizing a stereo keypoint detection method with two vertically aligned cameras and curve fitting analysis, the system accurately analyzes fish phenotypes. Our approach inherently avoids the pixel matching issues found in global stereo algorithms and effectively handles occlusion and overlap problems. The proposed model integrates the MobileNetV3 module and Squeeze-and-Excitation attention mechanism into the YOLOv8 backbone network to enhance feature extraction. Additionally, the neck section introduces a novel multidimensional feature concatenation structure called MultiConcat. This structure fuses and concatenates features across multiple dimensions through weighted integration, suppressing irrelevant features while emphasizing the effective ones. The improved model demonstrates significant performance enhancements, with mAP<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>50:95</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span> increasing by 3.7%, while model parameters and FLOPs decreased by 0.41 MB and 0.692G compared to the baseline model. The inference speed also increased, with FPS rising from 33.78 to 40.82. Experimental results demonstrate average accuracies of 97.65% for total length, 98.49% for body length, 93.34% for head length, and 96.20% for body height. Moreover, comparison experiments in aquaculture ponds demonstrated the model’s strong generalization, making it highly efficient and accurate in real fish ecology monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated multi-trophic culture of Penaeus vannamei with Crassostrea sp. and Gracilaria sp. in a nursery system","authors":"Priscilla Celes Maciel de Lima ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Pereira dos Santos ,&nbsp;Danielli Matias de Macedo Dantas ,&nbsp;Luis Otavio Brito ,&nbsp;Alfredo Olivera Gálvez","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, aquaculture seeks to implement production techniques with better use of nutrients that increase biosecurity and productivity. Therefore, the use of Brazilian native oyster <em>Crassostrea</em> sp. and red seaweed <em>Gracilaria</em> sp. in integrated multi-trophic culture (IMTA) with Pacific white shrimp <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> was evaluated for 40 days in synbiotic nursery system. Four treatments were evaluated: a shrimp monoculture (control without oysters and seaweed in static intensive system), Multi-SOS (culture of shrimp, oyster juveniles and seaweed), Multi-SO (shrimp and oyster culture), and Multi-SS (shrimp and seaweed culture). For water quality, Multi-SOS and Multi-SS treatments presented the lowest values of nitrogenous compounds (TAN, nitrite-N and nitrate-N), while Multi-SO and Multi-SOS presented lower results regarding settleable solids (respectively, 2.84 mL L⁻¹ and 2.02 mL L⁻¹) than other treatments. At the end, the shrimp performance was significantly higher in the Multi-SOS (0.80 g of final weight and 2.02 kg m⁻³ of yield) and Multi-SS (0.85 g of final weight and 2.09 kg m⁻³ of yield) treatments compared to the control. The proximate composition showed flocs with lower crude protein and lipid content and a greater amount of ash in Multi-SOS and Multi-SO compared to the other treatments (control and Multi-SS). Therefore, integrated multi-trophic culture with oysters and seaweed is recommended, as oysters could control settleable solids, and seaweed, in addition to providing a supplementary source of food for shrimp, also reduced toxic nitrogenous compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modelling of ammonia nitrogen dynamics in a recirculating aquaculture system","authors":"Lingwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Mingwei Jia ,&nbsp;Bing Guo ,&nbsp;Daoliang Li ,&nbsp;Tao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concentration of ammonia nitrogen plays a crucial role in aquaculture, as an excessive level can hinder the growth of aquatic animals or even cause death. Commercially available ammonia nitrogen sensors are expensive, have limited lifespans, require frequent maintenance, and may exhibit drift over time. In this study, we designed a laboratory-scale recirculating aquaculture system using Siberian sturgeon (<em>Acipenser baerii</em>) as the cultured species and conducted a 52-day experiment. Based on this system, a new mathematical model was developed to predict ammonia nitrogen, combining fish bioenergetics with mass balance of ammonia nitrogen. A sensitivity analysis of model parameters was conducted to identify the key ones, and then a Bayesian optimisation method was used to calibrate these key parameters with data collected from the laboratory recirculating aquaculture system. Validation on unseen data demonstrated that the model could provide a reasonable prediction of ammonia nitrogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of drum filters, swirl separators and foam fractionation on water quality in pilot scale recirculating aquaculture systems","authors":"Kim João de Jesus Gregersen ,&nbsp;Lars-Flemming Pedersen","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the impact of different filtration configurations on water quality in pilot scale recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), focusing on the removal efficiency of particulate and dissolved organic matter. The experiment was conducted over six weeks using 12 pilot-scale RAS units, each stocked with juvenile rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) in freshwater. Four treatment configurations in triplicate systems were evaluated: drum filter only, a swirl separator combined with a drum filter (Swirl + Drum), a drum filter combined with a foam fractionator (Drum + FF), and a swirl separator combined with a foam fractionator (Swirl + FF). The results showed that the combination of a swirl separators and a drum filter achieved the highest removal of organic matter per day. Despite the high organic matter removal in the Swirl + Drum treatment, it did not translate to the best water quality outcomes, highlighting the importance of addressing dissolved organic matter and fine particulates. Pilot RAS with foam fractionation showed the most significant improvements in water quality parameters, particularly in reducing total BOD, COD, and microbial activity. The Swirl + FF treatment exhibited a large decrease in total BOD (40 % reduction) and total COD (27 %), with microbial activity reduced by over 55 % compared to the RAS with drum filters only. The study also identified that Swirl + FF, led to more total phosphorus and orthophosphate , suggesting that particles smaller than the swirl separator's threshold but too large for foam fractionation contributed to increased phosphorus levels. This study underscores the effectiveness of combining swirl separators and drum filters for particulate removal and highlights the crucial role of foam fractionation in managing dissolved organic matter and enhancing overall water quality in RAS. These findings provide new knowledge of solids removal and water quality and may have important implications for the design and optimization of RAS systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term deep-sea cage culture of Trachinotus ovatus increases mobility of antibiotic-resistance genes","authors":"Haikun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingchun Han ,&nbsp;Suyun Fang ,&nbsp;Shenghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Manman Cheng ,&nbsp;Xingyue Lin ,&nbsp;Xiaoke Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been extensively studied in offshore mariculture areas, yet their profiles in deep-sea cage culture environments remain largely unexplored. In this study, the proliferation, hosts and spread risks of ARGs before and after deep-sea cage mariculture activities were investigated, employing environmental parameter measurements, metagenomic assembly, and binning approaches. Our results showed that following aquaculture activity, the abundances of fosmidomycin- (an antibiotic targeting the MEP pathway), MLS (Macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramines), phenicol-, and triclosan-related ARGs decreased, while diaminopyrimidine- (interfere with the folic acid metabolism of bacteria), rifamycin-, aminoglycoside- (prevent bacterial protein synthesis), multidrug-, and mupirocin-related ARGs increased, thereby increasing the likelihood of microorganisms acquiring resistance. The hosts of these ARGs were classified into 38 classes across 19 phyla, with Gammaproteobacteria accounting for over 36.29 % of all ARG hosts, and Alphaproteobacteria contributing an additional 16.9 %. This information can guide us in targeting specific types of microorganisms for controlling particular ARGs. Certain ARGs were predominantly located on plasmids, indicating enhanced mobility and an increased risk of horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, the presence of plasmids, viruses, or mobile genetic elements in aquaculture-affected water showed a general increase, further highlighting the environmental risk of ARG spread. Overall, this study deepens our understanding of the environmental impacts of deep-sea cage aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar-powered automated fish-feeding boat: A cost-effective and sustainable solution for aquaculture","authors":"Abdullah Al Fahim ,&nbsp;Tanzi Ahmed Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdul Kader ,&nbsp;Mayeen Uddin Khandaker","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry that is increasingly recognized as a vital source of nutrition for the world's expanding population. Traditional fish farming is labor-intensive and non-technical, with unskilled workers and unorganized feed distribution resulting in high costs and environmental deterioration. To address these concerns, a solar-powered, automated fish-feeding boat has been designed and implemented in this study. This innovative system utilizes machine learning and a microcontroller-based control unit (i.e., a memory and input/output interface with I2C communication protocol) to deliver feed at a predetermined time at precise intervals in each day without human intervention, ensuring optimal fish nutrition and growth. The integration of solar power into the boat's operation exemplifies a commitment to environmentally sustainable practices by significantly reducing its carbon footprint. Furthermore, the automation of the fish-feeding process not only minimizes reliance on manual labor but also contributes to substantial cost savings, heightened operational precision, and improved overall efficiency. Collectively, these advancements enhance the economic sustainability and efficient management of aquaculture ventures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and performance of a zero-discharge integrated multi-trophic aquaculture recirculation system for the intensive culture of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","authors":"N. Nhut ,&nbsp;N.T. Tung","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the performance of the Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Recirculating System (IMTA-RAS) over a 124-day production cycle, evaluating its water quality parameters, nutrient utilization efficiency, and economic feasibility. The system comprised three identical setups, integrating the cultivation of whiteleg shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>), tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>), green seaweed (<em>Cladophora glomerata</em>), and red seaweed (<em>Gracilaria tenuistipitata</em>) within a closed-loop system. Results demonstrated stable water quality, reduced operational costs, and enhanced profitability. The system yielded 6.9 kg m⁻² shrimp, 3.1 kg m⁻³ fish, 5.3 kg m⁻² green seaweed, and 5.2 kg m⁻² red seaweed, with survival rates of 62.2 % for shrimp and 100 % for fish. Furthermore, feed accounted for 89.4 % of dry matter (DM), 91 % nitrogen (N), and 95.4 % phosphorus (P), with recorded retention rates of 40.3 % DM, 45.9 % N, and 27.6 % P within production outputs. These findings reinforce the IMTA-RAS model’s scalability potential, offering a sustainable framework for commercial shrimp farming through enhanced nutrient reutilization, reduced water exchange, and improved biosecurity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Denitrification using polyhydroxybutyrate/cellulose blend (PHBC) as a carbon substrate","authors":"Chinedu James Chiama ,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Gutierrez-Wing ,&nbsp;Chandra S. Theegala ,&nbsp;Mike Benton ,&nbsp;Ronald F. Malone","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of cellulose on PHB’s biodegradability and denitrification performance was evaluated in a triplicated closed-loop (recirculating) format. Pure PHB bio-pellets were compared to PHB/microcrystalline cellulose blends (PHBC) containing 20, 30, and 40 % cellulose in terms of nitrate conversion rates, COD accumulation, cost of denitrification, and consumption rate. The results show that the PHBC60:40 and PHBC70:30 achieved average apparent peak nitrate conversion rates of 3.9 ± 0.80 kg NO₃−N/m³-d and 3.9 ± 0.24 kg NO₃−N/m³-d, respectively, on day 2. PHBC80:20 achieved an average apparent peak nitrate conversion rate of 3.7 ± 0.017 kg NO₃−N/m³-d on day 3, while PHB100 % attained an average apparent peak nitrate conversion rate of 3.4 ± 0.03 kg NO₃−N/m³-d on day 4. The peak nitrate conversion rates achieved by the four treatments are statistically different. The COD accumulated in the PHB100 %, PHBC80:20, PHBC70:30, and PHBC60:40 reservoirs on day 7 are 19 ± 2.9, 29 ± 4.2, 51 ± 8.6 and 58 ± 11.5, respectively, which was aggravated by the release of solids during backwashing. There is a significant difference in 7-day reservoir COD accumulation, which correlates with the cellulose content. PHB was consumed at a rate of 3.3 ± 0.54 kg PHB/kg NO₃−N, with the blended bio-pellets consumed at the rate of 3.5 ± 0.48 kg PHBC80:20/kg NO₃−N, 3.8 ± 0.13 kg PHBC70:30/kg NO₃−N, and 4.0 ± 0.12 kg PHBC60:40/kg NO₃−N, respectively. The cost of denitrification was estimated through the consumption rates and results showed that the blends are more cost-effective than PHB. PHBC blends can effectively reduce nitrate in water. A viable carbon substrate for remediating industrial wastewater and aquaculture systems where cellulose solubility will not be an issue. Future research will focus on using low-cost cellulose materials to produce more PHBC blends for more cost-effective denitrification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}