Aquacultural Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Biodegradation mechanism and removal routes of 17β-estradiol in aquaculture wastewater: A review","authors":"Changwei Li,&nbsp;Limin Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intensive aquaculture production usually induces the accumulation of 17<em>β</em>-estradiol (E2), which causes endocrine disorders and feminization of fish, posing a huge threat to the quality and safety of aquatic products. Biological treatment plays a critical role in eliminating E2. For the purpose of this review, a thorough search of the literature was conducted to collect information on the various E2 removal routes (i.e. physical adsorption, biodegradation, and other routes) during biological treatment of aquaculture wastewater. The review discusses the vital role of degradation with respect to the functioning microorganisms, molecular mechanisms and degradation pathways. The contribution of different routes to E2 removal involved in biological approaches is presented. Finally, future research directions on bridging knowledge gaps for enhancing E2 elimination are proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102636"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving feed intake predictions in aquaculture: Integrating dissolved oxygen, body weight, and temperature for Atlantic salmon and meagre","authors":"Marina Linhares Azevedo ,&nbsp;Tomé Silva ,&nbsp;Filipe Soares ,&nbsp;Sergey Budaev ,&nbsp;Luis E.C. Conceição ,&nbsp;Nina Liland ,&nbsp;Pedro Pousão-Ferreira ,&nbsp;Ivar Rønnestad","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mathematical models serve as essential tools to optimize feeding strategies, enhance feed efficiency and promote more sustainable aquaculture production. While previous studies primarily aimed to develop feed intake (FI) models based on body weight and temperature, the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) — a critical environmental factor influencing FI—has often been overlooked. This work aimed to develop FI models for Atlantic salmon and meagre incorporating three main factors (i) body weight, (ii) temperature and (iii) dissolved oxygen. Oxygen-independent models were developed using data sourced from the literature, while Oxygen-dependent models utilized experimental trial data. The Akaike Information Criterion was used to assess and compare the relative quality of the Oxygen-dependent models. To evaluate the models’ performance, an initial analysis was conducted by plotting the model predictions with DO levels from 0 to 10 mg/L. In addition, an independent dataset for each species was used to evaluate the developed models' performance, and model accuracy for each FI model was assessed via the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results show that DO levels influence FI and growth in both species. For Atlantic salmon, Oxygen-dependent models significantly improved FI predictions, whereas for meagre, the Oxygen-independent model provided the most accurate FI predictions. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating DO into FI models for species where it plays a significant role, while further research is needed to clarify the putative role of DO in meagre FI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102635"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable aquaculture: An Iot-integrated system for real-time water quality monitoring featuring advanced do and ammonia sensors","authors":"Abrar Zuhaer ,&nbsp;Azad Khandoker ,&nbsp;Nafees Enayet ,&nbsp;Pronab Kumar Paul Partha ,&nbsp;Md. Abdul Awal","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient water quality monitoring is essential for sustainable aquaculture. Key parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, turbidity, pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDS) are vital for mitigating fish loss and enhancing profitability. However, existing commercial solutions fail to provide a cost-effective, automated system for simultaneously measuring all six parameters. To address this limitation, a novel system integrates Internet of Things (IoT) sensors with real-time data presentation to continuously monitor water quality. Designed using a modified V-model methodology, the system provides real-time updates through an Android mobile application. The sensors demonstrated high accuracy: 90.5 % for DO, 88.9 % for ammonia, 96.4 % for turbidity, 94.8 % for pH, 99.1 % for temperature, and 94.9 % for TDS. Given the high cost of typical DO and ammonia sensors, in-house alternatives were developed, reducing expenses. By combining these with commercially available sensors, a six-sensor product package was created, cutting overall costs by approximately 85 % for end users. This significant cost reduction, coupled with real-time monitoring capabilities, democratizes access to advanced technology, promoting the widespread adoption of efficient and sustainable aquaculture practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102620"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UVA-LED365 nm and UVC-LED275 nm combined irradiation effectively inactivates Vibrio parahaemolyticus and controls photoreactivation by regulating illumination","authors":"Wenyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Weixiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhujun Qiu ,&nbsp;Yuqing Wang ,&nbsp;Chonghui Fan ,&nbsp;Yao Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhongliang Gao ,&nbsp;Zi Liang ,&nbsp;Ziyi Sun ,&nbsp;Qian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultraviolet disinfection is a common disinfection method for controlling large-scale disease outbreaks in aquaculture. This study investigated <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>, a common pathogen in aquaculture, to elucidate the differences in inactivation efficacy between UVA-LED (365 nm) and UVC-LED (275 nm) irradiation, both individually and in sequence. Additionally, it examined the effects and underlying mechanisms of various light conditions on the photoreactivation of <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> following ultraviolet disinfection. The results demonstrated that UVC-LED achieved superior inactivation efficacy against <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em>, with a 3.9 log reduction at 12 mJ/cm². However, UVA pretreatment did not enhance the subsequent UVC-LED inactivation. Additionally, the bacterial growth rate of photoreactivation reaching 106.96 % under a white light at the intensity of 110 μmol/m²/s, which was significantly higher than that at 50 and 170 μmol/m²/s. Compared to other wavelengths, short wavelengths resulted in a relatively higher bacterial growth rate, with blue light achieving a rate of 143.48 % and significant expression of photolyase genes. In contrast, red and green light significantly inhibited the photoreactivation effect. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the bacterial growth rate was positively correlated with recovery time and light intensity during photoreactivation, while it was negatively correlated with spectral wavelength. This study clarified differences in inactivation efficiency between UVA-LED and UVC-LED, as well as the factors affecting photoreactivation of <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em>. To mitigate photoreactivation, increased light intensity and the avoidance of short-wavelength irradiation during the post-treatment phase provided valuable insights for UV-LED water disinfection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102623"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility study of Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS) for rapid off-flavor detection in recirculating aquaculture system cultured Atlantic salmon","authors":"Rakesh Ranjan ,&nbsp;Gajanan S. Kothawade ,&nbsp;John Davidson ,&nbsp;Lav R. Khot","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the feasibility of a portable Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS) system for detecting geosmin-related off-flavors in Atlantic salmon (<em>Salmo salar</em>) fillets from fish cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system. Salmon were exposed to a concentrated geosmin solution to spike off-flavor concentration in the fish tissues, followed by purging to create varying geosmin levels. Baseline geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in water and fillet samples were quantified using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatile organic compound (VOC) fingerprints from geosmin-treated cold and heated fillet samples were analyzed via FAIMS, and the results were compared against the untreated control (UTC). For cold samples, the VOC signatures in FAIMS spectra of the UTC and treatment groups with spiked off-flavor were nearly identical. Heated samples, however, displayed distinct ion current profiles within the compensation voltage range of −2–2 V across the full dispersion field range. Principal component and statistical analysis also demonstrated evident separation between UTC and treatment groups. While FAIMS showed promise in effectively differentiating the VOC fingerprints between UTC and geosmin-treated fish fillets, the system could not consistently distinguish concentration differences within treatment groups, regardless of thermal treatment. Overall, the sampling and pre-processing protocols developed in this study can help fish farmers quickly identify geosmin-contaminated batches during grow-out stages and prior to processing, enabling timely corrective actions. Future studies could focus on training FAIMS for the quantitative analysis of off-flavor compounds, utilizing key biomarkers identified by GC-MS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102622"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-powered decision support system for mariculture: Real-time fish mortality prediction with random forest","authors":"Ramadhona Saville ,&nbsp;Atsushi Fujiwara ,&nbsp;Katsumori Hatanaka ,&nbsp;Masaaki Wada ,&nbsp;Aris Yaman ,&nbsp;Reny Puspasari ,&nbsp;Hatim Albasri ,&nbsp;Nugroho Dwiyoga","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish mortality is a significant issue in mariculture, affecting productivity and sustainability. Predicting mortality risk in real-time is crucial for improving decision making and operational efficiency in mariculture management. This paper presents the development of a real-time fish mortality risk prediction model, designed as part of a Decision Support System using the Random Forest machine learning algorithm. The innovative aspect of this study lies in the real-time processing of sensor data to deliver daily mortality risk predictions, allowing for immediate adjustments to management practices. This study integrates water quality parameters (seawater temperature, salinity, conductivity, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen) monitored through a sensor network, with daily fish mortality records input by farmers. The Random Forest model predicted fish mortality risk across five levels with an overall accuracy of 78.6 % and precision exceeding 70 % for each level. The model's feature importance analysis highlights seawater temperature, salinity, and turbidity as key predictors of fish mortality risk. This system supports fish farmers and site managers in daily operational decision making, particularly regarding feed and labor management. Future improvements in data collection and continuous model updates are expected to enhance the accuracy and utility of the Decision Support System in mariculture management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental study on the internal flow field characteristics in aquaculture vessel tanks under sloshing conditions","authors":"Chunhui Zhao ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Li ,&nbsp;Haixiang Xu ,&nbsp;Yonghe Xie ,&nbsp;Panpan Jia ,&nbsp;Peng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental platform was established to investigate the internal flow field of an aquaculture vessel under rolling and heaving motions. The effects of different jet angles (<em>α</em>_<em>jet</em>) and velocities (<em>v</em>_<em>jet</em>), roll angles (<em>θ</em>) and heave amplitude (<em>Z</em>_<em>a</em>), and motion periods (<em>T</em>) were explored. The results show that in the stationary state, the flow field in the aquaculture tank was stable, and the jet conditions affected the flow field characteristics and stability. Under heaving motions, the average velocity (<em>v</em>_<em>avg</em>) exhibited an inverse relationship with <em>Z</em>_<em>a</em>, while the coefficient of variation (COV) demonstrated a non-monotonic trend, with its variation pattern influenced by <em>T</em>. Notably, the heave motion had a negative correlation effect on the <em>v</em>_<em>avg</em> across the entire tank area. With rolling motions, the flow field changes were related to the motion trajectory of the tank. The <em>v</em>_<em>jet</em> had a significant influence on the <em>v</em>_<em>avg</em> which increased as <em>θ</em> and decreased as <em>T</em> increased. Under the combined motion of the two degrees-of-freedom, the <em>v</em>_<em>avg</em> increased with <em>θ</em>. Additionally, an increase in <em>T</em> led to a corresponding enhancement in flow field stability. Under combined heave-roll motion conditions, the <em>v</em>_<em>avg</em> demonstrated a 20–30 % reduction compared to static conditions at identical jet parameters (<em>α</em>_<em>jet</em>, <em>v</em>_<em>jet</em>). These results furnish empirical evidence for refining the hydrodynamic behavior of aquaculture vessels in seaway conditions (e.g., rolling/heaving), thereby enhancing their operational adaptability in fisheries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 102619"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and performance evaluation of an integrated showering type aeration cum feeding system (i-STAFS) for tank-based shrimp nursery aquaculture","authors":"R.U. Roshan,&nbsp;Mohammad Tanveer","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the performance of integrated showering type aeration cum feeding system (i-STAFS) a modified design of showering aeration system (SAS) was evaluated and optimized to determine its applicability in tank base aquaculture practices. The experiments were conducted in a fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) tank of dimension 1.7 m x 0.7 m x 0.6 m to study the effects of various geometric and dynamic variables viz., height of water fall (H) (h), diameter of shower hole (d) (D), number of hole in the shower plate (N) (n) and distance between the shower (W) on the key indexing parameters such as Standrad Oxygen Transfer Rate (SOTR), Standard Aeration Efficiency (SAE), feed retention (X1) and water spray area (X2) to analyze the aeration and feeding efficiency of i-STAFS. A schedule of experiments comprising 28 trials designed using Central Composite Design (CCD) was carried out to obtain the optimum values of geometric parameter. Results showed that maximum SAE and SOTR were obtained when H= 1 m, d= 2 mm, N = 80nos, W= 0.8 m. Further, the trials were conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the feeding unit of i-STAFS and the minimum feed retention (X₁)= 0.88 g (out of 250 g) and maximum water spread area (X₂)= 50 cm² was observed when h= 0.6 m, D= 3 mm, n = 60nos. Finally, a performance testing of i-STAFS was done with <em>P.vannamei</em> in comparison with the existing diffuser type aeration system for a period of 25 days in two separate tanks. The test outcome revealed that good water quality parameter conducive of <em>P.vannamei</em> culture is maintained by i-STAFS when compared to the diffuser. Also, the feed consumption ratio (FCR), which is a key parameter for animal growth is significantly low in comparison with diffuser aeration system which indicates a better growth rate and production when operated with i-STAFS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102618"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AquaChat: An LLM-guided ROV framework for adaptive inspection of aquaculture net pens","authors":"Waseem Akram,&nbsp;Muhayy Ud Din,&nbsp;Abdelhaleem Saad,&nbsp;Irfan Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inspection of aquaculture net pens is essential for maintaining the structural integrity, biosecurity, and operational efficiency of fish farming systems. Traditional inspection approaches rely on pre-programmed missions or manual control, offering limited adaptability to dynamic underwater conditions and user-specific demands. In this study, we propose AquaChat, a novel Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) framework that integrates Large Language Models (LLMs) for instruction-driven, intelligent and adaptive net pen inspection. The system features a multi-layered architecture: (1) a high-level planning layer that interprets natural language user commands using an LLM to generate symbolic task plans; (2) a mid-level task manager that translates plans into ROV control sequences; and (3) a low-level motion control layer that executes navigation and inspection tasks with precision. Real-time feedback and event-triggered replanning enhance robustness in challenging aquaculture environments. The framework is validated through experiments in both simulated and controlled aquatic environments representative of aquaculture net pens. Results demonstrate improved task flexibility, inspection accuracy, and operational efficiency. AquaChat illustrates the potential of integrating language-based AI with marine robotics to enable intelligent, user-interactive inspection systems for sustainable aquaculture operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating submerged and surface feeding strategies in farmed Atlantic Cod: Energetic and production perspectives","authors":"Peygham Ghaffari ,&nbsp;Thor Magne Jonassen ,&nbsp;Johannes Kvam ,&nbsp;Fredrik Staven ,&nbsp;Trond M. Kortner ,&nbsp;Guro Løkka ,&nbsp;Julianne Jacobsen","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the influence of submerged versus surface feeding strategies on behavior and growth performance in farmed Atlantic Cod (<em>Gadus morhua</em>) in a full-scale, surface-based open cage system in northern Norway. Cod receiving submerged feed consistently occupied deeper and more stable vertical positions than surface-fed fish, particularly under elevated surface temperatures (<span><math><mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>15</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>°</mo><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></math></span>). While both groups exhibited diurnal vertical migrations, submerged-fed Cod displayed tighter vertical cohesion and reduced surface avoidance. The SGR was slightly higher in the submerged-fed group (<span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>39</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>day</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> vs. <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>35</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mtext>day</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>), likely reflecting reduced thermal stress and better alignment with the species’ natural foraging depth. However, FCR was marginally poorer (1.23 vs. 1.20), possibly due to increased feeding competition caused by localized feed delivery. In contrast, surface feeding provided more uniform feed dispersion, resulting in lower competition and more efficient feed utilization. Mortality rates were comparable between treatments (24.2% submerged vs. 23.4% surface), with peaks observed during a warm-water starvation phase. Principal component analysis identified feed availability as the primary driver of behavioral dynamics, followed by temperature and biomass. Submerged feeding also promoted greater behavioral synchrony and depth targeting under thermally stratified conditions. These findings highlight a trade-off between growth potential and feed efficiency, shaped by the spatial and competitive dynamics of feeding depth. They underline the importance of species- and site-specific feeding strategies, particularly in environments subject to thermal stress. The results can inform the optimization of feeding depth, scheduling, net pen configuration, and feeder design and placement. Furthermore, they support the development of behavior-informed, adaptive management tools aimed at improving production efficiency and fish welfare in Cod aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102613"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}