Aquacultural Engineering最新文献

{"title":"AI-driven aquaculture management system with AquaGPT for smart aquaculture","authors":"Rukesh Kamalanathan,&nbsp;Jayashree Padmanabhan","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquaculture is an important part of global food production, but fish diseases can spread fast and cause big losses. Farmers usually monitor fish manually, which takes time, effort, and money. To make this easier, we developed AquaGPT, a system that uses natural language processing and deep learning for fish disease management. Farmers can ask questions in simple language and get answers focused on preventing and controlling diseases. AquaGPT stands out from other advisory tools because it combines text guidance with image-based disease detection, giving farmers one platform to manage their ponds. For disease detection, AquaGPT uses three models together: MobileNetV2, DenseNet121, and VGG16. These models were trained to recognize seven categories of fish health: Bacterial Red Disease, Aeromoniasis, Bacterial Gill Disease, Saprolegniasis, Healthy Fish, Parasitic Diseases, and White Tail Disease. The dataset was prepared by resizing images, splitting them into training, validation, and test sets, and applying augmentation during training. Using all three models together improved reliability. MobileNetV2 reached an overall accuracy of 98.47 %, DenseNet121 achieved 99.51 %, and VGG16 obtained 99.67 %, while the ensemble setup recorded 96.29 % using majority voting, 96.29 % using weighted blending, and 97.43 % with stacking. AquaGPT can help farmers detect diseases earlier and make better decisions. Since the tests were done on controlled datasets, more testing including field trials and validation on different datasets is needed before the system can be widely deployed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102692"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost portable stereo vision and deep learning system for automated weight estimation of sea bream in offshore aquacultures","authors":"Kyriaki Kylili ,&nbsp;Spiros Millas ,&nbsp;Antonis Kimonides ,&nbsp;Constantine Dovrolis","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquaculture operations increasingly integrate automated monitoring systems to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and fish welfare. This study presents a portable, low-cost stereo vision system combined with a deep learning (DL) model (YOLO11-Pose) for non-invasive weight estimation of Mediterranean gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The system is deployed in an offshore aquaculture cage, where it captures RGB images and depth maps under real farming conditions. The DL model detects three anatomical landmarks — the snout tip, body midpoint, and middle caudal rays — within the RGB images. These landmarks are fused with corresponding depth data to enable a 3D reconstruction of individual fish. Fish length is computed as the Euclidean distance between the three keypoints and is converted to weight using a species-specific empirical length–weight relationship. Evaluation of 100 images containing 193 fish instances yields a mean estimated weight of 124.29<!--> <!-->g (95% confidence interval (CI): 112.39–136.19<!--> <!-->g). When compared with the population mean ground-truth weight of 220 sea bream (122.91<!--> <!-->g; 95% CI: 119.14–126.68<!--> <!-->g), the system produces an absolute error of 1.38<!--> <!-->g and a percentage error of 1.12%. Incorporating the body midpoint as a third keypoint improves estimation accuracy by 6.4% by accounting for body curvature. Overall, its compact design, low cost, and ease of operation make the proposed system a practical solution for automated weight estimation of sea bream and support the advancement of precision aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102705"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APMI: A method of fish detection with Transformer and Multi-scale Inverted Convolution","authors":"Zibo Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate fish detection is essential for analyzing fish behavior, regulating density, and reducing aquaculture costs. However, heavy occlusion render detection of multiple fish difficult. Furthermore, Previous models ignored the modeling of local spatial relationships and pixel-level dynamic interactions. To this end, we build two datasets and propose a tailored and novel object detection architecture for multi-fish, dubbed APMI. Specifically, we design an AggPool module characterized by a formulation of residual average pooling and AggPool attention to minimize background interference in high-density fish environments. The former aims to focus on local feature variations and reject invalid information in homogeneous regions. The latter dynamically weights each pixel to enhance the model’s ability to represent fine-grained features in occluded scenes. Subsequently, multi-scale convolution is introduced to extract key features that enable more accurate localization of occluded targets. Besides, inverted bottlenecks are developed to fully integrate long-range spatial and positional information and efficiently extract global contextual information for occluded fish. The WloU loss function is employed as the bounding box loss function to solve the sample unbalance problem caused by the gap in the number of fish populations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that APMI significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on our self-built datasets. APMI yields 85.64% and 84.96% <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>@</mi><mo>.</mo><mn>50</mn><mo>:</mo><mo>.</mo><mn>95</mn></mrow></math></span> on the ZFD dataset and SKD dataset, respectively. The research in this paper provides an efficient and accurate fish detection solution for aquaculture management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102685"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection control of fish pathogenic bacteria using deep ultraviolet irradiation in recirculating aquaculture systems","authors":"Mao Hokin ,&nbsp;Natsumi Nagahiro ,&nbsp;Hiroaki Enomoto ,&nbsp;Naoto Yabuki ,&nbsp;Syun-ichirou Oshima","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-C LEDs) are attracting increasing attention as next-generation sterilization devices to replace conventional UV sterilizers using mercury lamps, owing to their long lifespan, mercury-free operation, and instant on/off capability. In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), mercury lamp sterilizers are widely used for fish disease control. However, they consume substantial power and incur high operating costs. Therefore, this study investigated the bactericidal efficacy of UV-C LED irradiation against various fish pathogenic bacteria, as well as the effectiveness of UV irradiation in suppressing the spread of bacterial infections, with the aim of promoting the practical application of UV-C LEDs in RAS. The test bacteria included <em>Edwardsiella tarda</em>, <em>Vibrio rotiferianus</em>, <em>Tenacibaculum maritimum</em>, <em>Lactococcus garvieae</em>, <em>Streptococcus iniae</em>, and <em>Nocardia seriolae</em>. First, the bactericidal effects of UV-C LED irradiation on the tested bacterial suspensions were evaluated for each strain. Subsequently, after uniform mixing of an <em>E. tarda</em> suspension within the RAS, UV irradiation was applied, and the number of viable bacteria in the seawater was measured over time. Furthermore, in addition to the experimental evaluation of UV-C LED bactericidal effects, the sterilization rate within the tank was estimated via simulation using the water volume and circulation flow rate of the RAS. The results demonstrated that UV-C LED irradiation exerted bactericidal effects on all tested bacterial strains. In addition, the number of viable <em>E. tarda</em> bacteria in the RAS decreased over time following UV irradiation. The simulation results further indicated that the sterilization rate under UV-C LED irradiation could be predicted based on water volume and circulation flow rate, demonstrating the potential effectiveness of UV-C LEDs in suppressing bacterial infections transmitted through rearing water, including <em>E. tarda</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102681"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The noisy eaters: Acoustic characterization of clicks emitted by Penaeus vannamei fed fresh food items and pelletized diet","authors":"Silvio Peixoto ,&nbsp;Vinicius Kenji Takahashi ,&nbsp;Fábio Costa Filho ,&nbsp;Priscilla Celes Maciel Lima ,&nbsp;João Victor dos Santos Melo ,&nbsp;Maria Eduarda de Moura Mendonça ,&nbsp;Ignacio Sánchez-Gendriz ,&nbsp;Roberta Soares","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mandibles of <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> produce click-like sounds during food ingestion, a mechanism increasingly utilized in passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) to assess shrimp feeding behavior and inform automated feeding systems. Despite extensive research on pelleted diets, the acoustic characteristics of clicks associated with fresh food items found in shrimp farming remain largely unexplored. This study compared the acoustic profiles of clicks emitted by <em>P. vannamei</em> when fed polychaete (<em>Nereis sp</em>), shrimp (<em>P. vannamei</em>), fish (<em>Poecilia sphenops</em>), mussel (<em>Mytella strigata</em>), artemia nauplii (<em>Artemia salina</em>), insect (<em>Zophobas morio</em>) and commercial pelleted diet under controlled laboratory conditions. Initial video-synchronized hydrophone recordings in glass aquarium confirmed that clicks were produced during mandible occlusion for all food types. Subsequent anechoic chamber recordings and high-resolution audio analysis revealed significant differences among food items in peak frequency, low and high frequency, maximum power, and click duration. Soft foods, including artemia and mussel, produced clicks with lower acoustic energy and shorter duration, whereas pelleted feed and shrimp meat elicited clicks with higher energy and longer duration. An ensemble-based machine learning model accurately classified feeding activity across most food types, highlighting distinctive acoustic signatures and potential challenges in distinguishing acoustically similar items. These findings advance our understanding of <em>P. vannamei</em> feeding acoustics, supporting improved algorithmic evaluation of shrimp feeding in PAM-based automated systems and offering new opportunities for monitoring feeding behavior in both grow-out ponds and maturation tanks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102675"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and field application of an integrated three-phase greenhouse gas monitoring system in smart shrimp aquaculture with biofloc-based carbon mitigation","authors":"Cheng Yuan Kuo ,&nbsp;Tzong Yueh Chen ,&nbsp;Pin Han Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development and field validation of an integrated tri-phase greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring system designed for commercial biofloc-based shrimp aquaculture. The platform enables real-time, in situ quantification of CO₂ emissions across solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. Modular components include a rotary sludge filtration unit, membrane-enclosed gas accumulation chamber, and PLC-controlled aqueous CO₂ sensor. During a 120-day grow-out cycle, total direct GHG emissions reached 101.27 kg CO₂e, with solid-phase emissions contributing 92.4 kg CO₂e (91.2 %), followed by liquid-phase emissions at 7.62 kg CO₂e (7.5%) and gas-phase emissions at 1.25 kg CO₂e (1.2%). The largest indirect contributor was lactic acid bacteria production (1.467 tCO₂e), followed by electricity consumption during cultivation (0.879 tCO₂e) and feed input (0.297 tCO₂e). The system maintained &gt; 98% operational uptime, and the measurements were consistent with feed-based estimates and prior literature. This study indicates the dominant role of sludge-associated carbon in aquaculture emissions and demonstrates the potential of scalable, tri-phase monitoring systems to inform mitigation strategies and support low-carbon aquaculture practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic detection of fin, operculum and skin deformities in Mediterranean Fish Species","authors":"Ioannis Christofilogiannis ,&nbsp;Dimitra G. Georgopoulou ,&nbsp;Charalabos Vouidaskis ,&nbsp;Zacharias Choulakis ,&nbsp;Dimitris Voskakis ,&nbsp;Nikos Papandroulakis","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Morphological deformities in farmed fish can significantly impair swimming performance, feeding efficiency, and overall welfare, leading to economic losses in aquaculture. In this study, we apply deep learning-based computer vision models to automatically detect pectoral and caudal fin deformities as well as skin and operculum deformities (\"red spots\") in two key Mediterranean species: European seabass (<em>Dicentrarchus labrax</em>) and gilthead seabream (<em>Sparus aurata</em>). Using underwater stereo-vision imagery from our pilot-scale fish farm, we developed diverse annotated datasets for each morphological feature through a combination of manual labeling, an AI-assisted annotation tool and data expansion pipelines (data augmentation). We trained and evaluated multiple computer vision model architectures to address underwater imaging challenges such as motion blur, occlusion, and variable light intensities. Across all model comparisons, the lightweight YOLOv12s model achieved the best balance of accuracy and computational efficiency, with mean Average Precision values up to 0.81 for fin classification and 0.91 for red spot detection, while enabling real-time inference. Our results demonstrate that small CNN models, improved with attention-based methods like the YOLOv12s and trained on diverse, well-prepared images, can assess fish morphology in real aquaculture environments. This approach offers a scalable, non-invasive monitoring solution to support real-time monitoring and early health interventions and improve fish welfare in intensive farming systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102684"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145879967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A feasibility study on using a simplified mass balance to predict potassium in integrated freshwater aquaculture","authors":"Anıl Axel Tellbüscher ,&nbsp;Radek Gebauer ,&nbsp;Martin Šeda ,&nbsp;Tobias Goldhammer ,&nbsp;Ondřej Nikl ,&nbsp;Ewumi Azeez Folorunso ,&nbsp;Koushik Roy ,&nbsp;Hendrik Monsees ,&nbsp;Werner Kloas ,&nbsp;Jan Mráz","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed whether simplified mass balance calculations that neglect retention could be used to predict the concentration of potassium (hypothesis: yes) and phosphorus (hypothesis: no) in aquaculture systems, irrespective of feed ingredient choice. Three feeds with distinct formulations and graded levels of potassium and phosphorus were fed to Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) in recirculating aquaculture systems. All inputs (feed, water, caustic) and outputs (water, sludge, fish) were recorded throughout the 91-day experiment. Mass balance calculations with and without retention term (fish, sludge) were then used for prediction. The steady state concentration based on a simplified mass balance was systematically about 20 % lower than predicted. No unambiguous statement could be made about phosphorus due to unaccounted inputs that led to considerable deviation of observed from predicted concentrations. The results of this study indicate that the simplified mass balance might be appropriate to estimate potassium concentrations. Additional studies are, however, necessary to validate the outcomes for a wider range of feed ingredients and fish species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102691"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative assessment of nutrient cycling and larval whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) performance in batch and recirculating hatchery systems","authors":"Ilias Semmouri ,&nbsp;Flor Nachtergale ,&nbsp;Vincent Vermeylen ,&nbsp;Jana Asselman ,&nbsp;Annelies M. Declercq ,&nbsp;Colin R. Janssen","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nutrient dynamics are essential to larval shrimp recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) as they determine water quality, microbial balance, and overall system functionality. Yet, empirical data on nutrient dynamics in larval shrimp RAS remain limited, particularly regarding nutrient retention and loss pathways during early larval stages. This study aimed to evaluate larval shrimp performance and quantify nitrogen and phosphorus mass balances in RAS to identify unexplained nutrient losses. Therefore, a 21-day experimental trial was conducted to compare nutrient cycling, retention and shrimp performance between a traditional batch system, and a hatchery-scale RAS. In four tanks per system, <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em> were reared from nauplius to postlarval (PL10) stage. Shrimp performance was comparable between systems, with no significant difference in both survival and growth. Shrimp assimilated only a limited portion of the nutrients provided in the feed, especially under RAS conditions. In contrast, RAS demonstrated superior water quality, maintaining substantially lower concentrations of ammonia and phosphate as a result of continuous filtration and biofiltration. Ammonia concentrations in the batch system increased until around day 14 of the experiment before nitrate gradually accumulated, reflecting a delayed establishment of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. The obtained experimental results were used to develop a nitrogen and phosphorus mass balance model for both systems. In the batch system, most nutrients accumulated in the water column (53.8 % of N and 65.0 % of P), whereas in the RAS, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the rearing tanks were lower (22.1 % N; 35.7 % P), with a substantial portion of the nutrient input remaining unaccounted for. Overall, the comparison demonstrates that while RAS effectively maintain superior water quality compared to batch systems, this does not inherently translate into improved nutrient retention during larval rearing. Instead, substantial nitrogen and phosphorus losses highlight feed-related inefficiencies as a key limitation. These findings emphasize that optimizing feeding strategies and nutrient management is essential for improving system efficiency and sustainability in larval shrimp RAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102700"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and performance evaluation of a cost-effective modular vertical recirculating system for egg incubation and early larval rearing of pearlspot cichlid (Etroplus suratensis)","authors":"Binu Varghese ,&nbsp;Manisha Alex ,&nbsp;Charan Ravi ,&nbsp;Dinesh Kaippilly","doi":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquaeng.2026.102702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pearlspot is a promising candidate for climate-resilient aquaculture owing to its wide environmental tolerance, but the expansion of its farming is constrained by limited availability of quality seed. A cost effective portable vertical Recirculatory Egg Incubation System (REIS) was developed and evaluated for enhancing egg incubation and larval rearing capabilities. The system consists of twelve 64-L tubs, three tier each with four tubs. The top layer receives water through pumping and it is passed vertically through pipes and finally discharged into sedimentation chamber. It then passes through the biological filtration area, and then to pumping area fitted with UV sterilizer and thermostat. Flowrate optimization was conducted by stocking 400 eggs at the bottom of the unit, and maintaining flowrates of 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 L min⁻¹ (<em>lpm</em>). Flowrate significantly influenced hatching and free-swimming rate (<em>p &lt; 0.001</em>), with the highest values obtained at 10 L min⁻¹ (93.3 ± 0.6 % and 68.3 ± 4.7 %). The best performance at 10 L min⁻¹ was attributed to improved oxygen delivery, rapid flushing of metabolites, reduced egg clumping, and faster debris removal. The duration of embryonic development was found to be significantly influenced by flowrates (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05). Higher flowrates also decreased incubation duration, with hatching at 68 h increasing from 7.6 ± 0.5 % (0.25 L min⁻¹) to 63.6 ± 5.5 % (10 L min⁻¹), at 8–10 L min⁻¹ they reached free-swimming stage about 24 h earlier than those at low flow. Incorporation of stainless-steel hatching trays further enhanced incubation efficiency across the tested flowrates (1, 5, and 10 L min⁻¹), yielding 95.3 ± 0.6 % hatchability and 72.6 ± 3.5 % free-swimming larvae at 10 L min⁻¹ . The REIS offers a compact, low-cost, and scalable solution for producing large quantities of larvae, particularly suited for demersal egg layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8120,"journal":{"name":"Aquacultural Engineering","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102702"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}