Constitutional commentary最新文献

{"title":"The Unbearable Wrongness of Bush v. Gore","authors":"L. Tribe","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.431080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.431080","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Lund is virtually alone in defending not only the Supreme Court's equal protection rationale in Bush v. Gore, but also the Court's startling decision to shut down the Florida recount process and thereby foreclose any opportunity for the State of Florida to actually implement the equal protection principles the Court purported to be enforcing. Professor Lund even characterizes Bush v. Gore as \"simply not a close case.\" If the case was not close, the reasons are not those Lund so cavalierly assays. Part I defends my argument that the Court's per curiam opinion cannot be grounded in any previously recognizable form of equal protection doctrine. Professor Lund's argument to the contrary is that Bush v. Gore was but a logical extension of the \"one-person, one-vote\" jurisprudence illustrated by Reynolds v. Sims. He relies almost exclusively on the statement in Reynolds that the Constitution forbids weighing \"votes of citizens differently, by any method or means.\" Professor Lund (conveniently unwilling to embrace this principle as a proper reading of the Equal Protection Clause) treats this statement as establishing a precedent so sweeping and amorphous that it cannot be taken seriously, particularly in the context of ballot counting. Professor Lund apparently would extrapolate the statement to encompass virtually all disparities, not only between classes of voters, but among methods of recording and tallying votes and interpreting ballots. Far from a \"disinterested\" analysis, this absurdly literal fidelity to \"one-ballot, one-vote\" is the essence of jurisprudence by slogan. Any coherent approach to \"one-person, one-vote\" must incorporate a structural theory of how votes should be aggregated. Nothing in Reynolds or any other case suggests that a state cannot be selective in deciding which types of ballot errors are worth recounting in a particular circumstance, subject only to a requirement of rationality. Bush v. Gore did not involve a problem of valuing or weighing some votes more than others, much less deliberately packing or diluting groups of voters, but instead involved the obviously distinct problem of differentially treating ballots as evidence of votes. The Florida Supreme Court's remedy did nothing to alter the manner in which legally cast votes were weighed in the overall state scheme to choose presidential electors. At most, the scheme created the possibility that different standards would be used for determining what constituted a legal vote. But the much maligned \"intent of the voter\" standard on its face treated all voters equally. It was only in the application of that standard that equal protection violations could have arisen - and even those violations were correctable under the supervision of a single, impartial state judge. Thus, even if the Florida Supreme Court's plan for a statewide recounting of ballots to discern voters' intent could be said to have launched a scheme under which the \"weight\" of some votes cast in Flor","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"19 1","pages":"571-607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68769947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lost at the Equal Protection Carnival: Nelson Lund's Carnival of Mirrors","authors":"L. Tribe","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.431100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.431100","url":null,"abstract":"In his sur-response to my essay \"The Unbearable Wrongness of Bush v. Gore,\" Professor Lund expends an enormous amount of energy on a barrage of technical, literalist defenses of both his own \"Carnival of Mirrors\" essay and of the Court's per curiam opinion in that case, while failing adequately to engage the substance of my argument with respect to the Supreme Court's perplexing equal protection holding in that case - namely, that the per curiam opinion conspicuously failed to identify any individual voters, or groups of voters, who were treated unequally by the Florida Supreme Court's ballot-counting scheme. Lund continues to place undue, and almost exclusive, reliance on Reynolds v. Sims and its progeny. But he does not dispute my argument that Reynolds cannot reasonably be read to indict the sorts of deviations present in the Florida court's recount order, because otherwise Reynolds would have the practical effect of calling into constitutional question a myriad of election practices throughout the land that States have used, without objection, in virtually every statewide election in memory. If this is the logical implication of Professor Lund's reading of Reynolds - and he has not provided any sustained argument why it is not - then that alone is reason to question whether such a reading of Reynolds (which provides virtually the entirety of Professor Lund's defense of Bush v. Gore) is remotely plausible. It takes little sophistication - only a resistance to sophistry - to recognize how far one must twist equal protection law to make it fit Bush v. Gore's mold. My principal reply emphasized the Court's inexplicable failure to grasp the sweeping implications of its equal protection holding for the outcome that it effectively mandated in Florida itself. Professor Lund responds that, in fact, there is nothing so inexplicable about the Court's opinion because the remedy in Bush v. Gore did not \"foreclose the Florida court from ordering a new recount.\" Although it is, of course, technically correct that the U.S. Supreme Court did not order the Florida Supreme Court in so many words to toss in the towel, there can be no gainsaying that the wholly theoretical window the Court failed to slam shut was hardly the sort of opening through which anyone would dare to crawl. Moreover, the Court's asserted hard-and-fast December 12 deadline consisted of a palpably disingenuous cobbling together of stray comments in Florida Supreme Court opinions to yield an implausible construction of state law that should have been all the more disfavored because it would and did result in a violation of equal protection under the Court's own theories in Bush v. Gore. The Court could not deny the Florida court's conclusion that hundreds of ballots had been lawfully cast under Florida law yet had not been tallied in the State's certified count. Ignoring these ballots to satisfy what the Court imaginatively viewed as a mandatory safe harbor provision systematically and arbitr","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"19 1","pages":"619-623"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68770150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keeping Legal History Meaningful","authors":"R. Pildes","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.391520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.391520","url":null,"abstract":"This essay in constitutional history further explores the political context of constitutional law's failure to intervene in the massive disfranchisement that occurred in late 19th and early 20th century America. Contrary to deterministic views of the history of race in late 19th century America, the structure of the 20th century Southern racial order - segregation and the virtual elimination of black citizens from democracy - was not locked into place by some essential, fixed, organic structure of a monolithic, unified, \"white South\" the moment Reconstruction ended. This essay argues instead that the racial politics of this era involved deep conflicts among whites, that white supremacy was a political and social construction that had to be self-consciously built and fought for by its proponents, and that the racial politics of the disfranchisement era were more fluid and contingent than is sometimes recognized. The essay shows that constitutional disfranchisement required bypassing popular political processes, such as statewide referendum, that were otherwise used to adopt constitutional amendments. In states like Virginia, Mississippi, Alabama, North Carolina, and South Carolina, disfranchisement was strongly resisted by several classes of whites and by blacks; succeeded only with thin, often fraudulent majorities, and was achieved by oligarchic domination of small political bodies, such as state constitutional conventions, rather than by popular support. This context is used to evaluate the Supreme Court's failure, in Giles v. Harris (1903), to find the massive disfranchisement of this period to raise any justiciable constitutional questions. In light of the fluidity of partisan and racial politics of this era, the essay defends the view that Giles was a momentous event, not just in Supreme Court history, but in the political history of American race relations more broadly. The essay builds upon earlier work and responds to questions others have raised about the role of the Supreme Court in tolerating the disfranchisement of this era, which lasted until 1965.","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"19 1","pages":"645-661"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2139/SSRN.391520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68665357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Many Judges Does It Take to Make a Supreme Court","authors":"John V. Orth","doi":"10.5860/choice.44-4726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-4726","url":null,"abstract":"Why do appellate courts always have an odd number of judges? And what does the answer tell us about changing concepts of law? How can common law be unconstitutional? Why does the power of judges depend on accurate court reporting? Because legal education today has come to focus so much on teaching students \"\"how to think like lawyers,\"\" some subjects do not fit comfortably in law school curricula. John Orth, a distinguished senior law scholar, here explores some of these neglected but important topics. His insightful volume invites students of the law to look at the origins of accepted legal practices as a means of gaining insight into the judicial role and the evolution of common law. In six carefully reasoned and clearly argued articles, Orth presents the familiar in a fresh light. He considers, in addition to the questions already mentioned, how the centuries-old common law tradition interacts with statutory law-making, why claims that individual rights are grounded in common law are suspect, and how the common law uses what it learns about the past. In considering these questions related to common law and its remarkable longevity, Orth illuminates both its interaction with written constitutions and its longstanding preoccupation with procedure and property. And by questioning the assertion that individualism was the cornerstone of common law, he deftly resolves an objection that liberal scholars sometimes raise concerning common law - its connection to the Lochner era of Supreme Court jurisprudence. How many judges does it take to make a supreme court? As Orth observes, the institutional novelty of odd numbers of judges provided a means to break ties but did nothing to guarantee acceptance of their decisions. By demonstrating that what seems obvious about the law today was not always so, he cogently addresses changing perceptions of law and invites its future practitioners not only to think like lawyers but also to be more fully grounded in the law.","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"19 1","pages":"681-692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71115981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mother May I? Imposing Mandatory Prospective Rules of Statutory Interpretation","authors":"L. Alexander, S. Prakash","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.342262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.342262","url":null,"abstract":"May Congress enact laws that instruct courts and other interpreters how to interpret future laws? Although Congress has understood its powers to include such a power, and although a recent article calls for Congress to exercise such a power more extensively than it has, we argue that Congress lacks such a power. Thus, previous exercises of the alleged power, such as the Dictionary Act, are unconstitutional. Moreover, we argue that arguments for such a power premised on the courts' possessing the power to constrain Congress through canons of statutory interpretation rest on an equally dubious foundation: judicial canons of construction that dictate outcomes different from what Congress means those outcomes to be - canons such as the Ashwander canon - are themselves constitutionally infirm. We argue that neither the courts nor Congress through canons or rules of interpretation can legitimately constrain the interpretation of statutes.","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"20 1","pages":"97-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68592317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Washington, Patton, Schwarzkopf and ... Ashcroft?","authors":"M. Herz","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.366920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.366920","url":null,"abstract":"In the Supreme Court, the halls of Congress, and elsewhere, the Attorney General and the Solicitor General are often addressed as \"General,\" as if they were officers in the Army. This Essay speculates about the explanation for this peculiar practice and argues that it should be abandoned. In part, this usage should be abandoned because it is flatly incorrect by the standards of history, grammar, lexicology and protocol. Of course, those standards are mutable; if everyone called John Ashcroft the same thing they call George Patton, then at some point doing so would be correct by the standards of history, grammar, lexicology and protocol. But I also make a normative argument. Comfortable though it may be, especially since September 11, to have generals in charge, ours is a government of laws, not generalissimos. To call civil officials, especially legal ones, \"general\" because that word appears in their title is both wrong, if not just plain silly, and conflicts with important values.","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"1 1","pages":"663-680"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68621724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military Tribunals and Legal Culture: What a Difference Sixty Years Makes","authors":"J. Goldsmith, C. Sunstein","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.312452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.312452","url":null,"abstract":"President Bush's Military Order establishing Military Commissions was greeted with impassioned criticism in the press, the legal academy, and Congress. Sixty years earlier, in the midst of World War II, President Roosevelt established a Military Commission to try eight Nazi agents who had covertly entered the United States to commit acts of sabotage and terrorism. Although the Nazis failed in their mission, their aims were similar to those of the 9/11 terrorists. And yet Roosevelt's creation of the Commission, and the subsequent secret trial of the Nazi saboteurs, received widespread praise from the same institutions that protested Bush's action. Our purpose in this paper is not to investigate, except in passing, issues of law and policy. We instead explore three other questions: What explains the dramatically different reactions? What lessons do the different reactions offer about changes, over time, in the legal culture and in culture in general? What lessons do they offer about the evolution of protections for civil liberties in general and during wartime in particular? The most tempting, and common, explanation for the different reactions is that there is a significant difference in law - that President Roosevelt's Order stands on much firmer legal ground than President Bush's order. We show that this and related explanations are weak. The different reactions are best explained in terms of two large differences between the United States of 1942 and the United States of 2001. In 1942, the nation perceived a far greater threat to its own survival; for this reason Americans were far less solicitous of the interests of defendants thought to have participated in a war effort against the United States. But this explanation is inadequate by itself. It must be supplemented with an understanding of the large-scale, post-1960s shift in American attitudes, involving decreased trust of executive authority and military authority. Our general claim is that with respect to these issues, the legal culture is fundamentally different from what it was before, so much so that many previous practices are barely recognizable. We use the different reactions to the Bush and Roosevelt Military Orders as a way of obtaining a window on this shift. After making out these claims, we conclude with some general reflections on the evolution of civil liberties protections during wartime. In particular, we identify a mechanism behind the trend toward greater protection for civil liberties during wartime, namely: A judgment, in hindsight, that past civil liberty intrusions were unnecessary or excessive. We also suggest that this trend is, in a way, an accident of America's distinctive history.","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"19 1","pages":"261-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68564412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Price of Experience: The Constitution After September 11, 2001","authors":"J. Sidak","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.301583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.301583","url":null,"abstract":"The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, will change how we read the Constitution, and they will diminish the value of the elegant abstraction of a famous court decision like Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. That new perspective will change far more than national security and separation of powers. Our understanding of the religion clauses, of the role of governors, of ethnic discrimination, and of what constitutes a compelling governmental interest are likely to change or may have already changed. The opinions of the Supreme Court are not the only sources of wisdom about reading the Constitution. Empiricism rests upon experience. In contrast, innocence is a priori reasoning untested by empiricism. Measured by the standard of wisdom bought with experience, the abstract erudition of Supreme Court decisions, including Youngstown, is unimpressive. For the thousands murdered at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the orations in Youngstown about the separation of powers rang hollow: These victims lost not only liberty, but life. The carnage of September 11th will transform a new generation of Americans as much as Pearl Harbor transformed an earlier one.September 11th was an intense, common experience that informed us about the balance between individual liberty and collective security. To believe in the existence of evil is no longer to be regarded as superstitious, antiquarian, or fanatical. September 11th reminds us that the text of the Constitution is replete with references to war, because the same Framers who devised the separation of powers and later wrote the Bill of Rights also saw the need to be vigilant in a dangerous world. It is an exaggeration to say that everything is different now. The words of the Constitution have not changed since September 11th. It has always been the case that the first duty that Article II, section 2 imposes on the President is to be Commander-in-Chief. What has changed, through experience, is our collective understanding of why the government's highest obligation under the Constitution is to defend its citizens.With the collective experience of September 11th, we can now see, after years of self-indulgence masquerading as virtue, that liberty and security are more than abstractions to be manipulated in elegantly written Supreme Court opinions. A world of danger cannot be dismissed with pretty words. Youngstown is a poorly reasoned decision on both takings and separation-of-powers grounds. Was President Truman's seizure of the steel mills a legislative act, or was it a military act taken pursuant to his powers as Commander-in-Chief, in the defense of the free world in America's first open conflict of World War III? Justice Black's opinion for the Court so thoroughly denigrates the latter possibility that it runs the risk of overstating the case about the boundaries of presidential power in matters that genuinely do threaten national security, let alone matters that jeopardize the security of the ent","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"19 1","pages":"37-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68480559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smokey and the Bandit in Cyberspace: The Dormant Commerce Clause, the Twenty-first Amendment, and State Regulation of Internet Alcohol Sales","authors":"Brannon P. Denning","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.265122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.265122","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, federal courts have used the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine to strike down state regulations of alcohol sales, as applied to out-of-state alcohol producers and purchasers, despite the text of the Twenty-first Amendment, which appears to authorize such state regulation. This article argues that in striking down state regulations, these courts have ignored constitutional text, evinced indifference to the history of the Twenty-first Amendment, and misapplied Supreme Court precedent. In sum, they have come close to effecting a virtual repeal of the Amendment. But, I argue, there is opportunity in this new wave of litigation - opportunity to repair the erosion of state power under the Amendment caused by years of parsimonious interpretation by the U.S. Supreme Court and carried further by the recent decisions. In this essay, I do three things. First, I summarize the history of the framing and ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, and demonstrate that its purposes were understood to go well beyond merely allowing states to pursue temperance policies. Second, I chart the evolution of the Supreme Court's Twenty-first Amendment jurisprudence, and describe the Court's move from rules to standards in applying the Amendment, which has resulted in a dramatic reduction of state power over alcohol. Finally, I critique the recent district court decisions that limit states in the one area in which their power remained largely unquestioned by the Supreme Court - the regulation of liquor imports from out-of-state. By way of conclusion, I offer suggestions to lower courts and to the Supreme Court for properly applying the Amendment in future cases.","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"33 1","pages":"297-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68239985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"True God of the Next Justice","authors":"Douglas Wilder, Arthur Schlesinger","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.282425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.282425","url":null,"abstract":"For a decade or more, American constitutional discourse has emitted a detectable odor of bigotry toward Roman Catholics who embrace the papal encyclicals of Pope John Paul II. The reason is the Supreme Court's politically dominant role on questions of abortion. An unconstitutional litmus test may be emerging against Roman Catholics who obey the Pope's encyclicals and against those of other faiths who similarly oppose abortion as a matter of religious belief. The acrimony over abortion has obscured the relevance of the Religious Test Clause of the Constitution to the nomination and confirmation of Supreme Court Justices. It is both intractable and improper for senators to question a judicial nominee about either the tenets of his religious sect or the intensity of his religious devotion. As a practical matter, however, this prohibition is easily evaded, and no judicially enforceable public sanction or private remedy appears to exist. Unless the Senate is prepared to punish such misconduct - a highly doubtful proposition - the Constitution's explicit textual prohibition against religious tests for officeholders will be gutted in the name of advancing a more politically popular constitutional right that is not found in the text of the Constitution.","PeriodicalId":81001,"journal":{"name":"Constitutional commentary","volume":"18 1","pages":"9-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68358551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}