Annals of SciencePub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2023.2166114
Maria Rentetzi, Donatella Germanese
{"title":"Science diplomacy on display: mobile atomic exhibitions in the cold war: Introduction to Special Issue.","authors":"Maria Rentetzi, Donatella Germanese","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2023.2166114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2023.2166114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the increasing interest in science exhibitions, there has been hardly any work on mobile science exhibitions and their role within science diplomacy - a gap this thematic issue is meant to fill. Atomic mobile exhibitions are seen here not only as cultural sites but as multifaceted strategic processes of transnational nuclear history. We move beyond the bipolar Cold War history that portrays propagandist science exhibitions as instances of a one-way communication employed to promote the virtues of the two major and conflicting political powers. Instead, <i>Science Diplomacy on Display</i> follows mobile atomic exhibitions as they move across national borders and around the world, functioning as spaces for diplomatic encounters. Exhibitions play a vital role not only in the production of knowledge and the formation of political worldviews but also as assets in diplomatic negotiations and as promoters of a new worldview in which nuclear stands at the centre. They are powerful <i>iconic diplomatic devices</i>, that is systems of representations that capture the diplomatic processes in action and make the nitty-gritty details of international relations visible. This issue seeks to trace the multiple and often contradictory meanings that mobile exhibitions took on for various actors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"80 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9236894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2164794
Donatella Germanese
{"title":"The ingredients of a successful atomic exhibition in Cold War Italy.","authors":"Donatella Germanese","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2164794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2164794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The organization of the mobile atomic exhibition, <i>Mostra Atomica</i>, designed by the United States Information Service to travel through Italy in 1954-55, had to meet technical, scientific, artistic, and political challenges. The head of the group in charge of the exhibition was architect Peter G. Harnden whose pedigree in the intelligence and training in architecture were an ideal match for leading the unit dedicated to exhibitions. The political sensitivity of the <i>Mostra Atomica</i> also required the intervention of the Italian Ministry of the Interior to guarantee safe mobility and secure shows. In every major town, American and British diplomats attended the local opening ceremony, while the very symbol of science diplomacy was Enrico Fermi, whose recorded message praised international cooperation. All in all, the USIS campaign promoting peaceful applications of nuclear physics was successful in reaching and involving Italian society. Visual and spatial aesthetics were particularly relevant: the geometrical design of the exposition rooms conveyed a strong sense of modernity that contrasted with the artistic heritage of Italian cities. The present article is based on archival files, newspaper reports, and photographs that document who was responsible for planning, setting up, and reporting this Cold War propaganda event.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"80 1","pages":"10-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10673275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2150307
K. Olesko
{"title":"Helmholtz and the conservation of energy: contexts of creation and reception","authors":"K. Olesko","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2150307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2150307","url":null,"abstract":"Equally telling is the omission of any reference to the Boyle Lectures that Boyle founded, which should surely have been taken up to illustrate the effective synthesis of science and religion represented by the tradition of physico-theology that flourished throughout the eighteenth century. Along with this goes a slight narrowness in the book’s conception. Thomas Hobbes nowhere appears in it, yet at least some reference to Hobbes would have been useful in drawing attention to the source of the widespread anxiety that existed about the supposedly atheistic corollaries of the new science, which in Waddell’s exposition is slightly hard to understand. We could also have heard more about the fashionable penumbra of the new science as it spread to the salons and coffee houses (referred to in the book’s blurb but not mentioned at all in its text), and the extent to which ‘wits’ rather than scientists made the running in the abandonment of magic which is here seen as characteristic of the Enlightenment. Lastly, the book is slightly unfortunate in its timing, in that its author did not have the opportunity to read William R. Newman’s magisterial study, Newton the Alchemist (2019), which once and for all scotches the view that Newton’s alchemy formed the source of his ideas about gravitation. Here, this claim is reprised at length on the basis of the writings of B.J.T. Dobbs and R.S. Westfall, forming the climax to the chapter on alchemy which is thus unfortunately already dated. Hence Waddell’s volume displays various shortcomings. In spite of these, however, it should have some value in providing students with a serviceable introduction to the complex interrelationship between magic, science and religion in this pivotal period.","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"80 1","pages":"78 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44905563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-10-07DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2130979
I. Maclean
{"title":"Renaissance medicine: a short history of European medicine in the sixteenth century","authors":"I. Maclean","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2130979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2130979","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"80 1","pages":"195 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47868831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-08-17DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2113141
Alan R Rushton
{"title":"Cambridge geneticists and the chromosome theory of inheritance: William Bateson, Leonard Doncaster and Reginald Punnett 1879-1940.","authors":"Alan R Rushton","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2113141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2113141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early in the 20th century Bateson, Doncaster and Punnett formed a cooperative collective to share research findings on the chromosome theory of heredity (CTH). They cross-bred plants and animals to correlate behaviour of chromosomes and heredity of individual traits. Doncaster was the most enthusiastic proponent of the new theory and worked for years to convince Bateson and Punnett on its relevance to their own research. The two younger biologists collaborated with Bateson, the preeminent geneticist in England. As their own reputations developed, their research findings allied with the consensus on the importance of the CTH by the broader scientific community. After Doncaster's tragic death in 1920, major objections to the theory had been resolved; Bateson and Punnett then utilized the CTH to construct chromosome maps detailing locations of specific genes on particular chromosomes in several different species. The marriage of heredity and cytology enhanced confidence that the theory was an accurate mechanism to explain inheritance in both plants and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"79 4","pages":"468-496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40704592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-08-07DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2106382
C S Leedham, V L Allan
{"title":"Scientific computing in the Cavendish Laboratory and the pioneering women computors.","authors":"C S Leedham, V L Allan","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2106382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2106382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of computers and the role of women in radio astronomy and X-ray crystallography research at the Cavendish Laboratory between 1949 and 1975 have been investigated. We recorded examples of when computers were used, what they were used for and who used them from hundreds of papers published during these years. The use of the EDSAC, EDSAC 2 and TITAN computers was found to increase considerably over this time-scale and they were used for a diverse range of applications. The majority of references to computer operators and programmers referred to women, 57% for astronomy and 62% for crystallography, in contrast to a very small proportion, 4% and 13% respectively, of female authors of papers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"79 4","pages":"497-512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40593069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-08-07DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2107702
Fabrizio Bigotti
{"title":"Gradus Dimetiri: intensity and classification of complexions in 14th-century Italian medicine.","authors":"Fabrizio Bigotti","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2107702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2107702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper focuses on the scholastic approach to the intensity of complexions and presents some evidence as to how the meaning of <i>complexio</i> evolved in fourteenth-century Italian medicine: namely, how it was conceptualized, visualized, and finally quantified. In the first part, I summarize the philosophical development of <i>complexio</i>, pointing out how the concept differs from simple mixtures, thereby allowing for the mathematisation of compounds and their intensity. I then move on to consider the links between medicine and mathematics and present the schemes provided by Gentile Gentili da Foligno (1280/90 - 1348) as a case study, analysing their philosophical premises and implications for medical treatment more generally. In the final part, I argue that, quite aside from representing early forms of the mathematisation of qualities, schemata and diagrams also captured the medieval ideal of the cosmos, a hierarchical progression of forms ordered in ascending degrees of perfection and nobility.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"79 4","pages":"419-441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40701922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-06-18DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2086301
Nuno Castel-Branco
{"title":"Physico-mathematics and the life sciences: experiencing the mechanism of venous return, 1650s-1680s.","authors":"Nuno Castel-Branco","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2086301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2086301","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article deals with physico-mathematical approaches to anatomy in post-Harveyan physiology. But rather than looking at questions of iatromechanics and animal locomotion, which often attracted this approach, I look at the problem of how blood returned to the heart – a part of the circulation today known as venous return but poorly researched in the early modern period. I follow the venous return mechanisms proposed by lesser-known authors in the mechanization of anatomy, such as Jean Pecquet (1622–1674) and Nicolaus Steno (1638–1686), alongside the more famous Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679). Their mechanisms differed only in small details. Yet, these minor differences highlight significant aspects of the mechanization of the life sciences in the seventeenth century. First, they relied more on observations than hitherto acknowledged, even if only indirectly. Second, their mechanisms drew more from the physico-mathematical disciplines than from the trending corpuscularian philosophies of their time. Finally, these mechanisms led to a more accurate understanding of the circulation that remains valid today, thus revealing their cognitive benefits. In short, through the single problem of how blood returned to the heart, this article portrays the increasing complexity of anatomy in the early modern period.","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"79 4","pages":"442-467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40058708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2127898
Michael Hunter
{"title":"Magic, Science and Religion in Early Modern Europe","authors":"Michael Hunter","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2127898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2127898","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"80 1","pages":"77 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48328445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of SciencePub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2022.2114547
P. Findlen
{"title":"On pestilence: a Renaissance treatise on plague","authors":"P. Findlen","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2022.2114547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2022.2114547","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":"79 1","pages":"513 - 515"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49017031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}