Apidologie最新文献

{"title":"Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on mason bee (Osmia cornifrons) larval development","authors":"Kelly L. Bennett,&nbsp;Jaya Sravanthi Mokkapati,&nbsp;Natalie K. Boyle","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01249-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01249-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solitary bees are vital for the pollination of many crops but face decline due to global change drivers such as land use change, global warming, and pathogens. While much research has focused on social bees and adult solitary bee exposure, limited studies address the impact of pesticide-contaminated pollen on developing bee larvae. Understanding these effects is crucial for protecting pollinators and ensuring global food security and ecosystem stability. Our study reports on the effects of realistic doses of chlorpyrifos, a commonly used insecticide, on mason bee biology. Specifically, we investigated how exposure to three different concentrations of chlorpyrifos influences larval survival, developmental timing, and pupal body size in mason bees (<i>Osmia cornifrons</i>) using manipulated larval diets. A significant reduction in survival was observed among mason bees consuming pollen containing the highest experimental chlorpyrifos dose (830 parts per billion; ppb) but not among treatments at lower doses. Chlorpyrifos exposure also significantly impacted pupal size, although some of these effects were not dose-dependent. Our findings indicate that certain insecticides (such as chlorpyrifos) can affect the development of <i>O. cornifrons</i> at field-relevant doses. This work highlights a need for more comprehensive assessments of pesticide impacts on diverse bee species to inform future pollinator conservation efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01249-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of black woodpecker cavities chosen and not chosen by honeybee swarms","authors":"Benjamin Rutschmann,&nbsp;Patrick L. Kohl","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01268-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01268-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The black woodpecker (<i>Dryocopus martius</i>) is an important excavator of tree cavities across much of the Palearctic. Honeybees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) are frequent secondary occupants of black woodpecker cavities in managed forests dominated by beech (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i>) in Germany; however, it is unclear how well the tree holes fulfil the bees’ requirements and whether honeybees discriminate among black woodpecker cavities according to their characteristics. Here we report on the tree diameter, cavity height above the ground, cavity entrance direction, cavity entrance size, cavity volume, and relative entrance position of <i>N</i> = 20 black woodpecker cavities, half of which were used at least once by honeybees within a previous 2 to 4-year monitoring period. Black woodpecker cavities chosen by honeybee swarms had higher volumes (median volume 41 L vs. 19 L) and smaller entrances (44 cm² vs. 67 cm²) than cavities not recently chosen by bees, and entrances were positioned at the bottom rather than in the middle or top of the cavity body. We conclude that black woodpecker cavities can serve as suitable nest sites for honeybees, provided they have time to enlarge through secondary decay. The mapping, labelling, and long-term preservation of black woodpecker cavity trees can promote populations of wild-living honeybees in managed forests, which are otherwise largely depleted of suitable tree cavities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01268-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental and behavioral modulation of humoral immunity in the stingless bee Frieseomelitta varia","authors":"Fernanda de Angeli Dalarmi,&nbsp;Marcia Maria Gentile Bitondi,&nbsp;Zilá Luz Paulino Simões,&nbsp;Anete Pedro Lourenço","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01270-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01270-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The innate immune system of insects combines cellular and humoral responses that act together to protect against infection. Humoral defense involves the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), regulated by the Toll and Imd pathways. We performed the first controlled bacterial challenge assays in the stingless bee <i>Frieseomelitta varia</i> to investigate how age and behavior influence humoral immunity. The expression of the AMP genes <i>hymenoptaecin</i> and <i>defensin</i>-1, and the regulatory genes <i>cactus</i> (Toll pathway) and <i>relish</i> (Imd pathway), was quantified at key developmental stages, and in adults (newly emerged, nurse, and forager workers) after 6 and 26 h after aseptic (saline injection) and septic (<i>Escherichia coli</i> injection) injury. Adults showed higher basal transcript levels than larvae and pupae, suggesting that immune activation is inherent to developmental maturation. At 6 h, all adult groups similarly upregulated the four genes following both injuries. After 26 h, however, newly emerged and nurse bees maintained AMP-biased responses to sepsis, whereas foragers restrained AMP induction but upregulated <i>relish</i>. These age- and behavior-dependent immune profiles suggest trade-offs between susceptibility and resistance, shaped by physiological state and task-specific environmental exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01270-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugar syrup outperforms conspecific honey syrup in colony growth of a stingless bee species","authors":"Arthur Zandavalli,&nbsp;Charles Fernando dos Santos","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01264-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01264-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In meliponiculture, ensuring proper nutritional development of colonies requires that hives be located near abundant bee pasture areas. However, during periods of resource scarcity, naturally available food may be insufficient to meet colony demands. To mitigate these shortages, food supplementation is a common practice among stingless beekeepers, with homemade sugar–water syrup being the most widely used. However, to date, limited research has compared such artificial syrups with natural syrups prepared from the honey of the same species. We hypothesized that natural honey syrup would promote greater colony growth than inverted sugar due to its higher nutritional value, without compromising colony health. Six colonies of <i>Tetragonisca fiebrigi</i> were used to evaluate and compare colony development under each supplementation method. Colonies were equally divided into a treatment group receiving natural honey syrup and a control group receiving sugar–water syrup. Feeding was carried out for 11 weeks, after which statistical analyses were performed on colony growth and food consumption. Additionally, 15 newly emerged workers from each colony were collected for intertegular distance measurements as a proxy for morphological development. The food consumption and analyses of intertegular distance revealed no statistically significant differences between treatments. Contrary to our hypothesis, sugar–water–fed colonies exhibited nearly threefold greater weight gain after 11 weeks, suggesting that artificial syrup may offer equal or superior nutritional and economic advantages for meliponiculture. However, further studies are needed to evaluate whether other colony and bee parameters remain unchanged or show improved performance when supplemented with sugar syrup.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01264-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence dynamics and host-parasite associations in a large aggregation of Andrena regularis (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Andrenidae)","authors":"Steven T. Hoge,&nbsp;Jordan G. Kueneman,&nbsp;Rachel Fordyce,&nbsp;Cassidy Dobler,&nbsp;Katherine Odanaka,&nbsp;Bryan N. Danforth","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01256-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01256-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ground-nesting solitary bees play a vital role in pollination, yet many aspects of their nesting ecology remain understudied, including population dynamics and interactions with brood parasites. We used emergence traps to estimate population size, emergence dynamics, sex ratio, and brood parasitism in a large aggregation of the ground-nesting solitary bee <i>Andrena regularis</i> Malloch at East Lawn Cemetery in Ithaca, NY. Over the course of the study, conducted from March 30th through May 16th, 2023, we collected 3251 individuals representing 16 species of bees, flies, and beetles, with <i>A. regularis</i> being the dominant species. Using emergence trap capture data over a 41-day emergence period, we document emergence phenology, sex ratio, and parasitism rate for <i>A. regularis</i> and its most abundant brood parasite, <i>Nomada imbricata</i> Smith. Our results provide insights into the population size, sex ratio, and timing of male and female emergence in a solitary, ground-nesting bee and its brood parasites. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of emergence traps for studying existing ground-nesting bee populations. This study contributes to our knowledge of bee ecology and emphasizes the potential importance of cemeteries as refugia for ground-nesting bee populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01256-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization reduces the abundance and diversity of Euglossini bees in tropical urban green spaces","authors":"Jéssica L. S. Silva,&nbsp;Victor G. M. N. Santana,&nbsp;Thaís C. M. Andrade,&nbsp;Luanda Pinheiro,&nbsp;Daniele R. Parizotto,&nbsp;Ariadna V. Lopes","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01265-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01265-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Euglossini bees (Apidae) constitute a monophyletic group of approximately 240 species endemic to the Neotropical region. They are important bioindicators and pollinators of approximately 40 botanical families, including ornamental plants and food crops. The Brazilian Atlantic forest is the most threatened forest on the planet and the most urbanized phytogeographic domain in Brazil. It is considered a biodiversity hotspot and comprises 57 species of Euglossini bees. To date, few studies have addressed the effects of urbanization on this group of bees. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of urbanization and the size of green areas (i.e., squares and parks) on the number of visits, richness, and diversity of Euglossini bees in urban green spaces under the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil, specifically in the city of Recife. We tested the hypotheses that urbanization is associated with decreased (1) visits to odor baits (i.e., abundance), (2) richness, and (3) diversity of Euglossini bees with the increase in the urbanization ecological index and decrease in the size of the green area of squares and parks in Recife. We observed (1) a total of 2377 male Euglossini bees belonging to the species <i>Euglossa cordata</i> (93% of total abundance), <i>Eulaema cingulata</i> (2.30%), <i>Eulaema nigrita</i> (4.45%), and <i>Exaerete smaragdina</i> (0.25%); (2) a negative association between the urbanization ecological index and the total abundance and abundance of made by <i>Euglossa cordata</i>; and (3) reductions in the diversity of Euglossini bees with increases in the urbanization ecological index. Overall, urbanization had negative effects on the abundance and diversity of Euglossini bees in urban green spaces in Recife, probably due to environmental disturbances (i.e., habitat loss and fragmentation, impermeable surfaces, heat islands, and pollutants). If managed properly, urban green spaces can help maintain and conserve this group of bees, which are so important for the pollination of native plants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01265-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147643061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-lethal genotyping of honey bee queens and drones prior to artificial insemination for targeted mating","authors":"Michelle Jung,&nbsp;Melanie Liebsch,&nbsp;Christina Keiner,&nbsp;Martin Hasselmann","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01269-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01269-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) breeding and experimental studies often require precise control of parental genotypes. To produce diploid drones, homozygosity at the <i>complementary sex determiner</i> (<i>csd</i>) gene is essential. Here, we report a non-lethal, high-throughput workflow for <i>csd</i> genotyping of queens and drones prior to instrumental insemination, enabling targeted matings that yield diploid drones and controlled inbreeding while preserving queen vitality. For queens, DNA was extracted from exuviae and for drones, two middle-leg segments were clipped from newly emerged males. Exon 7 of <i>csd</i> was PCR-amplified, drone amplicons underwent direct Sanger sequencing, whereas queen amplicons were cloned to resolve heterozygous alleles. Translated sequences were aligned to assign each individual’s alleles, and brother-drones were grouped by homozygosity for one of two matching sister-queen alleles. Instrumental insemination with these cohorts produced seven queens that started oviposition and exhibited the scattered brood pattern characteristic of diploiddrone production. Our approach combines the precision of single-drone insemination with the fecundity of multiple-drone insemination, offering a rapid, reliable tool for breeding programs and experimental studies of diploid drones and <i>csd</i>-mediated sex determination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01269-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curative effects of gallic acid in honey bees (Apis mellifera) infected with Nosema ceranae","authors":"Can Ayhan Kaya,&nbsp;Pınar Tatlı Seven,&nbsp;İsmail Seven,&nbsp;Abdullah Aslan,&nbsp;Nurgül Elbir,&nbsp;Ayşe Türkan Çiftçi,&nbsp;Mehmet Ilgın,&nbsp;Seda İflazoğlu Mutlu","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01254-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01254-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of gallic acid supplementation on spore load, survival, food consumption, and antioxidant status in honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) infected with <i>Nosema ceranae</i>. The bees used in the experiment were obtained from organic beekeeping operations with no disease history over the past two years. A total of 1200 newly emerged worker bees (0–3 days old) from disease-free colonies were randomly assigned to six experimental groups, each consisting of four subgroups of 50 bees. All groups were fed a 50% (w/v) sucrose solution. Ten bees from each group were sampled on days 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. The experimental design included the following: Group 1 (Control), uninfected and fed only sucrose solution; Group 2 (N), infected with <i>N. ceranae</i> (1 × 10⁶ spores/bee); Group 3 (G25), uninfected and fed gallic acid at 25 mg/kg; Group 4 (GN25), infected and fed 25 mg/kg gallic acid; Group 5 (GN50), infected and fed 50 mg/kg gallic acid; and Group 6 (GN100), infected and fed 100 mg/kg gallic acid. Gallic acid supplementation in infected bees significantly reduced spore load, an important indicator of infection severity (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The effect was dose- and time-dependent, with GN50 and GN100 showing greater efficacy, particularly by day 15 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). While gallic acid did not significantly alter bee survival or syrup consumption, it had notable effects on oxidative stress markers. Specifically, gallic acid significantly decreased MDA levels and enhanced GSH level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes GPx and CAT (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) across all time points. These findings indicate that gallic acid may exert protective and reparative effects at the cellular level in <i>Nosema ceranae</i>-infected honey bees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sniffer bee technology: An insight into training honey bees","authors":"Abhibandana Das,&nbsp;Mukul Kumar Deka,&nbsp;Partha Pratim Gyanudoy Das,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar Dubey,&nbsp;Titikshya Kashyap,&nbsp;Mousumi Bharali","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01263-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01263-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Honey bees use their strong sense of smell to locate flowering plants and collect their nectar and pollens. Based on this olfactory system, scientists have found ways to train honey bees to detect any object of interest just by its scent, thus leading to the development of sniffer bee technology. Although investigations of bees’ olfactory systems and odour conditioning date back to the 1900s, this idea gained more popularity in the later years, and many researchers took an interest in using bees to detect various volatile compounds. Using PER and SER-based conditioning, honey bees can be trained to detect multiple compounds by their odour. This odour conditioning has made the sniffer bee technology applicable to an array of targets, such as searches for hidden bombs, land mines, multiple drugs, or different pathogens. They can be used to identify and track an odour, either by employing bench-top assays or by letting them fly freely over an area of the suspect. There are some government institutions funding worldwide to conduct research in sniffer bee technology, one of which has led to the development of a handheld detector, VASOR, which works on the bee’s olfactory power. There are also high-tech sensors like LIDAR and geo-referencing, which monitor and detect honey bees flying over fields of hidden land mines. Ultimately, this review provides an insight into the research and advancements in this technology. There might come a day in the future when different organisations will use honey bees as a suitable biosensor, such as, bees might even find a role in airport security.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of habitat suitability and viability of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure, 1942) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in the Neotropical region","authors":"Zildene de Sousa Silveira,&nbsp;Nair Silva Macêdo,&nbsp;Débora de Menezes Dantas,&nbsp;Andreza Maciel de Sousa,&nbsp;Samuel Vieira Brito,&nbsp;Renata Guimarães Frederico,&nbsp;Francisco Assis Bezerra da Cunha,&nbsp;Márcia Vanusa da Silva","doi":"10.1007/s13592-026-01262-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13592-026-01262-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the central research questions in ecology and biogeography concerns the understanding of species distribution patterns and the factors that shape them, especially in the context of scarce and spatially uneven occurrence records. Stingless bees are essential pollinators in the Neotropical region, and rapid climate change combined with land use transformation makes the identification of environmentally suitable areas for conservation urgent. Species distribution models (SDMs) are valuable tools that relate georeferenced occurrence records to environmental variables and project potential areas of occurrence. In this study, the maximum entropy method (MaxEnt), support vector machine (SVM), and the random forest (RDF) algorithm were applied to assess habitat suitability and viability for <i>Scaptotrigona depilis</i> (Moure, 1942) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in the Neotropical region. Potentially suitable areas for <i>S. depilis</i> included the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado of Brazil, as well as the Yungas region of western Bolivia and parts of the Andean Cordillera in Chile. However, habitat fragmentation caused by urbanization, pasture expansion, and deforestation compromises environmental viability in these regions. Future projections indicate a southward shift in the distribution centroid of the species, with increased suitability in regions of the Atlantic Forest, Araucaria Forest, Andean areas, and the Paraguayan and Argentine Chaco. These findings highlight the vulnerability of <i>S. depilis</i> to environmental pressures and reinforce the utility of SDMs as strategic tools to guide conservation policies, sustainable management, and the selection of priority areas for stingless bees in the Neotropical region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8078,"journal":{"name":"Apidologie","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13592-026-01262-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}