Transport in Porous Media最新文献

{"title":"Pore-Size Distribution of Coal Characterized by NMR Relaxometry and Cryoporometry","authors":"Minchuan Jiang,&nbsp;Tien Dung Le,&nbsp;Didier Stemmelen,&nbsp;Sébastien Leclerc,&nbsp;Irina Panfilov","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02304-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02304-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate pore-size characterization in coal is crucial for optimizing energy recovery processes and improving predictions of gas storage, transport, and environmental impact. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry (NMRC) and NMR T2 relaxometry were employed to non-destructively characterize the microporosity pore-size distribution (PSD) based on the phase behavior of confined fluids and to determine the surface relaxivity of coal microporosity. By tracking the melting and freezing transitions of water within the porous matrix of nanoporous materials under controlled temperature variations, NMRC exploits the melting-point depression phenomenon to accurately obtain pore diameters ranging from a few nanometers to several hundreds of nanometers. Low-field NMR measurements were performed using the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence to acquire transverse relaxation time (T2) distributions, enabling the analysis of non-freezing water within different pore populations across a wide range of temperatures. The resulting signal attenuation profiles were correlated with pore sizes by calibrating the NMRC PSD and T2 distribution curve, allowing estimation of the surface relaxivity. A custom experimental setup enabled in situ temperature calibration and precise thermal control throughout the experimental process. The approach was applied to coal from the Lorraine–Saar basin, revealing distinct micro- and mesopore populations. NMRC thus offers a robust, non-invasive technique for accurately quantifying the micropore structure of coal. In addition, a complementary T2 experiment performed during controlled drying was used to investigate water-evaporation mechanisms in coal, enabling non-destructive monitoring of moisture redistribution across different pore scales.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patch-Based Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network for High-Resolution Image Reconstruction in Digital Core Analysis","authors":"Ifeanyi Nwankwo,&nbsp;Frank Male,&nbsp;Zuleima Karpyn","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02300-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02300-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate modeling of pore-level flow relies on high-resolution images, typically from X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). However, such imaging is limited to small samples, often below a viable representative elemental volume. In contrast, core-scale samples provide more representative volumes but at lower resolutions. Bridging this resolution gap is critical for extending laboratory-scale insights to practical field applications. In this study, we present a patch-based super-resolution generative adversarial network (PatchSRGAN) designed to achieve 8× high-fidelity reconstruction of high-resolution sandstone micro-CT images from low-resolution inputs, enabling enhanced pore-scale characterization across scales. Unlike mainstream SRGANs, PatchSRGAN uses a patch-based discriminator to provide more meaningful generator feedback by focusing on local details defined by output patch dimensions during training. We analyzed different model setups defined by the discriminator output dimension against baseline methods, such as SRGAN and bicubic interpolation. Results showed that ensuring high-fidelity, high-resolution image reconstruction (512 × 512 pixels at ~ 4.39 μm/pixel) from low-resolution inputs (64 × 64 pixels at ~ 35.12 μm/pixel) requires a patch-based discriminator output dimension of 8 × 8 or higher for more accurate flow property-related metrics. Model setups were comparatively evaluated using mean absolute error, structural similarity index measure, peak signal-to-noise ratio, recall, and precision. The reconstructed images closely matched real high-resolution images in terms of porosity, preferential flow direction, and pore-size distribution, indicating that our model effectively preserves pore geometry during super-resolution. Moreover, PatchSRGAN demonstrates robustness to noise, maintaining acceptable performance even with degraded low-resolution inputs, which highlights its potential for reconstructing high-resolution images from actual core-scale images that are characteristically noisier.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-026-02300-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive Transport Modeling with Physics-Informed Machine Learning for Critical Minerals Applications","authors":"Kripa Adhikari,&nbsp; Md. Lal Mamud,&nbsp;Maruti Kumar Mudunuru,&nbsp;Kalyana B. Nakshatrala","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02301-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02301-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) framework for reactive transport modeling for simulating fast bimolecular reactions in porous media. Accurate characterization of chemical interactions and product formation in surface and subsurface environments is essential for advancing critical mineral extraction and related geoscience applications. The proposed methodology sequentially addresses the flow and diffusion–reaction subproblems. The flow field is computed using a mixed formulation, while the diffusion–reaction system is modeled via two uncoupled tensorial diffusion equations reformulated in terms of chemical invariants. PINNs are employed to solve the governing equations, enabling data-efficient, mesh-free prediction of chemical concentration fields. The framework is validated through a series of benchmark problems involving flow in heterogeneous porous media. Initial verification is conducted using patch tests for the flow field, followed by validation of the transport problem with emphasis on preserving non-negativity of concentrations. The complete fast bimolecular reaction scenario is then solved, yielding spatial distributions of reactants and product species. Results demonstrate that the PINNs-based approach effectively captures sharp, mixing-limited reaction fronts and dispersive mixing behavior, offering reliable predictions of reactive plume evolution. These capabilities are crucial for evaluating long-term subsurface behavior in applications such as fluid storage, energy extraction, and efficient extraction of critical minerals.</p><p>Figure (A) shows the velocity field, with arrows indicating variations in direction and magnitude typical of an <i>in situ</i> leaching scenario. Flow through heterogeneous media creates channeling and recirculation zones that strongly affect reagent transport and mixing. (B) depicts the plume of product C (e.g., a metal–ligand complex) formed by a fast bimolecular reaction between reactants A (e.g., acid donor) and B (e.g., complexing agent). Concentrations are predicted using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). The plume starts at the left boundary, where reactants enter, and sharpens moving right. Capturing these mixing-limited fronts is key to optimizing reagent injection, maximizing critical mineral extraction/recovery, and minimizing reagent use and by-products. </p>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147441543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Wettability on Waterflood Remaining Oil Saturation and Endpoint Relative Permeabilities in Carbonate and Sandstone Rocks","authors":"Ramzi Ali,&nbsp;Yanbin Gong,&nbsp;Amir H. Alizadeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Piri","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02298-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02298-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We systematically examine how wettability governs waterflood remaining oil saturation and endpoint relative permeabilities in carbonate and sandstone rocks using capillary-dominated coreflooding experiments. Water-wet and mixed-wet conditions (intermediate- and strongly oil-wet) are imposed by chemical aging of core plugs and validated by contact-angle measurements. Each experiment comprises primary oil drainage to establish the initial water saturation, an optional aging step, and subsequent waterflooding with 20–25 pore volumes (PV) of brine. In carbonate plugs, endpoint oil relative permeability is highest under water-wet conditions and decreases as oil-wetness increases. Across all wettability conditions, samples with larger average pore sizes exhibit higher endpoint oil relative permeability. Water-wet carbonates reach a recovery plateau after 1–2 PV, whereas intermediate- and oil-wet systems continue to recover oil over substantially larger injected volumes. Consistent with trends widely reported for sandstones, the carbonate cores achieve maximum recovery at near-intermediate wettability over the 20–25 PV window studied. We further infer that strongly oil-wet plugs may ultimately attain the lowest remaining oil saturations at much larger injected volumes due to persistent, hydraulically conductive oil layers, although this lies beyond the PV range tested. Endpoint water relative permeability increases as wettability shifts away from water-wet conditions; under water-wet states, it increases slightly as average pore size decreases. Sandstone experiments corroborate prior observations that near-neutral wettability yields the highest recovery after 20–25 PV of brine injection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-026-02298-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147441829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Mixed Wettability on the Pore-Scale Displacement During Water Flooding Process Using a Phase-Field Method","authors":"Yin Chen,&nbsp;Jungang Liu,&nbsp;Yang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02290-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02290-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wettability plays an important role in multiphase flow within oil reservoirs. In many cases, reservoir rocks exhibit distinctly mixed wettability. It is urgent to investigate the water displacement phenomena in mixed-wet porous media. In this work, a method coupled Navier-Stokes and phase-field equations is used to simulate the water flooding process in mixed-wet media. A series of numerical experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of mixed-wet strength and wettability distribution on two-phase distribution, oil recovery, and pressure characteristics. The results indicate that the effect of mixed-wet strength on oil-water distribution becomes more significant when the diameters of water-wet particles are larger. In general, the ultimate oil recovery and the capacity of mixed wettability to enhance oil recovery are higher in mixed-wet media that have larger water-wet particles, compared to those with smaller water-wet particles. The results for the total pressure drop show that a higher driving force is required in mixed-wet media containing smaller water-wet particles. When comparing macroscopic and interfacial capillary pressure, the values are consistently higher in uniformly oil-wet media than in mixed-wet media. By analyzing the microscopic pressure, the microscopic mechanism by which mixed wettability improves oil recovery is revealed: It reduces flow resistance caused by capillary forces or viscous effects. This work provides a preliminary understanding of the impact of mixed-wet strength on oil-water flow, establishing a foundation for further advancements in micro-seepage theory in mixed-wet systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147441542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Effective Permeabilities in Partially Saturated Porous Media, Using the Periodic Homogenization Technique","authors":"Raphaël Bouchard,&nbsp;Mohamed-Khaled Bourbatache,&nbsp;Tien Dung Le,&nbsp;Olivier Millet,&nbsp;Ioannis Stefanou","doi":"10.1007/s11242-025-02265-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-025-02265-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we address determination of the effective permeabilities in rigid, partially saturated porous media for an immiscible two-phase Newtonian fluid flow. The periodic homogenization technique is applied to derive macroscopic flow laws for two-phase systems from the pore-scale Navier–Stokes equations governing immiscible fluids. Two distinguished cases are considered: two incompressible fluids (case 1) and an incompressible fluid with a compressible one (case 2). In both cases, the homogenized result shows the independence of the macroscopic laws and the closure problems on the fluid compressibility, except for the macroscopic mass conservation equation. Finally, numerical simulations are performed by solving the closure problems for a given interface position determined from the phase-field simulations, in order to analyze the role of each effective permeability in the generalized Darcy’s law for several fluid mixtures and different porosity. The numerical results offer insights into the influence of microstructure, fluid properties, and capillary bridge distribution on the effective permeabilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-025-02265-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147441538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the Phase Change and Fluid Flow in the Complex Fracture Network of Buried Hill Condensate Gas Reservoirs","authors":"Yunlong Gao,&nbsp;Congcong Li,&nbsp;Hao Gao,&nbsp;Hai Liu,&nbsp;Liangliang Jiang,&nbsp;Shuoliang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02291-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02291-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Buried hill condensate gas reservoirs, critical to global energy exploration, are characterized by complex tectonics and weathering that create multi-scale fracture systems with pronounced dual-media heterogeneity, including permeability variations spanning 2–3 orders of magnitude and an anisotropy coefficient of 3.8. To elucidate the intricate flow mechanisms under such conditions, a novel digital core–microfluidics cross-scale method was developed. High-resolution CT reconstruction enabled the creation of a digital fracture network model for depletion experiments. Real-time CT and microfluidic imaging delineated a three-stage condensate evolution process—nucleation in microfractures, capillary-driven migration, and residual trapping—driven by pore structure and capillary-inertial forces. Findings reveal that porous media elevate dew point pressure to 43 MPa through adsorption and condensation effects. Fracture morphology significantly influences saturation: Large fractures exhibit 9.86% saturation at 30 MPa, while smaller fractures retain higher saturation (12.22%) in discrete forms. A critical pore threshold of 1.90 μm alters condensate volume distribution and reduces capillary resistance. Migration behavior hinges on the fracture-pore synergy coefficient (K), with <i>K</i> &gt; 0.017 facilitating continuous film flow and <i>K</i> &lt; 0.015 resulting in trapping. Optimized pressure drop rates correlate with pore size, while self-organized fracture networks enhance local saturation. These insights advance the understanding of condensate flow dynamics, offering practical guidance for reservoir management and informing future research into complex fracture systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Stability and Subcritical Instability of Thermotactic Bioconvection in Porous Media","authors":"Keshav Singh,&nbsp;Y. D. Sharma,&nbsp;Amit Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02297-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02297-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermotactic microorganisms move toward warmer regions when a temperature gradient is present, and this behavior can generate complex flow patterns known as bioconvection in fluid-saturated porous media. The main objective of this work is to present the linear and nonlinear (energy) stability analysis of thermotactic bioconvection in a porous medium and to quantify the subcritical instability region arising from finite-amplitude disturbances. The novelty of the study lies in the application of a rigorous energy method to thermotactic microorganism suspensions in porous media, together with a systematic comparison between linear stability thresholds (including both stationary and oscillatory modes) and nonlinear energy stability limits corresponding to stationary disturbances. The linear stability analysis employs the normal-mode approach to determine the critical conditions at which convection first appears. The nonlinear stability analysis is conducted using the energy method, in which an energy functional is constructed and its decay is used to identify the nonlinear stability limit. A single-term Galerkin approximation is employed to solve the resulting variational problem and to estimate the nonlinear critical Rayleigh number. The results show that increasing the swimming speed (<i>Pe</i>) of microorganisms destabilizes the system and causes bioconvection to occur at lower threshold values. However, increasing the porosity (<span>(epsilon )</span>) of the medium has a stabilizing effect. The thermal Rayleigh number (<i>Ra</i>) enhances convection, while the modified Darcy number (<span>(tilde{Da})</span>) exhibits a dual role: it stabilizes the system at higher wavenumbers but destabilizes it at lower wavenumbers. A distinct subcritical region of instability is observed, and this region shrinks as microorganism motility increases. Also, oscillatory bioconvection is investigated using linear stability analysis. It is found that higher microorganism motility significantly reduces the oscillatory instability threshold, whereas increasing porosity, stable thermal stratification, and larger values of <span>(tilde{Da})</span> delay the onset of time-periodic convection and stabilize the system. These results are useful for applications such as porous bioreactors, tissue engineering scaffolds, and systems designed to control microbial transport.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147362670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Permeability Estimation from Pressure Transient Tests: Comparison of the Coupled Flow-Deformation and Flow-Only Approaches","authors":"Ehsan Tavakol,&nbsp;Amin Mehrabian","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02299-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02299-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In-situ estimation of the subsurface rock permeability from pressure transient tests predominantly relies on flow-only models of pore fluid flow while overlooking the rock deformation effect on pore pressure variations. Despite widespread use, the flow-only approach can systematically bias permeability estimates when substantial flow–geomechanics coupling is present, yet the geomechanics aspect has received little attention in the field practice or literature on pressure transient analysis. This limitation is herein evaluated through a coupled poroelastic analytical solution for pressure transient analysis of a layered configuration consisting of a permeable rock layer confined in between two impermeable seal formations with contrasting mechanical properties. Fluid is produced through a vertical well within the permeable layer. The coupled governing equations for pore fluid continuity and solid stress equilibrium are solved analytically using Laplace–Hankel integral transform. The solution is rigorous, general, and definitive, as it imposes no restrictive assumptions on the stress or strain state of the layers or on the intralayer tractions. Three practical cases of pressure drawdown, pressure buildup, and interference tests are analyzed via the solution. Results indicate that rock deformation effects are negligible for mechanically homogeneous systems, where the permeable and seal rocks have similar stiffness. In contrast, neglecting the geomechanical coupling in pressure transient analysis can introduce considerable errors in permeability estimates for mechanically dissimilar reservoir–seal rock systems. The rates of these errors could exceed 30% for a tenfold contrast in cross-layer heterogeneity, as quantified by the stiffness ratio between the permeable and seal rocks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-026-02299-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147336196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale Representative Elementary Volume Determination in Complex Porous Media: An Integrated Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Modelling Approach","authors":"Shaheryar T. Hussain,&nbsp;Klaus Regenauer-Lieb,&nbsp;Aleksandr Zhuravljov,&nbsp;Sheikh S. Rahman","doi":"10.1007/s11242-026-02295-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-026-02295-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding fluid transport in microporous media remains a complex challenge due to the intricate interplay of heterogeneity and scale-dependent behaviours. This study introduces a novel multiscale discretisation framework, specifically tailored for dual-porosity systems, and integrates it with an enhanced multiphase solver to determine representative elementary volumes (REVs) across contrasting pore structures. The proposed numerical approach incorporates a hybrid formulation combining two-phase Darcy flow for macro-scale domains with Navier–Stokes and volume-of-fluid (VOF) interface tracking for micro-scale regions. This enables simulation of complex immiscible flows with explicit resolution of both macro- and microporous pathways. A dedicated mesh refinement strategy ensures computational efficiency while preserving geometric fidelity across porosity scales. We apply this framework to two carbonate samples: the Savonnieres carbonate and the Mount Gambier limestone. In the Savonnieres sample, REV convergence could not be achieved even at the largest available micro-CT volume (1000³ voxels, ~ 3.8 mm³) due to pronounced microstructural clustering. In contrast, the Mount Gambier limestone exhibited stable hydrodynamic and thermodynamic REV behaviour above 1200³ voxels (~ 3.21 mm³), closely matching experimental core-scale estimates. These findings reinforce the robustness of the proposed methodology and underscore its potential for broader application to microporous media with diverse heterogeneity profiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":"153 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-026-02295-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147342033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}