Aliso最新文献

{"title":"“Primitive” Wood Characters are Adaptive: Examples from Paracryphiaceae","authors":"S. Carlquist","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20183601.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20183601.02","url":null,"abstract":"Why plants rich in plesiomorphic (“primitive”) features are alive today is a question that receives little comment. Apomorphies in angiosperms are often interpreted as valuable adaptations. However, both apomorphies and plesiomorphies can be keyed to ecological and physiological features. If a particular habitat remains little modified for long periods of geological time, plesiomorphic features should theoretically persist. The Bailey-Frost-Kribs correlations (usually between tracheary element length and character states in other wood features), deemed useful in their day, did not include adaptation to ecology, nor did they have the advantages that molecular-based phylogenies bring to us today. Montane cloud forests or cool wet forests in geologically older areas (New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, northern Queensland), especially closer to the equator, contain many species rich in wood plesiomorphies. Wood plesiomorphies can also occur in areas frozen in winter but with moderate transpiration rates during the growing season. Wood plesiomorphies that correlate with these conditions include long and narrow vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates that have wider bars and narrower perforations sometimes occluded by pit membrane remnants. These remnants often take the form of axially-oriented strands, the retention of which correlates with the nature of flow in vessels. The direction of these strands contrasts with that in circular bordered pits of conifers, and is basic to the differences in wood of the two groups. Other plesiomorphic features form a coherent grouping of characters related to low conductivity and moderate peak tensions in water columns: scalariform lateral wall pitting in vessels, tracheids as the imperforate tracheary element, thin porose membranes in bordered pits of tracheids and vessels, rays numerous per mm, abundant upright cells in rays, and diffuse axial parenchyma. Details about the woods and other features of Paracryphiaceae are offered as examples of these tendencies. Flower and fruit characters in Paracryphiaceae show clear apomorphies. Scalariform perforation plates are not acquired secondarily; once extinguished in a clade, the genetic basis for their formation cannot be completely restored, and other features (tracheids, vessel grouping, etc.) provide better methods for achieving conductive safety. Woody plants in drier areas, as well as annuals, caudex perennials, and drought-deciduous trees and shrubs have fewer plesiomorphic features.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Species, New Combinations and New Synonymies Towards a Treatment of Acanthaceae for the Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica","authors":"L. McDade, B. Hammel, C. Kiel","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20183601.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20183601.04","url":null,"abstract":"In preparation for the publication of the Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, new species, names, combinations, and synonymies are provided in six genera of Acanthaceae: Anisacanthus, Chamaeranthemum, Dicliptera, Justicia, Ruellia and Stenostephanus. The new species are A. grace-woodiae, J. altior, J. lithophila and S. chavesii. A new name at the species level, R. leonardiana, is provided for R. tubiflora var. hirsuta. With Habracanthus, Hansteinia, Kalbreyeriella and Razisea being subsumed within Stenostephanus, the new combinations S. blepharorhachis, S. citrinus, S. leiorhachis (= Razisea spicata non S. spicatus), S. strictus, S. ventricosus, S. villosus and S. wilburii are formalized. Seven new synonymies are presented for species of Chamaeranthemum, Dicliptera, Justicia and Stenostephanus, as well as lectotypifications in the first and latter two genera.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"36 1","pages":"27-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Additions to the Flora of San Nicolas Island, Ventura County, California","authors":"Benjamin E. Carter, William Hoyer, J. Dunn, C. Guilliams","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20183601.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20183601.03","url":null,"abstract":"Ongoing collecting efforts on San Nicolas Island have substantially increased the number of plant species documented from the island. Here we report thirty-one plants previously unrecorded from the island. The list includes six eudicots, one monocot, four liverworts and twenty mosses. Five of these species are understood to be introduced on San Nicolas and the remainder are believed to be native. The native vascular plants are Logfia filaginoides, Cistanthe maritima andMuhlenbergia microsperma. Of the twenty-four new bryophytes, one—Asterella bolanderi—is the first record from the Channel Islands. Specific ecological and locality information are provided for the new vascular plant finds and general patterns of bryophyte richness and ecological preferences are discussed.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"36 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Vascular Flora of the Kiavah Wilderness, Scodie Mountains, Kern County, California","authors":"E. Gardner","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20173501.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20173501.02","url":null,"abstract":"Congress designated the Kiavah Wilderness in 1994 under the California Desert Protection Act. It is located in the Scodie Mountains in Kern County, ca. 24 km (15 mi) east of Lake Isabella and 24 km (15 mi) west of Ridgecrest, and encompasses a total of 137 mi2 (354 km2) with elevations ranging from 1000 to 2200 m (3500–7294 ft). The Wilderness is ecologically important because it occurs in a transition zone between two floristic provinces, the Sierra Nevada of the California Floristic Province and the Mojave Desert of the Desert Province. It is of cultural significance because it has a rich history of Native Americans harvesting pinyon pine nuts and inhabiting the land. Prior to the study ca. 290 vascular plant taxa had been documented, primarily along roads and the Pacific Crest Trail. Jim Shevock and Barbara Ertter made significant collections and contributions to the floristic inventory during the 1980s and early 1990s, and LeRoy Gross added valuable collections in 2005 and 2006. The purpose of the project was to inventory the vascular plant taxa throughout the Kiavah Wilderness, document special status plants, and assess invasive non-native plants. The project took place in 2013–2015, and 68 days were spent in the field. It coincided with three severe to exceptional drought years, the driest span for the site in recorded history. During the study large stands of Pinus monophylla, found in the Wilderness and much of the Southwest, experienced large die-offs. About 1300 plant specimens were collected for the study, which are deposited at RSA, CAS, and UCR. In total, 70 families, 240 genera, 457 species, and 477 minimum-rank taxa were documented, including those collected previously. A total of 28 non-native taxa (5.9% of the flora) and 26 special status plants (5.4%)were documented. Three special status taxa previously documented in theWildernesswere not relocated: Lewisia disepala (Montiaceae), Cordylanthus rigidus subsp. brevibracteatus (Orobanchaceae), and Delphinium purpusii (Ranunculaceae). A range extension for Eriophyllum mohavense (Asteraceae) was documented.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Structure and Demography in a Saline Pan-Dune Mosaic in the Western Mojave Desert","authors":"R. Sharifi, W. Brostoff, P. Rundel","doi":"10.5642/aliso.20173502.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20173502.04","url":null,"abstract":"A unique saline ecological system formed by an extensive mosaic of small clay pans and low stable dunes exists within Edwards Air Force Base in the western Mojave Desert of California. This ecosystem lies between the large Rosamond and Rogers dry lakes on the old Pleistocene lakebed of Lake Thompson. Plant communities on the low and relatively stable dunes were broadly classed as saltbush scrub, with a total canopy cover of 30–36%. Atriplex confertifolia was the typical dominant, with Ericameria nauseosa as an important associate. Taller dunes of younger age and less saline soils had similar plant cover, but a distinct plant community with Atriplex canescens and Krascheninnikovia lanata as dominants and Yucca brevifolia as a common associate. Flat areas adjacent to the dunes were dominated by a virtual monoculture of Atriplex confertifolia. Aboveground shrub and bunchgrass biomass including dead material varied from 503 to 1204 kg ha−1, low in comparison to similar plant communities in the Great Basin. The absence of small saplings and seedlings of many shrub species suggests successful establishment is highly episodic. Seedlings were abundant only in Isocoma acradenia.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"35 1","pages":"79-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetics of the Borage Family: Delimiting Boraginales and Assessing Closest Relatives","authors":"Kristen Hasenstab-Lehman","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20173501.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20173501.04","url":null,"abstract":"The placement of Boraginales, and relationships within the family have remained elusive in modern, broad phylogenetic studies. In order to assess the phylogeny of Boraginales, and specifically to test the sister lineage of the order, a data matrix of the chloroplast markers rbcL, ndhF, and trnL-trnF was assembled fromGenBank and de novo sequences (representing 132 newGenBank accessions). Phylogenies inferred using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian frameworks resulted in identical topologies. Tests for alternative topologies were used to assess whether any of the candidates for sister (Solanales, Gentianales, Lamiales, or Vahlia) to Boraginales could be ruled out with this dataset. Gentianales was eliminated as the possible closest relative to Boraginales. Additionally, SH tests were used to test topological results within Boraginales: monophyly of Hydrophyllaceae cannot be rejected and paraphyly of Ehretiaceae with respect to the parasitic Lennoaceae is supported. Taxonomic implications are discussed within the context of these phylogenetic results.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"35 1","pages":"41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulicaria Hispanica (Compositae: Inuleae), A Weed New to California","authors":"P. Raven","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.19630503.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.19630503.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70788058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Vegetation and Flora of Edwards Air Force Base, Western Mojave Desert, California","authors":"David Charlton, P. Rundel","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20173502.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20173502.02","url":null,"abstract":"Edwards Air Force Base extends over 121,000 ha in the Antelope Valley of the western Mojave Desert, with much of the area part of a closed endorheic basin that held the Pleistocene Lake Thompson. Notable topographic features are Rogers, Rosamond and Buckhorn dry lakes, while rounded domes and scattered hills are present to the north and east. Elevation gradients are limited, ranging from a low of 690 m to 1044 m near the eastern margin. Diverse communities of saltbush scrub dominate the lower plains, while creosote bush scrub and Joshua tree woodlands are present away from the old lake basin. In many ways EAFB is a biogeographic crossroads with the broader central Mojave Desert to the east, Owens Valley and Great Basin to the north, and cismontane Central Valley and foothills to the west. The flora as currently known contains 403 vascular plant taxa, with 324 (80%) of these native. The eight largest families comprise more than 68% of the flora, led by the Asteraceae with 84 taxa (72 native). Annual plants make up over two-thirds of the total flora.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"35 1","pages":"51-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vestured Pits in Echium (Boraginaceae): Island Woodiness Revisited","authors":"S. Carlquist","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20173501.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20173501.03","url":null,"abstract":"Vestured pits are present on pits of secondary xylem vessels of all studied Echium species, roots as well as stems. Variations in vesturing presence do occur in the genus (across wide circular pit cavities; along margins of elliptical pit apertures; aggregated to various degrees; variously abundant), but these are difficult to define precisely and are related primarily to organography and ecology rather than to the taxonomic system. The Macaronesian species have been reported to form a single clade. Wood anatomical features other than vesturing are also closely keyed to species ecology and, in particular subclades, growth forms. Woodiness, exemplified by most species of the insular clade of Echium , has been claimed to have evolved as a mechanism to promote outcrossing on islands. This alleged indirect selection is questioned here. The bases for secondary woodiness on island areas are multiple and are reviewed here (lessened temperature and moisture extremes; retention of branches instead of reproducing by seed as a form of economy; lack of mammalian herbivores; superior dispersal and colonization abilities of less woody clades; ability to occupy geologically new or recently altered areas). These features may, individually and collectively, serve to increase the ability of species to become woody on islands. Vesture presence can be cited for some groups that have radiated well on Macaronesian islands (Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae) as well as on certain major land areas ( Acacia and Eucalyptus on Australia all have vestured pits on vessels). Plant species can be viewed as having an umbrella of features relevant to woodiness and growth form, with thresholds in tolerance of cold, drought, etc. In an island environment, there is alleviation, moderation, and transcendence of these thresholds and restrictions so that survival of vegetative structures into the next growing season is achieved. Advantageous radiation into new growth forms is made possible by this extension of the growing season.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"35 1","pages":"28-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Ground Water Depletion on the Mesquite Community at Edwards Air Force Base, Western Mojave Desert, California","authors":"Jonathan E. Campbell, M. Sharifi, P. Rundel","doi":"10.5642/ALISO.20173502.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5642/ALISO.20173502.03","url":null,"abstract":"Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB) provides a habitat refugium for mesquite woodlands in the western Mojave Desert of the Antelope Valley. Although many mesquite communities in the arid southwest are considered invasive as they reduce the extent of grazing lands, the community at EAFB is composed primarily of large,widely spaced trees that provide food and shelter for localwildlife species and recreational opportunities for base personnel. Unfortunately, the range of these mesquite trees appears to be contracting asmature and old individuals dominate the community. Although anecdotal evidence suggests that the fall in the local groundwater table is responsible for the decline of the mesquite community at EAFB, no research has been carried out to confirm this. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that the groundwater table at EAFB has declined in the second half of the 20th century and that the area of the mesquite community is diminishing. Although the mesquite community expanded vigorously from 1956 to 1968, it contracted considerably from 1984 to 2000. The evidence for this observed decline is reinforced by the results of the age-class analysis as the community in 2003 is made up largely of mature, old, dying and dead trees. Few saplings (older than 2 years) and no new seedlings (1–2 years) are present in the study sites, suggesting that the mesquite community may not be able to replenish itself.","PeriodicalId":80410,"journal":{"name":"Aliso","volume":"35 1","pages":"69-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70796698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}