Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"The demonstration, staining and prevalences, in pathological and non-pathological specimens, of eosinophils in faeces","authors":"J. Petithory, F. Ardoin","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although eosinophils are occasionally reported in mucus there has been no description of them in faecal samples. Attempts were made to demonstrate eosinophils in stool samples using several different staining techniques. Use of an acid dye, Acid Red 29, was found to be the simplest and most direct method of revealing eosinophils, producing very characteristic, orange-brown, sometimes red, staining of the intracellular granules that contain eosinophil cationic protein. In stool samples held at room temperature, without preservative, eosinophils remained demonstrable for a mean of 15 days and occasionally for a year. The peroxidase in the eosinophilic granules may help to preserve the cells. Eosinophils were found in 32 (14%) of 223 stool samples from patients with intestinal disease (including the results of several parasitic infections) but in none of 72 samples from apparently healthy hospital personnel (P<0.001). Eosinophils were never found in formed stool specimens that did not contain mucus. The demonstration of eosinophils in faecal samples may be a useful indicator of infection with intestinal helminths or of drug- or food-related digestive allergies.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84604823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis among Ethiopian patients with HIV co-infection","authors":"A. Hailu, N. Berhe","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000475","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Ethiopia has dramatically increased over the last 10 years, coinciding with the advent of the HIV epidemic. HIV co-infection in VL patients results in atypical, clinical and serological presentations, and may hamper serological diagnosis of VL. The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of VL in 103 Ethiopian patients with or without HIV infection was therefore investigated. The DAT results indicated that 96 of the patients had leishmanial infections, although amastigotes were only detected in samples from 91. Data on HIV status showed that 50.7% of all patients but 56.0% of the parasitologically confirmed cases of VL patients were HIV-positive. Based on the 95 patients who were each examined both by DAT and parasitological methods, the overall sensitivity of the DAT was 97.7%. Among the parasitologically confirmed cases of VL, a false-negative DAT result was obtained for two (3.9%) of the 51 cases who had HIV co-infection and for none of the 40 HIV-negative cases. In contrast to the observations made in Europe, DAT in Ethiopia therefore remain reasonably sensitive in the diagnosis of VL during HIV co-infection. The results are discussed in view of the possibility of distinctive antibody responses induced by Leishmania donovani donovani and L . d. infantum in HIV-infected patients.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80241024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure of chloroquine therapy in a splenectomized child infected with Plasmodium vivax","authors":"Neeru Singh, A. C. Nagpal, R. Gupta","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000286","url":null,"abstract":"The district of Jabalpur, which lies in the 29.6%. His blood-group was A+. A sample of his blood gave a dark band, indicating centre of central India (23 ß 9 3⁄4 N, 79 ß 58 3⁄4 E), is highly malarious (Shukla et al., 1995) because a fairly high P. vivax parasitaemia, when tested with an OptiMAL dipstick, and all of the presence of three eYcient vector species: Anopheles culicifacies, An.  uviatilis stages of P. vivax infection were revealed by microscopical examination of a bloodsmear, and An. stephensi (Singh et al., 1999). Both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum are with 6400 asexual parasites/ml. The boy was given oral CQ (25 mg/kg), along with common, and resistance to chloroquine (CQ) has been detected in the local P. falciparum supporting treatment for his anaemia, by the attending physician. However, when a fresh since 1987 (Ghosh et al., 1989). Although there has been no previous evidence of blood sample was collected 48 h posttreatment and investigated by OptiMAL and CQ-resistant P. vivax in the district, a splenectomized child infected with P. vivax microscopy, the dipstick immediately gave a positive reaction (albeit with a relatively light recently failed to be cured with a standard dose of CQ. This unusual case is described band) and the smear revealed a P. vivax parasitaemia of 400 asexual parasites/ml. At below. Since 1991, the Indian Malaria Research this time the boy’s Hb concentration was found to have slipped even lower than it had Centre (supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research) has run a malaria been on admission (to 5.0 g/dl). Study of the boy’s medical history and records revealed clinic in the Medicine Department of the Government Medical College at Jabalpur. that he had hereditary anaemia (i.e. sickle/ b-thalassaemia), with 11.66% of his Hb as Here, bloodsmears are routinely prepared, from all the fever cases who present, and HbF and 4.36% 2 and that he had been splenectomized in 1996. Subsequent examexamined for malarial parasites under the microscope (Singh et al., 1999). Recently, ination of the medical records of the boy’s parents revealed that, as then expected, one such microscopy has been supplemented with a commercial rapid diagnostic test: parent (his father) had b-thalassaemia (with 0.4% of his Hb as HbF and 5.9% 2 OptiMAL (Flow Inc., Portland, OR; Moody et al., 2000). while the other (his mother) had the sicklecell trait (with HbAS, and 1.4% of her Hb On 6 September 2000, a Hindu (Brahamin) boy aged 11 years presented as HbF). The boy was then given an exchange at the clinic in Jabalpur, with a history of high-grade fever. The boy, who was weak, transfusion of two units of blood and another dose of CQ (again at 25 mg/kg ). thin (21 kg), severely anaemic and suVering from hepatomegaly, had 5.3 g haemoglobin Further examinations on days 2 and 7 posttransfusion, by both OptiMAL and blood(Hb)/dl, a packed-cell volume of 17.9%, a mean corpuscular Hb content of 22.7 pg, smear, revealed complete clearance","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90928289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of putative male sex pheromones among Lutzomyia sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae)","authors":"J. Hamilton, R. Brazil, D. Campbell-Lendrum, C. Davies, D. Kelly, F. A. Pessoa, R. De Queiroz","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000547","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Male Lutzomyia longipalpis produce terpene sex pheromones in glandular tissue underlying the cuticle. The pheromones are transmitted to the surface via cuticle-lined ducts (measuring 0.25 mmin diameter), each of which reaches the surface in the centre of a papule (measuring 3-3.5 mmin diameter). Similar papules, in a range of shapes but all characterized by the presence of a central pore and absence of macrosetae, occur in some other species of sandfly. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of sex pheromones in sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia that do and do not have the papules. The results indicate that sex pheromones are not widely distributed amongst male Lutzomyia spp. Male members of the genus can be subdivided into three groups: those that produce terpenes and have cuticular papules; those that do not produce terpenes but still have the associated papules; and those that have neither terpenes nor papules. The papules seen in the species that do not synthesise sex pheromones are presumably vestigial, non-functional structures. Such species may have stopped producing pheromone as the result of changes in the way in which the females found and selected mates or changing feeding preferences. A similar event has occurred in the Lepidoptera, where vestigial pheromone-secreting structures remain in some species which no longer produce pheromone. Lutzomyia lenti collected in southern Brazil produced a novel diterpene whereas male L. lenti from north-eastern Brazil did not, supporting suggestions by others that L. lenti is, like L. longipalpis, a species complex.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89574187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acronyms used in the supplement","authors":"","doi":"10.1179/atm.2002.96.1.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/atm.2002.96.1.105","url":null,"abstract":"AFRO . . . . . . . . . . . . World Health Organization’s Regional OYce for Africa APOC . . . . . . . . . . . . African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control CAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . Central African Republic CBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community-based distribution CBHP . . . . . . . . . . . . Community-based health programme CBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . ChristoVel Blinden Mission CBIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . Community-based ivermectin treatment CDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community-directed drug distributor CDTI . . . . . . . . . . . . Community-directed treatment with ivermectin CHAL. . . . . . . . . . . . Christian Health Association of Liberia CIH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Community involvement in health ComDT . . . . . . . . . . Community-directed treatment CSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Committee of Sponsoring Agencies FCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria DEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diethylcarbamazine DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of Congo EAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expert Advisory Committee (of OCP) EPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expanded Programme of Immunization ERR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Economic rate of return FGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . Focus-group discussion FLHF . . . . . . . . . . . . Front-line health facility GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geographical information system GOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government of Sudan HNI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . HealthNet International IEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information, education and communication IDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ivermectin-distribution programme ITN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insecticide-treated net IRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut de Recherche pour le Développement JAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joint Action Forum (of APOC) JPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joint Programme Committee (of OCP) LGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local Government Area LF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lymphatic Ž lariasis MDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mectizan Donation Programme MITOSATH . . . . . . Mission to Save the Helpless MoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ministry of Health NGDO . . . . . . . . . . . Non-governmental development organization NID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . National immunization day NOCP. . . . . . . . . . . . National onchocerciasis-control programme NOTF. . . . . . . . . . . . National onchocerciasis task force NPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . National Programme on Immunization","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84846993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multicentre study, in patients with imported malaria, on the sensitivity and specificity of a dipstick test (ICT Malaria P.f./P.v.TM) compared with expert microscopy","authors":"S. Gatti, A. Bernuzzi, Z. Bisoffi, A. Raglio, M. Scaglia","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000457","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A prospective, multicentre study was carried out in Italy to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a rapid dipstick test (ICT Malaria P.f./P.v.) in the diagnosis of imported malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium spp. The test is based on the detection of histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) from P. falciparum and 'panmalarial' antigen in peripheral blood. The 241 subjects were international travellers or immigrants from areas where malaria is endemic. When compared with the microscopical examination of bloodsmears (used as the 'gold standard'), the dipsticks were found to be 94.4% sensitive and 94.5% specific for pure infections with P. falciparum. The performance of the tests when used on patients infected with species other than P. falciparum or more than one Plasmodium spp. showed a high degree of variability. Although the dipsticks represent a very simple, rapid, and valuable diagnostic aid, they should not be considered a complete substitute for direct microscopical diagnosis using stained bloodsmears.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80609365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal helminths and malnutrition are independently associated with protection from cerebral malaria in Thailand","authors":"Mathieu Nacher, P. Singhasivanon, S. Treeprasertsuk, S. Vannaphan, B. Traoré, S. Looareesuwan, F. Gay","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000448","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although human infection with Ascaris appears to be associated with protection from cerebral malaria, there are many potential socio-economic and nutritional confounders related to helminth infection that need to be considered. In a hospital-based study, 37 cases of cerebral malaria and 61 cases of non-severe malaria with high parasite biomass (i.e. hyperparasitaemia and/or circulating schizonts) answered a structured questionnaire and were screened for intestinal helminths. Logistic regression was then used to adjust for the potential confounders. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) still showed a significant protective association for helminths (OR=0.24; CI=0.07-0.78; P=0.02) and malnutrition (OR=0.11; CI=0.02-0.58; P=0.01), with no evidence of interaction between the two. There was also a significant dose-effect trend for the helminth infections (P=0.048). These results, despite coming from a hospital-based study, indicate that the apparent association between helminths and protection from cerebral malaria is not the result of socio-economic or nutritional confounders.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90966572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dr David H. Smith","authors":"","doi":"10.1179/atm.2002.96.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/atm.2002.96.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79814418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetics of the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase of Toxoplasma gondii in mice with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis","authors":"T. Kikuchi, T. Furuta, S. Kojima","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000493","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The kinetics of the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase (NTPase) of Toxoplasma gondii was examined using an avidin-biotin sandwich-ELISA (ABS-ELISA) based on an anti-NTPase monoclonal antibody, 6C6. The RH and ME49 strains of the parasite were used to produce acute and chronic infections in mice, respectively. In the acute model, detectable serum concentrations of NTPase were observed from day 1 post-infection and gradually increased until the death of the mice. They were associated with parasitaemia (as estimated by bioassay). No anti-T. gondii antibody could be detected at any time. In the chronic model, in which 20 T. gondii ME49 cysts were given to each mouse per os, the NTPase concentration generally increased from day 3, peaked between days 7 and 14 and then declined. However, one of the four mice used still had a high serum concentration of NTPase on day 35. Again, detectable NTPase concentrations occurred when the mice had parasitaemias. Antibody to T. gondii was detected from day 7 (IgM) or 10 (IgG) and brain cysts were observed from day 14. Since detectable serum concentrations of NTPase appear to be associated with parasitaemia in both acute and chronic toxoplasmosis, the ABS-ELISA of the enzyme may make a useful diagnostic tool.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74877205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in Indian visceral leishmaniasis","authors":"S. Sundar, K. Pai, M. Sahu, Vijay Kumar, H. Murray","doi":"10.1179/000349802125000466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125000466","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stored sera from 429 Indian subjects were assayed to extend the analysis of the accuracy of immunochromatographic strip-test detection of anti-K39 antibody in the non-invasive diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). All 225 samples from patients with proven Leishmania infection tested positive [estimated sensitivity=100%; 95% confidence interval (CI)=98%-100%]. Sera from 99 of the 100 symptomatic patients with other diseases were non-reactive (estimated specificity=99%; CI=94%-100%). However, samples from 13 of the 104 apparently healthy controls showed positive strip-test results (estimated specificity=88%; CI=79%-93%), yielding an overall specificity of 93% (190/204; CI=88%-96%). If applied in a practical clinical setting (on symptomatic patients in whom active VL is suspected and other common infections have been excluded), strip testing of serum for anti-K39 antibody should be both sensitive and specific for diagnosing VL in India.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90367032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}