Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in young children in São Paulo, Brazil: prevalences, temporal trends and associations with physical growth","authors":"P. T. Muniz, M. U. Ferreira, C. S. Ferreira, W. Conde, C. Monteiro","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001311","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The prevalences of intestinal parasitic infections were investigated, between 1995 and 1996, in a household-based sample of 1044 children aged <5 years who lived in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Only 10.7% of the children were infected, the most prevalent parasites being Giardia duodenalis (5.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (4.4%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.0%). A comparison between these data and results from two previous population-based surveys, completed in São Paulo in 1974 and 1985, revealed a dramatic decrease in the prevalence of intestinal helminths in this age-group, with less marked changes in the prevalence of Giardia, over the two past decades. Despite the low prevalence of malnutrition (2.4% of stunting and 0.6% of wasting) and intestinal parasites in this population, there was a significant association (P=0.05, after controlling for potential confounding variables) between helminth (but not Giardia) infection and height. The helminth-infected children had a mean height-for-age z-score of–0.412 [95% confidence interval (CI)=–0.637––0.186], compared with one of 0.015 (CI=–0.049-0.079) for the non-infected children. No significant relationship between intestinal parasitic infection and children's weight was detected. In conclusion, a small but significant negative relationship between intestinal helminthic infections and children's growth was detected in an urban environment with low prevalences of both intestinal parasitic infection and malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74062560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subconjunctival zoonotic onchocerciasis in man: aberrant infection with Onchocerca lupi?","authors":"T. Sréter, Z. Széll, Z. Egyed, I. Varga","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001267","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the past few decades, 10 cases of cryptic, zoonotic onchocerciasis, including two subconjunctival infections, have been reported in man. In the majority of cases, Onchocerca cervicalis, O. gutturosa or O. dewittei, which normally infect horses, cattle and wild boar, respectively, were responsible for the lesions. However, the taxonomic status of the parasites involved in the two subconjunctival infections, both of which were European, has never been unambiguously determined. In such infections, the acute phase appears to be characterized by conjunctivitis. A single, strongly coiled, immature, female worm was found incorporated in a large granulomatous nodule, in the ocular and peri-ocular tissues, in the chronic stage of each of the two eye infections. Several, patent, sporadic cases of subconjunctival O. lupi infection have recently been reported in dogs. In terms of the location of the worms, clinical signs and histopathology, these canine infections were very similar to those seen in the two human patients with eye infection. When the parasites recovered from human eyes were compared morphologically with the Onchocerca spp. infecting animals in Europe, they appeared to be most similar to O. lupi. Although O. lupi is normally a parasite of dogs, it may thus also be responsible for aberrant, zoonotic, subconjunctival infections in man.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75424265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The humoral immune responses elicited in mice by inoculations with a recombinant protein or DNA based on the circumsporozoite-protein gene of Plasmodium falciparum","authors":"Z. Fang, Y-W Liu, Y. Shi, X-B. Yu, W-Q Huang, X. Ji","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001258","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The humoral responses elicited in mice by inoculation, in various doses and by several routes, with plasmid DNA containing the gene coding for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum FCC1/HN were compared with those evoked by inoculation with a recombinant expressed protein based on the CSP. With the DNA vaccine, intramuscular inoculations appeared the most effective, followed by intravenous and then subcutaneous injections, the responses in each case being dose-dependent. In both standard ELISA and dot-ELISA, sera from the mice immunized with the DNA were found to have much lower titres of antimalarial antibodies than the corresponding sera from mice immunized with the recombinant protein. Although both 'vaccines' elicited humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice, that based on plasmid DNA took much longer than the recombinant protein to induce high-titre antibody responses.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82953237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causative agents of liver abscess in those with liver cirrhosis: a 10-year case review of hospitalized patients in Thailand","authors":"V. Wiwanitkit, N. Suwansaksri, J. Suwansaksri","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although patients with cirrhosis of the liver show relative immunosuppression and therefore have increased susceptibility to most infections, they rarely develop liver abscesses. In a retrospective case review, the pathogens causing the liver abscesses observed, between January 1992 and December 2001 at the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, in 44 hospitalized patients diagnosed as cases of liver cirrhosis were investigated. The most common clinical symptoms and signs of the abscesses—abdominal pain (80%), fever and chills (73%), and abdominal tenderness (73%)—were similar to those seen in non-cirrhotic patients with abscesses. The frequency of liver abscess among the cirrhotic patients was low (0.46%). Most (71%) of the abscesses were in the right lobe and most (71%) of those with abscesses only had a single abscess. Surprisingly, many of the abscesses (36%) were apparently caused by amoebae. Bacterial pathogens were identified in eight patients (18%) by blood culture and 15 (34%) patients by pus culture. Seven (16%) of the blood cultures and 13 (30%) of the pus contained Gram-negative aerobes, indicating that such pathogens, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae (in six pus and six blood cultures) and Escherichia coli (in three pus cultures and one blood), were the most common causes of the bacterial abscesses. Pus culture appeared more successful than blood culture for bacterial abscesses, and amoebic abscesses could always be identified by direct microscopical examination of pus samples. Aspiration of liver abscesses, to obtain pus samples for culture and microscopy, is therefore recommended.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78034993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unit costs for house spraying and bednet impregnation with residual insecticides in Colombia: a management tool for the control of vector-borne disease","authors":"A. Kroeger, C. Ayala, A. M. Lara","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A study of unit costs and cost components of two malaria-control strategies (house spraying and bednet impregnation with residual insecticides) was undertaken in 11 malaria-endemic states (departamentos) of Colombia, using data provided by control staff on self-administered questionnaires. The accuracy of the data was verified by personal visits, telephone conversations and complementary information from 10 other states. Allthe financial-cost components of the malaria-control operations carried out in the previous 6 months and the results of the control operations themselves (including the numbers of houses sprayed and numbers of bednets impregnated/day) were recorded. The information was stratified according to whether the target communities were 'near' or 'far away' from an operational base, the far-away communities being those that needed overnight stays by the control staff. The main variables analysed were unit costs/house treated, and annual cost/person protected. The results show that house spraying was generally more expensive for the health services than bednet impregnation. This is particularly the case in 'nearby' communities, where most of those at-risk live. In such communities, spraying one house was 7.2 times more expensive than impregnating one bednet. Even if only those sleeping under an impregnated net were assumed to be protected, the unit costs/person protected in a 'nearby' community were twice as high for house spraying than for bednet impregnation. In 'nearby' communities, where technicians could return to the operational base each evening, insecticides made up 80% of the total spraying costs and 42% of the costs of bednet impregnation. In 'far-away' communities, however, salaries and 'per diems' were the most important cost components, representing, respectively, 23% and 22% of the costs of spraying, and 34% plus 27% of the costs of impregnation. Insecticide wastage and non-use of discounts on insecticide prices (available through the national Ministry of Health) increased the overall costs considerably. The multiple uses of these cost calculations for district health managers are presented.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75702750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum concentrations of soluble transferrin receptor among paediatric patients with transfusion-dependant β-thalassaemia/haemoglobin E","authors":"N. Bhokaisawan, N. Paritpokee, V. Wiwanitkit, C. Boonchalermvichian, I. Nuchprayoon","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001041","url":null,"abstract":"In Thailand, anaemia in pregnancy may be addition to the repertoire of indices of iron status. In fact, sTfR concentration has been the result of iron deŽ ciency but is also often caused by genetic haemoglobin (Hb) disshown to be a more sensitive and less variable index of iron status than the more orders, particularly b-thalassaemia/Hb E (Flatz et al., 1965; Fucharoen and Winichagoon, conventional measurements of serum iron, serum transferrin or total iron-binding 1997). Such genetic abnormalities cause many systemic eVects. The unusual fragility capacity (Ahluwalia et al., 1993; Cooper and Zlotkin, 1996; Suominen et al., 1998). of the erythrocytes in those aVected leads to chronic haemolytic anaemia, normal daily The results of only a few systemic studieson sTfR concentrations in b-thalassaemia/Hb E activities may be limited, and jaundice, hepato–splenomegaly, osteoporosis and facial patients have been published and none is speciŽ c to paediatric cases. The aim of the abnormalities are common. Presently about 5 million people in present study was to compare sTfR concentrations in children with b-thalassaemia/Hb E Thailand suVer from Hb abnormalities and about 10,200 of these (representing about or b-thalassaemia major with those in healthy, non-anaemic controls of similar ages. 1.2% of all of those born each year) are neonates. In Thailand, as elsewhere, blood The 45 patients, aged 4–10 years, were all attending the Divisions of Pediatrics transfusions are given to those aVected to try to keep their Hb concentrations near and Laboratory Medicine at the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH) normal. Unfortunately there are often shortages of banked blood, and variation in the in Bangkok. Any child with a concomitant acute manifestation, iron deŽ ciency, chronic way haematocrits are routinely monitored causes unreliability in the long-term follow-up in ammatory condition or dietary restriction was excluded. Most (40) of the cases had of the patients. Suominen et al. (1998) recently suggested transfusion-dependant b-thalassaemia/Hb E [with a mean (s.d.) pre-transfusion conthat concentrations of transferrin receptor (TfR), a glycoprotein mediating the entry of centration of 7.3 (2.1) g Hb/dl)]. The other Ž ve cases had transfusion-dependant ferric transferrin from the extracellular compartment into cells, could be used to monib-thalassaemia major [7.2 (2.4) g Hb/dl]. Thirty children who were of similar ages to tor erythropoiesis. As up-regulation of the expression of cellular TfR occurs as a result the cases, appeared healthy and non-anaemic and were found to have normal erythrocytic of an inadequate tissue supply of iron or of an increased cellular demand for iron, parameters when investigated using an automated haematology analyser (Technicon elevations in the serum concentrations of the soluble form of TfR (sTfR) can be detected H*3; Bayer Diagnostics, Newbury, U.K.) served as controls. The controls were studied in many anaemic disorders. ","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78890071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in Mansonia species, in an epidemic-prone area of southern India","authors":"A. Balasubramanian, A. Gajanana, K. Satyanarayana","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001122","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese encephalitis ( JE) occurs in Japan, subpictus (Dhanda et al., 1997). However, when the role of Mansonia species in the North and South Korea, China and throughout South–east Asia (Reuben and Gajanana, transmission of JE virus in this region was studied in detail between 1998 and 2001, 1997). It remains a major public-health problem in India, where there are periodic the virus was also isolated from adult male mosquitoes that had been collected, during and cyclical epidemics, each generally involving 1000–3000 clinical cases and >100 routine mosquito collections, in and around cattle sheds and pigsties (see below). Densities deaths (Anon., 2000). The causative agent, JE virus (an arbovirus of the genus Flavivirus) of the major JE vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, were very high (up to 397 females/manis maintained in nature by a complex cycle involving pigs as amplifying hosts, ardeid hour) in the paddy Ž elds, particularly during the main transmission season for JE virus in birds as reservoirs, and mosquitoes as vectors (Rosen, 1986). In southern India, members this area ( January–April). Mansonia indiana and Ma. uniformis, however, peaked in abundof the Culex vishnui subgroup of mosquitoes (Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui and Cx. ance (reaching 62 females/man-hour) during the monsoon months ( June–November), pseudovishnui ) are proven vectors of the virus (Reuben et al., 1988). Human beings and when the paddy Ž elds are  ooded and few Cx. tritaeniorhynchus could be found (collections cattle are considered to be ‘dead-end’ hosts, and epidemics only occur in human popufalling as low as 2.4 females/man-hour). The monsoon rains permit large populations of lations when there is substantial spill over of virus (Rodrigues, 1984). hydrophytes (such as Pistia, Salvinia and Eichhornia) to develop and these plants are Vertical transmission, in which the virus is transmitted from an infected female essential for the proliferation of Mansonia (Burton, 1960). mosquito to her eggs as they pass through the genital tract, is known to support the The male mosquitoes collected between June 1998 and February 2001 were tested, persistence of some arboviruses in nature (Rosen, 1988). There is Ž eld evidence of such in single-species pools of 25–50, for JE virus, using an antigen-capture ELISA for the vertical transmission of JE virus (Dhanda et al., 1989). In addition, infected male Cx. initial screening for  avivirus and inoculation of Toxorhynchites splendens combined with an bitaeniorhynchus can pass on the JE virus to females during mating, at least in the indirect immuno uorescence assay (Toxo– IFA) to conŽ rm infection with JE virus laboratory (Mourya and Soman, 1999). A recent outbreak of meningo-encephalitis, (Gajanana et al., 1995). Of the four pools of male Cx. gelidus ( N=116), 33 of Cx. beginning in early 1996 in the Kuttanadu area of Kerala, in south–western India, was tritaeniorhynchus ( N=1536), 25 of Ma. indiana (N=727) and 35 of Ma. unifor","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79222897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The response of a case of multidrug-resistant, Plasmodium falciparum malaria to an unusual combination of antimalarial drugs","authors":"R. Singh","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001168","url":null,"abstract":"Multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a world-wide problem (Wernsdorfer and Payne 1991). In many countries the common practice of deploying antimalarial drugs one by one in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria is no longer rational. Even artemisinin and its derivatives-usually among the most rapidly acting and effective drugs-are not always effective against P. falciparum. Three cases of the recrudescence of P. falciparum malaria following treatment with artemether have been reported in Mumbai India for example (Gogtay et al. 2000). The present report is of a case of multi- resistant P. falciparum malaria and represents the first published report of such malaria in Jharkhand state north-eastern India. In the description of the case the timings of treatments and follow-ups are given relative to the day of initial presentation (day 0). (excerpt)","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86273320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of rainfall and malaria in Madhya Pradesh, central India","authors":"N. Singh, V. Sharma","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001113","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Some recent outbreaks of Plasmodium falciparum malaria have been attributed, at least in part, to increases in the intensity and duration of rainfall caused by the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO), a periodic climatic phenomenon. Since it takes time for unusually heavy rainfall to translate into unusually high densities of the vector mosquitoes, it has been suggested that data on recent rainfall might be used to predict climate-related epidemics of malaria. This possibility was explored by comparing the patterns in the incidence of malaria in (1) Dungaria, a highly malarious village in the central-Indian district of Mandla, and (2) Mandla district as a whole, for the periods 1986-2000 and 1967-2000, respectively, with data on rainfall for the same areas and periods. Unfortunately, no clear relationship was observed between rainfall and malaria incidence, although a major development project to improve water resources in the study area (which resulted in local villages being partially or completely submerged in water) may have masked any significant association. A useful method for predicting which years are going to be high- or low-risk years for malaria epidemics, in the present and other epidemiological settings, remains a future goal.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87358390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the occurrence of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) mireillae (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ethiopia","authors":"T. Gebre-Michael, M. Balkew","doi":"10.1179/000349802125001177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001177","url":null,"abstract":"Three of the four Phlebotomus (ParaHead phlebotomus) species recorded in East Africa — Height = 0.52 (0.01) [0.51–0.54] mm. P. (P.) sergenti, P. (P.) alexandri and P. (P.) Pharynx length=23 (0.01) [22–25] mm, or saevus — are known to occur in Ethiopia 2.68 (0.24) [2.44–3.00] times the width of (Gemetchu et al., 1976; Lewis, 1982). The 0.09 (0.01) [0.08–0.09] mm. Labrum length= fourth species, P. (P.) mireillae, was described 0.38 (0.02) [0.35–0.40] mm. Antennal segonly a few years ago (Killick-Kendrick et al., ment A3 is 0.30 (0.02) [0.28–0.32] mm 1997) and has not been reported outside of long, or 0.80 (0.03) [0.76–0.83] times the Kenya. However, P. mireillae now appears length of labrum, and is usually shorter than, to have been detected in Ethiopia. rarely equal to or slightly longer than the During epidemiological studies of visceral combined lengths of segments A4 and A5 leishmaniasis in the Aba Roba focus in {0.30 (0.01) [0.29–0.32] mm}. The ascoids southern Ethiopia (Gebre-Michael and Lane, on A3 are 0.07 (0.01) [0.05–0.08] mm 1996a), sand ies were collected, between long, or 0.22 (0.02) [0.19–0.25] times the May 1998 and June 1998, from a cave near length of A3. Segment A4 is 0.15 (0.01) the  oor of the Segen River valley. The [0.14–0.16] mm long and has ascoids collections, made using CDC miniature light measuring 0.08 (0.01) [0.07–0.08] mm in traps, were mostly preserved in 70% alcohol length, or 0.51 (0.05) [0.44–0.57] times the and then processed for routine identiŽ cation length of the segment. The palp formula is and spermathecal dissection/examination in usually 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 (four specimens) but the laboratory (Gebre-Michael and Lane, rarely 1, (2, 4), 3, 5 (two specimens). The 1996b). However, any gravid females collected palp segments 1–5 measure 0.06 (0.01) were kept alive and placed in oviposition [0.05–0.07], 0.20 (0.01) [0.19–0.20], 0.23 vials (one  y/vial ) so that isofemale broods, (0.01) [0.22–0.24], 0.18 (0.01) [0.17–0.19] of known identity, could be reared (Gebreand 0.51 (0.02) [0.48–0.53] mm in length, Michael and Lane, 1993). respectively. Among the wild-caught sand ies were eight females identiŽ ed as P. mireillae [based on the presence of distinct spines in the spermWing athecal duct (Killick-Kendrick et al., 1997)], Length = 2.66 (0.06) [2.57–2.74] mm, or six females identiŽ ed as P. saevus and 14 3.37 (0.05) [3.30–3.46] times the width associated Paraphlebotomus males. The latter of 0.79 (0.03) [0.76–0.83] mm. 1 apex= were clearly not the males of P. sergenti +0.19 (0.04) [0.14–0.24] mm. R 2 /R 2+3 and P. alexandri and were assumed to be ratio=1.78 (0.07) [1.71–1.91]. P. saevus and/or P. mireillae.","PeriodicalId":8038,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88348816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}