Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology最新文献

{"title":"Isolated Starfield Pattern and the Type 1 Cerebral Fat Microembolism: A Radiological Perspective.","authors":"Sandhya Manorenj, Sara Sravan Kumar, Sravan Kumur Marupaka, Farah Naaz","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_1042_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_1042_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"435-436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144246075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Psychosocial Impact of Restless Legs Syndrome in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis - A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Alamanda Venkata Anupama, Anish Mehta, Mahendra Javali, Mahesh Eswarappa, Pradeep Rangaiah, Purushottam Acharya","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_1038_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_1038_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is common but often underdiagnosed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis, significantly impacting their quality of life. This study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and psychosocial effects of RLS in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 308 hemodialysis patients at a tertiary care hospital. RLS was diagnosed based on the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group criteria. The severity of RLS, sleep quality, and mental health were assessed using the International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Severity Score, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Clinical and biochemical parameters were also analyzed. Statistical significance was determined using Chi-squared and unpaired t -tests ( P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RLS was identified in 46 patients (14.9%). Among them, 56.6% had mild symptoms, 41.3% had moderate symptoms, and 2.1% had severe symptoms. Patients with RLS were younger (50.15 ± 12.19 vs. 57.41 ± 13.43 years, P = 0.001) and had lower body weight (57.89 ± 9.64 vs. 62.78 ± 10.58 kg, P = 0.03). Anxiety and depression were significantly higher in the RLS group ( P = 0.001). Poor sleep quality was reported in 97.8% of RLS patients ( P = 0.001). Hemoglobin ( P = 0.02) and thyroid-stimulating hormone ( P = 0.03) levels also differed significantly between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>RLS is highly prevalent in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis and is associated with significant psychosocial burden and poor sleep quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"387-391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Markers in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy - A Prospective Observational Study.","authors":"M M Samim, Ashita Barthur, Seena Vengalil, Saraswati Nashi, Deepak Menon, Kartik Ganga, Bhavana Krishna Gutta, Abhijeet Narsing Jadhao, Dipti Baskar, Ravindu Tiwari, S G Manu, Vidya Nittur, Priya Treesa Thomas, Talakad N Sathyaprabha, Atchayaram Nalini","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_1001_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_1001_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) encompass a spectrum of conditions with diverse muscular and extra-muscular symptoms, including cardiac manifestations, which significantly impact morbidity and mortality. Our study aims to assess cardiac involvement markers in IIM using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and evaluate their association with disease severity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 62 participants prospectively, including 31 clinically suspected IIM patients and 31 healthy controls who were matched by age and sex. CMR with multiparametric mapping (1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging) and the Myositis Disease Activity Assessment Tool (MDAAT) were used in the evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With a mean age of 35.3 ± 12.2 years and a female preponderance (F:M = 2.4:1), the majority of the study population (77.4%) exhibited positive myositis-specific antibodies, whereas 45.2% had myositis-associated antibodies. Cardiac symptoms were reported by 45.2% of the cases, while 48.3% had an MDAAT cardiac Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score of ≥1, indicating potential cardiac involvement. Cases had significantly higher native T1 and T2 mapping values (1085.7 ± 57.7 vs. 1043.3 ± 36.1 ms, P = 0.002 and 52.9 ± 4.3 vs. 50.4 ± 2.6 ms, P = 0.011, respectively). Late gadolinium enhancement was seen in 6.4%. The native T1 value positively correlated with the MDAAT total score (ρ = 0.376, P < 0.014) and cardiac VAS score (ρ = 0.259, P = 0.038). A native T1 value ≥1048.25 ms has 72.7% sensitivity and 51.4% specificity (AUC = 0.711, P = 0.019) in detecting cardiac involvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Clinical parameters and CMR multiparametric mapping are shown to be correlated in this prospective investigation. It is the first study to look at the cardiac mapping parameters' sensitivity and specificity to MDAAT-based cardiac involvement. In the Indian population with IIM, it is the first assessment of cardiac involvement utilizing CMR. In IIM, this endeavor is expected to greatly improve early detection, prevention, and treatment of cardiac complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"392-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192402/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144265117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of Neurological Manifestations of HHV-6 Encephalitis in Immunocompetent Children - A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Center in South India.","authors":"Dona T Thomas, Kalpana Devadathan, Greeshma Baby, Mohammed Pa Kunju, Prameela Joji","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_717_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_717_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV6) can cause severe neurological manifestations in immunocompromised individuals. However, there is sparse data regarding this in immunocompetent children.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the spectrum of neurological manifestations of HHV 6 infection and outcome in immunocompetent children admitted with suspected meningoencephalitis from January 2017 to December 2023.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We retrospectively analysed the electronic medical records of children admitted for suspected meningoencephalitis in a tertiary care Pediatric Neurology centre in South India. The children whose cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was found to be positive for HHV6 DNA in film array meningoencephalitis (FA -ME) panel were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>204 /416 children with suspected meningoencephalitis were included in the study. HHV 6 was detected in 12 children. The median age was 19 months (Range - 6 months to 16 years). 4 (33%) of them were classified as febrile status. 5 (42%) children had meningoencephalitis, and one had aseptic meningitis. One child each had features of probable acute demyelinating encephalo myelitis (ADEM) and anti NMDA receptor encephalitis. 9 (75%) children had uneventful clinical recovery, one child died, one child with probable ADEM had extrapyramidal signs at discharge, which improved completely at one year follow up and the baby with autoimmune encephalitis had significant neurological deficits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HHV 6 can cause significant neurological problems, with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompetent children also.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"400-405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Clinical Study on the Utility of Muscle Biopsy in Patients with Suspected Myopathy.","authors":"Sudhakar Karunakaran, Abraham Kuruvilla, Muralidharan Nair, Sruthi S Nair, Deepti Narasimhaiah","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_934_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_934_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The role of muscle biopsy needs to be redefined in an era where genetic studies have largely supplanted the need for a pathological diagnosis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the utility of muscle biopsy in suspected myopathies in terms of diagnostic confirmation and modifying therapy in a developing country.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective observational study of patients who underwent muscle biopsy in our center between April 2017 and 2019. The diagnostic utility and therapeutic impact of muscle biopsy were assessed descriptively and using an ordinal score. We further analyzed the correlation of the pathological diagnosis with the genetic and immunological data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 70 patients included in the study over a 2-year period, 33 (47.1%) were aged 18 years or less and the mean age was 23.4 (±16.2) years. A specific diagnosis or diagnostic category could be established in 39 (55.7%) of all patients and 21 (63.6%) among pediatric patients by muscle biopsy. The most common categories were muscular dystrophies in 27 (38.6%) patients and inflammatory myopathies in seven (10%) patients. Mitochondrial myopathy was confirmed in two (2.9%), while three (4.3%) had other specific diagnosis and 31 (44.2%) had indeterminate/normal biopsy reports. Muscle biopsy confirmed the pre-biopsy diagnosis in 29 (41.4%) patients and changed the clinical diagnosis in 16 (22.9%) patients. Category-wise, the change in pre-biopsy diagnosis was significant only in suspected mitochondrial myopathies, but not in other categories.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Muscle biopsy helped in securing a specific diagnosis in approximately one-half of the patients. This study underscores the enduring relevance of muscle biopsy in settings where resources for advanced genetic testing and data analysis are constrained.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"363-370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A Clinical, Radiological, and Outcome Study of 144 Cases.","authors":"Jerry A George, Venugopalan Y Vishnu, Roopa Rajan, Mamta B Singh, Rohit Bhatia, Shariq Shah, Ajay Garg, Pradeep Venkatesh, Achal K Srivastava, Manjari Tripathi, Mv Padma Srivastava, Anu Gupta","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_1048_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_1048_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive encephalitis caused by persistent measles virus infection and is mostly described as small case series in literature. We aimed to describe the clinical spectrum, radiological features, outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients with SSPE and provide a comparison of childhood- versus late-onset disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in India, documenting the spectrum and functional outcome [modified Rankin Scale (mRS)] of patients with SSPE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 144 patients (35 prospective and 109 retrospective, mean age: 16.7 ± 5.0 years, 79.9% males) of SSPE (Dyken's criteria), who presented between 2015 and 2022. Overall, we found good outcome (mRS ≤3) in 23.3% of cases and mortality in 48% (follow-up: n = 73/144, range 6-95 months). Short-term follow-up (prospective group, 32/35) revealed stabilization (no improvement or worsening of mRS) in 31.3% of patients, improvement of mRS grade in 28.1% patients, and worsening in 40.6% of patients. Intrathecal interferon was prescribed in majority of these cases, and 65.6% (21/32) were compliant to therapy. Frequency of good outcome reduced with longer follow-up duration (34.4% when followed up to 11 months, 22.2% for a follow-up duration of 24-60 months, and 10% for duration longer than 60 months). The studied outcome predictors were not statistically significant. Late-onset cases were different from childhood-onset cases with respect to some clinical features [more focal deficits ( P = 0.043), less-frequent seizures ( P = 0.003)], radiological features [more frequent cortical lesions ( P = 0.44) and cerebral atrophy ( P = 0.52)], and mortality [late-onset cases: 55.2% vs. childhood-onset cases: 33.3% ( P = 0.08)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found differences in the presentation of childhood- versus late-onset disease. Overall, the prognosis was not good, with increasing mortality observed with increasing duration of follow-up. Short-term outcomes were better. Future studies can look at the effect of immunomodulators on long-term outcomes in a larger sample size.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"346-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144155949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue-Associated Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Positive Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis.","authors":"Shubhakaran Khichar, Pradeep Lalwani, Nidhi Yadav","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_1058_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_1058_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"466-469"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of Supratentorial Lymphocytic Inflammation with Parenchymal Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids (SLIPPERS) with Associated Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids (CLIPPERS) and a Review of Literature.","authors":"Shivam Mirg, Animesh Das, Akhil Parashar, Manjari Tripathi, Ajay Garg","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_998_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_998_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"474-476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143966635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Expanding Spectrum of Anti-IgLON5 Disease: A Case Series from an Indian Cohort.","authors":"Avinash Ganapule, Divyani Garg, Ayush Agarwal, Anu Gupta, Roopa Rajan, Soaham Desai, Mitesh Chandarana, S Sidharth, Madhavi Tripathi, Ajay Garg, Divya M Radhakrishnan, Achal Kumar Srivastava","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_1073_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_1073_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Anti-IgLON5 disease is an evolving entity that lies at the confluence of autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Reports from India remain sparse. In this series, we describe seven Indian patients with anti-IgLON5-related disease. Patients presented across the fifth to eighth decades with a mean duration of illness of 16 months. All had movement disorders, which included gait ataxia, parkinsonism, and chorea. Six patients had sleep disturbances. Five had a frontal dysexecutive dementia phenotype. Two had epilepsy. Bulbar involvement was present in four, and one had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like features. Magnetic resonance imaging was abnormal in two cases. Positron emission tomography of the brain also contributed to diagnosis. Combination immunotherapies were used in most of the patients, with three showing a sustained response and two deaths reported due to sepsis-related complications. It is important to recognize the increasing spectrum of IgLON5-related disease to enable timely initiation of immunotherapy before marked degeneration occurs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"440-444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143965679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPRINT INDIA: Regional Variations in Primary and Secondary Stroke Outcomes Based on Baseline Characteristics in North and South Indian Sites.","authors":"Somasundaram Kumaravelu, Shweta Jain Verma, Rimpi Arora, Deepti Arora, K S Arya Devi, Aneesh Dhasan, Padmavathyamma Narayanapillai Sylaja, Dheeraj Khurana, Pamidimukkala Vijaya, Biman Ray, Vivek Nambiar, Sanjith Aaron, Gaurav Mittal, Sundarachary Nagarjunakonda, Aparna Pai, Yerasu Muralidhar Reddy, Sunil Narayan, Nomal Borah, Rupjyoti Das, Girish Kulkarni, Vikram Huded, Thomas Mathew, Madakasira Vasantha Padma Srivastava, Rohit Bhatia, Pawan Ojha, Jayanta Roy, Sherly Abraham, Anand Vaishnav, Arvind Sharma, Shaikh Afshan Jabeen, Abhishek Pathak, Sanjeev Bhoi, Sudhir Sharma, Sulena Sulena, Aralikatte Onkarappa Saroja, Neetu Ramrakhiani, Madhusudhan Byadarahalli Kempegowda, Sankar Gorthi, Mahesh Kate, Tina George, Ivy Sebastian, Meenakshi Sharma, Rupinder Dhaliwal, Rahul Huilgol, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_792_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/aian.aian_792_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Regional differences in stroke prevalence and outcomes in India, driven by demographic and risk factors, are crucial for guiding effective prevention and management strategies. This subanalysis of Secondary prevention with a structured semi-interactive stroke prevention package in INDIA (SPRINT INDIA) randomized controlled trial compared the demographics, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of stroke patients from North and South India to identify regional differences and inform targeted interventions for stroke prevention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study analyzed data of 4298 participants from 31 stroke centers across India, focusing on demographics, stroke types, and risk factors. In this study, Mumbai, located at 19.07°N in western India, serves as the dividing line between North and South India. One-year follow-up data from 3038 patients were utilized to examine regional disparities between North and South India.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>South Indian stroke patients were predominantly rural (60.1%) and less educated (58.2%), while North Indian patients were mostly urban (64.2%). South Indian patients had higher incidence of ischemic stroke (91.1% vs. 73.5%, P = 0.001) and higher rates of large artery atherosclerosis (33.6% vs. 19.7%, P = 0.001), hypertension, type 2 diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption, but better medication adherence. In contrast, North Indian patients had higher high-density lipoprotein, drug use, and tobacco use. At 1-year follow-up, North Indian patients had more high-risk transient ischemic attacks and poorer lifestyle-related outcomes, despite South Indians having higher systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Region-specific strategies are crucial. Block randomization may help. South India needs better lifestyle modification programs, while North India requires improved health education and medication adherence strategies.Trial registration: CTRI/2017/09/009600.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":"378-386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12192374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143966810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}