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Advances in cryogenic engineering最新文献

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VERY LOW FREQUENCY BREAKDOWN PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION MATERIALS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES 低温下电绝缘材料的甚低频击穿特性
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2010-04-07 DOI: 10.1063/1.3402335
I. Sauers, E. Tuncer, G. Polizos, D. James, A. Ellis, M. Pace
{"title":"VERY LOW FREQUENCY BREAKDOWN PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICAL INSULATION MATERIALS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES","authors":"I. Sauers, E. Tuncer, G. Polizos, D. James, A. Ellis, M. Pace","doi":"10.1063/1.3402335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3402335","url":null,"abstract":"For long cables or equipment with large capacitance it is not always possible to conduct high voltage withstand tests at 60 Hz due to limitations in charging currents of the power supply. Very low frequency (typically at a frequency of 0.1 Hz) has been used for conventional cables as a way of getting around the charging current limitation. For superconducting grid applications the same issues apply. However there is very little data at cryogenic temperatures on how materials perform at low frequency compared to 60 Hz and whether higher voltages should be applied when performing a high voltage acceptability test. Various materials including G10 (fiberglass reinforced plastic or FRP), Cryoflex™ (a tape insulation used in some high temperature superconducting cables), kapton (commonly used polyimide), polycarbonate, and polyetherimide, and in liquid nitrogen alone have been tested using a step method for frequencies of 60 Hz, 0.1 Hz, and dc. The dwell time at each step was chosen so that the aging factor wou...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"1219 1","pages":"68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.3402335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58730508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH IN SPLICE JOINTS MADE FROM AS‐MANUFACTURED YBCO COATED CONDUCTORS 由自制的ybco涂层导体制成的拼接接头的电压分布和机械强度
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2010-04-07 DOI: 10.1063/1.3402325
R. Duckworth, Y. Zhang, M. Gouge, C. Rey, D. V. D. Laan, C. Clickner
{"title":"VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH IN SPLICE JOINTS MADE FROM AS‐MANUFACTURED YBCO COATED CONDUCTORS","authors":"R. Duckworth, Y. Zhang, M. Gouge, C. Rey, D. V. D. Laan, C. Clickner","doi":"10.1063/1.3402325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3402325","url":null,"abstract":"With recommendations from wire manufacturers as a starting point, a series of solder joints were fabricated and characterized to determine the best method for producing repeatable, low‐resistance and high‐mechanical‐strength splices in as‐manufactured, stabilized YBCO coated conductors. From the 2.54 cm long splice joints that were fabricated, parameters such as solder material, stabilization material, fabrication method, and conductor geometry were varied to determine the impact of each on the properties of splice joints. Results indicate that the splice joints of lowest resistance were influenced primarily by the tape orientation in the joint and the stabilization material. The lowest resistances were between 2×10−8 Ω and 1.0×10−7 Ω in 4‐mm wide tapes and were obtained from pure copper‐stabilized tapes oriented with the YBCO layers in closest proximity. The voltage drop along the splice length indicated that only a fraction of the splice length contributes to the splice joint resistance. Mechanical char...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"1219 1","pages":"370-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.3402325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58730814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Vacuum Studies of a Prototype Composite Coil Dewar for HTSC Transformers 高温超导变压器复合线圈杜瓦真空研究
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.1063/1.3422428
S. Schwenterly, Y. Zhang, E. Pleva, M. Rufer
{"title":"Vacuum Studies of a Prototype Composite Coil Dewar for HTSC Transformers","authors":"S. Schwenterly, Y. Zhang, E. Pleva, M. Rufer","doi":"10.1063/1.3422428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3422428","url":null,"abstract":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is collaborating with Waukesha Electric Systems (WES) to develop a high‐temperature superconducting (HTSC) utility power transformer with primary and secondary coils cooled by liquid nitrogen. Since the vacuum‐insulated cryogenic coil dewar surrounds the magnetic core limb and cannot form a shorted turn, non‐conductive materials are required. Two test vessels and a small prototype dewar have been fabricated by Scorpius Space Launch Company with epoxy/fiberglass composites, using their proprietary PRESSURMAXX vessel technology. The effects of pumping time, bakeout temperature, and cryogenic vessel temperature on vacuum outgassing rates have been investigated. Outgassing rates of the individual materials used in vessel construction have also been measured. The results will be scaled up to determine the required pumping capacity for a full‐size 25‐MVA commercial transformer dewar.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"1218 1","pages":"764-771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.3422428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58870769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
NOVEL INTEGRATION OF A 6T CRYOGEN-FREE MAGNETO-OPTICAL SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE TEMPERATURE SAMPLE USING A SINGLE CRYOCOOLER 6吨无低温磁光系统与可变温度样品的新颖集成，使用单个制冷机
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2008-03-27 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908515
A. Berryhill, D. Coffey, R. W. McGhee, E. Burkhardt
{"title":"NOVEL INTEGRATION OF A 6T CRYOGEN-FREE MAGNETO-OPTICAL SYSTEM WITH A VARIABLE TEMPERATURE SAMPLE USING A SINGLE CRYOCOOLER","authors":"A. Berryhill, D. Coffey, R. W. McGhee, E. Burkhardt","doi":"10.1063/1.2908515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908515","url":null,"abstract":"Cryomagnetics' new “C-Mag Optical” Magneto-Optic Property Measurement System is a versatile materials and device characterization system that allows the researcher to simultaneously control the applied magnetic field and temperature of a sample while studying its electrical and optic properties. The system integrates a totally liquid cryogen-free 6T superconducting split-pair magnet with a variable temperature sample space, both cooled using a single 4.2K pulse tube refrigerator. To avoid warming the magnet when operating a sample at elevated temperatures, a novel heat switch was developed. The heat switch allows the sample temperature to be varied from 10K to 300K while maintaining the magnet at 4.2K or below. In this paper, the design and performance of the overall magnet system and the heat switch will be presented. New concepts for the next generation system will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"46 1","pages":"1523-1528"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Effect of Heated Perimeter on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of he i at a Supercritical Pressure 加热周长对超临界压力下换热器强制对流换热的影响
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2008-03-27 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908464
D. Doi, M. Shiotsu, Y. Shirai, K. Hama
{"title":"Effect of Heated Perimeter on Forced Convection Heat Transfer of he i at a Supercritical Pressure","authors":"D. Doi, M. Shiotsu, Y. Shirai, K. Hama","doi":"10.1063/1.2908464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908464","url":null,"abstract":"The forced convection heat transfer coefficients were measured on two pairs of test plates all 6.0 mm in width and located face to face on inner walls of a rectangular duct. Each pair having length of 20 mm and 80 mm, respectively, was connected in series electrically. The rectangular duct was 420 mm in length and 5 mm×6 mm in inner cross section. The experiments were performed for inlet temperatures from 2.2 to 6.5 K, flow velocities from 0.1 to 5.6 m/s, and at a supercritical pressure of 2.8 atm. Comparison of the obtained Nusselt numbers with the former results with a single test plate showed the clear effect of a heated perimeter. Non-dimensional heat transfer equation including the effect of heated perimeter is presented.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"985 1","pages":"1133-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
RECENT PROGRESS IN DYNAMIC PROCESS SIMULATION OF CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATORS 低温制冷机动态过程模拟研究进展
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2008-03-27 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908680
A. Kuendig
{"title":"RECENT PROGRESS IN DYNAMIC PROCESS SIMULATION OF CRYOGENIC REFRIGERATORS","authors":"A. Kuendig","doi":"10.1063/1.2908680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908680","url":null,"abstract":"At the CEC 2005 a paper with the title “Helium refrigerator design for pulsed heat load in Tokamaks” was presented. That paper highlighted the control requirements for cryogenic refrigerators to cope with the expected load variations of future nuclear fusion reactors. First dynamic computer simulations have been presented.In the mean time, the computer program is enhanced and a new series of process simulations are available. The new program considers not only the heat flows and the temperature variations within the heat exchangers, but also the variation of mass flows and pressure drops. The heat transfer numbers now are calculated in dependence of the flow speed and the gas properties. PI-controllers calculate the necessary position of specific valves for maintaining pressures, temperatures and the rotation speed of turbines.Still unsatisfactory is the fact, that changes in the process arrangement usually are attended by adjustments in the program code. It is the main objective of the next step of devel...","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"985 1","pages":"859-864"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Stirling-Type Pulse Tube Cryocooler with 1KW of Refrigeration at 77K 斯特林型脉冲管制冷机在77K下制冷功率为1KW
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2008-03-27 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908581
S. A. Potratz, T. D. Abbott, M. Johnson, K. Albaugh
{"title":"Stirling-Type Pulse Tube Cryocooler with 1KW of Refrigeration at 77K","authors":"S. A. Potratz, T. D. Abbott, M. Johnson, K. Albaugh","doi":"10.1063/1.2908581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908581","url":null,"abstract":"A large capacity Stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler has been successfully developed by Praxair Inc. Performance testing of both the prototype and initial production models of the pulse tube cryocooler has verified a refrigeration capacity of 1kW at 77K using a 20kW dual-opposed pressure wave generator from CFIC Inc. These results were obtained using nitrogen subcooling test methods. The cryocooler design incorporates sophisticated geometry to successfully minimize streaming other and loss mechanisms which have limited the performance of previous large pulse tube cryocooler designs. The intended application of this unit is for the commercial HTS (High Temperature Superconductivity) market. The current design will be deployed for field testing in Columbus, OH where reliability performance will be measured in an operating HTS application.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"985 1","pages":"42-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
CRYOGENICS FOR FUSION 低温聚变
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2008-03-27 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908540
P. Dauguet, G. Gistau-Baguer, M. Bonneton, J. Boissin, E. Fauve, Jean Bernhardt, J. Beauvisage, F. Andrieu
{"title":"CRYOGENICS FOR FUSION","authors":"P. Dauguet, G. Gistau-Baguer, M. Bonneton, J. Boissin, E. Fauve, Jean Bernhardt, J. Beauvisage, F. Andrieu","doi":"10.1063/1.2908540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908540","url":null,"abstract":"Fusion of Hydrogen to produce energy is one of the technologies under study to meet the mankind raising need in energy and as a substitute to fossil fuels for the future. This technology is under investigation for more than 30 years already, with, for example, the former construction of the experimental reactors Tore Supra, DIII-D and JET. With the construction of ITER to start, the next step to “fusion for energy” will be done. In these projects, an extensive use of cryogenic systems is requested. Air Liquide has been involved as cryogenic partner in most of former and presently constructed fusion reactors. In the present paper, a review of the cryogenic systems we delivered to Tore Supra, JET, IPR and KSTAR will be presented.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"72 1","pages":"1701-1707"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
HELIUM-LIQUEFACTION BY A CRYOCOOLER IN CLOSED-LOOP COOLING SYSTEM FOR 21 T FT-ICR MAGNETS 21t ft-icr磁体闭环冷却系统中制冷机的氦液化
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2008-03-27 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908570
Y. S. Choi, T. Painter, D. L. Kim, B. Lee, H. Yang
{"title":"HELIUM-LIQUEFACTION BY A CRYOCOOLER IN CLOSED-LOOP COOLING SYSTEM FOR 21 T FT-ICR MAGNETS","authors":"Y. S. Choi, T. Painter, D. L. Kim, B. Lee, H. Yang","doi":"10.1063/1.2908570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908570","url":null,"abstract":"The helium liquefaction system using a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler is developed. The main objective of this study is to confirm the feasibility of our recently proposed cryogenic design for a 21 T FT-ICR superconducting magnet system by the closed-loop concept without any replenishment of cryogen. Since the cold surface of a cryocooler is very limited, a cylindrical copper fin is thermally anchored to the first and second stage coldheads in order to extend the available heat transfer surface. A heat exchange tube is soldered on the outer surface of each cylindrical fin and heat exchange occurs between the tube and helium which is passing through the tube. The temperature distributions along the copper cylinder and heat exchanger are analyzed by the numerical method taking into account the fin efficiency of the extended surface. The effect of helium gas flow on the temperature distribution during cool-down process is also presented.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"985 1","pages":"367-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908570","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
THE JT-60SA CRYOPLANT CURRENT DESIGN STATUS jt-60sa低温装置目前的设计状态
Advances in cryogenic engineering Pub Date : 2008-03-27 DOI: 10.1063/1.2908583
D. Henry, F. Michel, P. Roussel, P. Reynaud, J. Journeaux, J. Maréchal, D. Balaguer, C. Roux, M. Matsukawa, Kiyoshi Yoshida
{"title":"THE JT-60SA CRYOPLANT CURRENT DESIGN STATUS","authors":"D. Henry, F. Michel, P. Roussel, P. Reynaud, J. Journeaux, J. Maréchal, D. Balaguer, C. Roux, M. Matsukawa, Kiyoshi Yoshida","doi":"10.1063/1.2908583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2908583","url":null,"abstract":"In the framework of the ITER Broader Approach, CEA is carrying out the procurement of the Cryogenic System to the JA-EU Satellite Tokamak JT-60SA, which should be operated in Japan at JAEA, Naka in 2014. According to the Conceptual Design Report, JT-60SA is to operate for periods of at least 6 months per year, with major shutdown periods in between for maintenance and further installation upgrades. For this operation scenario, the cryoplant and the cryodistribution have to cope with different heat loads which depend on the different JT-60SA operating states. The cryoplant consists of one 4.5 K refrigerator and one 80 K helium loop, each pre-cooled by LN2. These cryogenic subsystems have to operate simultaneously in order to remove the heat loads from the superconducting magnets, 80 K shields and the divertor cryopumps.The first part of this study is based on the Process Flow Diagram (PFD) and presents the current design status of the JT-60SA cryogenic system. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the cryoplant normal operation modes including the regeneration mode of the divertor cryopumps.Thanks to this analysis, the architecture of the present PFD is proposed in order to match the technical specifications of the cryoplant with the JT-60SA operation requirements.","PeriodicalId":80359,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cryogenic engineering","volume":"985 1","pages":"445-452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1063/1.2908583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58365570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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