{"title":"Evolutionary Genetics of Insect Mimicry and Masquerade.","authors":"Yubo Zhang, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-012326-031758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-012326-031758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As classic examples of adaptive evolution, insect mimicry and masquerade have been studied extensively for more than a century. Both phenomena protect insects from predators and are widely observed in nature. Previous research on phenotypic, genetic, phylogenetic, and behavioral aspects has laid a solid foundation for in-depth investigations. Recent advances in genomic data resources, analytical methodologies, and gene-editing tools have greatly facilitated the elucidation of the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying insect mimicry and masquerade. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress, encompassing key insect lineages such as Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Odonata, and Mantodea; highlights the pivotal roles of evolutionary hot spot genes, noncoding sequences, and structural variations in driving phenotypic diversification and adaptation; and offers novel insights into fundamental evolutionary questions such as sexual dimorphism, convergent evolution, and speciation. Furthermore, this review outlines the ongoing challenges and future prospects in the evolutionary genetics of insect mimicry and masquerade.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Biology of the Clonal Raider Ant (<i>Ooceraea biroi</i>) and Its Role as a Social Insect Model System.","authors":"Daniel J C Kronauer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-012326-114544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-012326-114544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clonal raider ant, <i>Ooceraea biroi</i>, is a blind, subterranean insect that combines several rare life history traits which make it uniquely suited for use as a laboratory model. The species has lost the queen caste; instead, colonies are composed entirely of clonally reproducing workers. Workers lay eggs in synchrony, giving rise to discrete and age-matched cohorts of new workers. Despite this simple biology, the clonal raider ant displays sophisticated social and collective behaviors, including scout-initiated group raids of live arthropod prey as well as regular colony emigrations. The species also relies heavily on pheromones and other olfactory signals to mediate general ant behaviors such as trail following, alarm responses, worker policing, and nonnestmate discrimination. Here, I discuss how the clonal raider ant provides unprecedented access to study these and other social insect behaviors with modern molecular tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enrique Quesada-Moraga, Nicolai V Meyling, Sunday Ekesi, Judith K Pell
{"title":"Entomopathogenic Fungi for Sustainable Plant Protection: Advances, Challenges, and Pathways to Adoption.","authors":"Enrique Quesada-Moraga, Nicolai V Meyling, Sunday Ekesi, Judith K Pell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-010526-112657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010526-112657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have significant potential in pest management despite biopesticides representing only 2.0-2.5% of the world pesticide market. This review examines the status of EPF by highlighting key successes and exploring challenges and opportunities for expanding their market share. EPF adoption faces solvable technical challenges, but major barriers from entrenched agricultural practices, overstrict regulations, low promotion, and poor stakeholder coordination persist. Legislative reforms that simplify registration combined with increased research and development could reduce costs, improve quality control, and enable multi-strain applications. Investment in social and cultural studies is essential to raise user awareness of the interconnectedness of agriculture, environment, food safety, and health. Despite strengthening social drivers, EPF adoption remains sluggish, constrained by weak retailer promotion and farmers' continued preference for conventional pesticides, which are viewed as simpler and less risky. Advancing EPF adoption demands coordinated engagement among scientists, farmers, industry, and policy makers, underpinned by public-private partnership and extension programs and enabled by effective knowledge-sharing platforms to overcome barriers and accelerate global implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Venoms of Parasitoid Wasps: Diversity, Functions, and Evolutionary Insights.","authors":"Gongyin Ye, Xinhai Ye, Qisheng Song","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-012326-030329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-012326-030329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The venoms of parasitoid wasps are crucial for the successful development of their offspring within or on arthropod hosts because they manipulate host physiology and behavior. Recent advancements in high-throughput omics (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) have revolutionized the study of parasitoid wasp venoms. These rapidly developing technologies have provided significant insights into many aspects of venom biology. However, despite the rapid pace of venom protein discovery through venomics approaches, functional studies have lagged. We summarize the current state of venom protein research in parasitoid wasps, highlighting how venomics has greatly expanded the discovery of venom proteins. We review the diverse biological functions and underlying mechanisms of venom proteins in regulating host immune responses, development, metabolism, and behavior. In addition, we emphasize the rapid evolutionary turnover of venom-encoding genes and discuss how venomics data can trace their evolutionary trajectories, highlighting their diversification and complex evolutionary history.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149102851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Greenhouse Whitefly <i>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</i> Management in Africa and Beyond.","authors":"Fathiya M Khamis, Komivi S Akutse","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-042326-031701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-042326-031701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are among the most destructive pests of vegetables and ornamental crops, causing severe yield losses through phloem feeding and virus transmission. Although historically most research has centered on <i>Bemisia tabaci</i>, the greenhouse whitefly <i>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</i> is rapidly emerging as a major pest across sub-Saharan Africa. Its spread in both open-field and protected cropping systems is linked to shifts in land use, climate variability, and intensified production systems. Furthermore, growing insecticide resistance to commonly used insecticides threatens existing control efforts. Despite these trends, <i>T. vaporariorum</i> has received comparatively limited attention. This review collates current evidence on its distribution, host range, economic importance, and genetic variation, while also examining both established and emerging management approaches. Moreover, it highlights critical research gaps and outlines priorities for future research, arguing for a renewed focus on this species as an increasingly important pest that demands more integrated and ecologically grounded solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insecticide Resistance Management for Mosquito Control: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Challenges.","authors":"Silvie Huijben","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-022026-013626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-022026-013626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insecticide resistance threatens the durability of mosquito control. Extending the effective life span of available insecticides is therefore a key challenge. Resistance management strategies (RMS) have been proposed and incorporated into policy guidance, yet their relative effectiveness remains poorly resolved. This review synthesizes the theoretical and empirical evidence for major RMS: mixtures, rotations, mosaics, high-dose/refuge, dose moderation, and release of susceptible males. Among these RMS, mixtures currently have the strongest support, with models consistently predicting delayed resistance evolution. Evidence for rotations is more limited and context dependent, while support for other strategies remains sparse or largely theoretical in mosquito systems. Many recommendations in current resistance management frameworks remain grounded more strongly in theory than in empirical evidence. Moreover, operational implementation is complicated by heterogeneous exposure, multiple sources of insecticide selection, and logistical constraints. As new insecticides enter operational use, empirical evidence and field-realistic models are urgently needed to guide their deployment and long-term protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Complex Behaviors in Termites: Mechanisms and Evolution.","authors":"Xuguo Zhou, Austin Merchant, Qian Sun","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013330","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Termites are among the most abundant terrestrial organisms on the planet and form one of the two largest eusocial groups alongside the holometabolous, haplodiploid Hymenoptera. Having evolved from cockroaches 150 million years ago, termites exhibit unique social behaviors, in part influenced by their hemimetabolous, diploid nature. Research on termite behavior has historically been limited by their cryptic lifestyles, among other factors. However, the recent decade has seen notable progress in the field of termite behavioral research, in part due to a greater awareness of basic termite biology. Here, we review the current understanding of various areas of termite behavior, including hygiene, foraging, and vibroacoustic communication. Where relevant, we draw comparisons with other eusocial lineages, highlighting how differences in evolutionary history may lead to either convergent or divergent solutions to similar challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":"71 1","pages":"405-426"},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148148142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of entomologyPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-09-24DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013620
Megan E Meuti
{"title":"Environmental Factors That Regulate Mosquito Physiology and Behavior.","authors":"Megan E Meuti","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013620","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquitoes remain the greatest threat to global human health because they transmit pathogens to humans and other animals when females imbibe a blood meal. Disease transmission is restricted temporally and spatially because not all seasons or habitats support mosquito growth, development, host seeking, and reproduction. Temperate mosquitoes respond to photoperiod by entering states of arrested development to survive harsh winter conditions. Additionally, temperature profoundly influences mosquito development, host seeking, and reproductive processes, as well as pathogen replication. Recent research is uncovering how humidity affects mosquito host-seeking and oviposition behavior. Researchers are also gaining an understanding of how light pollution and high temperatures in cities impact mosquito physiology and behavior. Future studies characterizing the interactions among multiple environmental factors will allow researchers to better predict how mosquitoes are responding to increasing urbanization and climate change, to develop novel control measures, and to better direct interventions and thereby limit disease transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":"169-187"},"PeriodicalIF":16.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of entomologyPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-08-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013710
Judith H Myers
{"title":"A Lifetime of Insect Ecology.","authors":"Judith H Myers","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013710","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>I still remember the insect collection required for my high school biology class, not because of any particular fascination with the diversity of the insects but because I hated touching and pinning the dead bodies. I somehow managed, and it is maybe surprising that I ended up working on insects for most of my scientific career. Remembering that abhorrence made me much more sympathetic to students in my entomology classes who suffered the same aversion. We found an alternative. When I look back, I realize that I have raised caterpillars pretty much each summer since 1965. And I have loved it.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":16.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144939751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of entomologyPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013351
Walter S Leal
{"title":"Odorant Reception in Insects: Functional and Evolutionary Perspectives.","authors":"Walter S Leal","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013351","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fabre's nineteenth-century observation that smell is central to insect communication spurred entomologists and, later, chemical ecologists, neurobiologists, geneticists, structural biologists, and evolutionary biologists to investigate how insects detect survival-related compounds. Structural biologists resolved the three-dimensional structures of pheromone-binding proteins and odorant receptors (ORs), revealing features that enable specific interactions with semiochemicals. Researchers proposed that ORs evolved from gustatory receptors as insects adapted to terrestrial life and then specialized to detect species-specific sex pheromones. Most insects use both broadly and finely tuned receptors, but migratory locusts rely mainly on finely tuned ones. To test hypotheses, genes were silenced, expressed in empty neurons, or resurrected, leading to receptor de-orphanization and discovery of new semiochemicals through reverse chemical ecology. These receptors and coreceptors are expressed in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) within sensilla of the antennae and maxillary palps. Recent evidence suggests ORNs may express multiple receptor types, including odorant, ionotropic, and gustatory receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8001,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of entomology","volume":" ","pages":"275-297"},"PeriodicalIF":16.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145298163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}