Annales medico-psychologiques最新文献

{"title":"TDAH en France : les initiatives récentes pour développer l’accès aux traitements pharmacologiques","authors":"Benjamin Rolland","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmacological treatments for ADHD are among the most effective drugs used in psychiatry. The majority of these treatments are psychostimulants, which act by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. These drugs are as follows: (i) amphetamine-derivative psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine, dexamfetamine (which is an amphetamine enantiomer), and its prodrug, lisdexamfetamine; (ii) non-amphetamine-derivative psychostimulants, that is, essentially methylphenidate, which is the oldest drug used in ADHD, and generally recommended as first-line medication, and (iii) non-psychostimulant treatments, the best known of which is atomoxetine. For a long time, France stood out from most other countries in Western Europe and North America. Immediate-release methylphenidate was approved for children in France as early as 1995, while extended-release forms have been gradually developed since the 2000s. The initial prescription had to be made by a hospital physician, either a pediatrician, a psychiatrist or a neurologist, which should officially reconduct the treatment annually. Adults were excluded from the marketing authorization (MA), with the only exception being Concerta®, a form of delayed-release methylphenidate, for which continuing treatment after the age of 18, in the case of initiation in childhood, remained within the scope of the MA and was thus reimbursed. In other situations, the use of methylphenidate in adults was off-label, and therefore not reimbursed, which was a quasi-exception in Western Europe. Pushed by the French Society for ADHD (SF-TDAH), but also by patient and family associations, including the official national association TDAH-France, who deemed that this situation was severely hampering the access to ADHD medications for both children and adults, these rules and authorizations were gradually modified from 2020 onwards. With regard to other pharmacological treatments of ADHD, France has been virtually excluded from them, since their marketing in other European and North American countries. Attempts to obtain marketing authorization for dexamfetamine and lisdexamfetamine arrived around the beginning of the 2010s, when France was in the midst of the Mediator affair, a health scandal in which the prescription of an amphetamine derivative had caused thousands of deaths by inducing cardiac valvulopathy. At that time, the French drug agency imposed such stringent requirements for the marketing authorization, especially in terms of cardiac monitoring, that the laboratory holding the lisdexamfetamine license withdrew its initiative to get access to the French market. Since then, dexamfetamine and lisdexamfetamine, as well as atomoxetine, have been available under an exception condition, which is the \"Autorisation d’Accès Compassionnel\" (AAC), formerly the \"Autorisation Temporaire d’Utilisation (ATU) nominative\", that is, under very restrictive conditions. For example, lisdexamfetamine has to be initiated abroad,","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 328-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trouble déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité et troubles du sommeil : de l’enfant à l’âge adulte","authors":"Stéphanie Bioulac ,&nbsp;Anne Claret-Tournier","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sleep is a frequent complaint among ADHD patients, both children and adults. Numerous studies have highlighted the over-representation of all sleep disorders in this population, with prevalence ranging from 25 to 55%. These sleep complaints include well-defined pathologies such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and circadian rhythm disorders. More subjective complaints are also described, such as difficulties in falling asleep, waking up and, above all, staying awake, expressed by excessive daytime sleepiness. RLS is a comorbidity frequently associated with ADHD, in both children and adults, with a prevalence around 3 times higher than in the general population. With regard to OSA, both diurnal and nocturnal expression of this sleep-related respiratory pathology are described. Nocturnal symptoms include snoring, respiratory pauses, night sweats, nocturia… Daytime symptoms include difficulties with attention and concentration, hyperactivity, irritability, impulsivity and difficulty in regulating emotions. As a result, it is not always easy to identify whether the symptoms observed are the expression of OSA alone, or of a comorbid OSA-ADHD situation. Subjects with ADHD more frequently present an evening chronotype and circadian phase delay syndrome than non-ADHD subjects. Several pathophysiological hypotheses have been put forward: genetic, with polymorphisms in the clock genes, or changes in melatonin secretion. Complaints of insomnia are frequently reported by children, parents of ADHD subjects and adults with ADHD. These difficulties exist “throughout the night”, from falling asleep to waking up. Reduced sleep efficiency and diminished sleep quality are also reported. These subjective sleep complaints were, however, poorly confirmed by polysomnographic measurements. Finally, some ADHD subjects exhibit hypersomnolence, described as a “narcolepsy-like” phenotype. Similarly, subjects with narcolepsy have more ADHD symptoms and patients with ADHD have more narcolepsy symptoms, suggesting a continuum between these two disorders. The relationship between sleep disorders and ADHD is diverse and multifactorial. It is not always easy for the clinician to distinguish between sleep debt or poor-quality sleep that can induce ADHD-like symptoms, and the situation of comorbidities between ADHD and various sleep disorders. In the first situation, treatment of the sleep disorder leads to the disappearance of “ADHD-like” symptoms. In the second situation, it is necessary to treat both the ADHD and the sleep disorder, as the two pathologies aggravate each other. This article presents recent data on the main sleep disorders associated with ADHD in children and adults, and proposes practical suggestions to help clinicians in their assessment. Finally, the article proposes a diagram integrating the links between ADHD, ADHD symptoms and sleep disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 259-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changer de regard sur le TDAH et mieux accompagner toutes les personnes concernées","authors":"Etienne Pot","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 203-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quand penser à l’existence d’un trouble spécifique du développement et des apprentissages associé au TDAH de l’enfant ?","authors":"Thiébaut-Noël Willig ,&nbsp;Laurent Raffier ,&nbsp;Françoise Joseph ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Iannuzzi","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;After the initial recommendations in 2014 on child attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) published by the French Haute Autorité de santé (HAS), followed in 2018 by those devoted to specific learning and developmental disorders, and the new recommendations on child ADHD published in the third quarter of 2024 by the HAS, the issue of comorbidities between ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders remains a daily challenge for both families and professionals. This work therefore suggests that professionals who have suspected or diagnosed ADHD in a child or adolescent broaden their consideration, particularly concerning specific developmental and learning disorders that may be associated. They should rely on already available information, particularly from schools, and on screening tools accessible to primary and secondary care physicians before prescribing any additional assessments. Neurodevelopmental disorders include a large variety of conditions involving ADHD, motor disorders (among them developmental coordination disorder [DCD]), language and communication disorders (among them specific language disorder [SLD]), specific learning disorders (SLD) (written language both on the receptive and expressive side and mathematical disorders), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and intellectual development disorder. We propose herein a brief description of these potential comorbid conditions, together with alert signs, which might give clues towards a diagnostic procedure of associated troubles. Moreover, comorbidities are often potential differential diagnosis. We therefore propose in our publication the tables published by the French HAS to help professionals to be aware of these conditions, with alert signs. Prevalence of these comorbidities benefit from our preliminary but exhaustive data from Parcours de Santé TSLA Occitanie on the prevalence of ADHD among complex neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) with an estimation of more than 80% of concerned children and adolescent being eligible to a diagnosis of ADHD, representing an incidence of 5.6% between age 6 to 15. Among diagnosed ADHD children, comorbidities remain the rule, with specific learning disorders involving reading and spelling (dyslexia/dysorthographia): 46 to 62%, followed by developmental disorders: 41%, developmental language disorders: 24%, and specific learning disorders of mathematical abilities: 17%. This high-level of comorbidities confirms the need for each child to benefit from a multidisciplinary evaluation in various areas of development, particularly to detect secondary difficulties in learning (written language and math) or development (language, motricity), which might be masked by significant behavioural difficulties, or more subtly by pure inattention forms with primarily academic impact. Other comorbidities also need to be investigated, both towards social abilities, and secondary emotional consequences or comorbidities of ADHD including anxiety and dep","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 272-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging ADHD: Case series of patients reaching 45+ with a recent diagnosis of ADHD","authors":"Margaux Courrèges,&nbsp;Jeremy De Kermadec,&nbsp;Hassan Rahioui","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which first symptoms commonly appear before 12 years of age. Educational impact of focus inconsistencies and impulsive behavior has been heavily researched in children, adolescents, and even young adults. However, late adults have not been described in literature, even if the pathological syndrome does not always disappear over time. It can, as it is of note with the four-presented cases, last over 50 years of age, meaning a lifelong past of inattentive and hyperactive repercussions. Persisting ADHD can be correlated with multiple risk factors and comorbidities, which means more complicated medical care. Dedicated therapies, especially addressing professional difficulties, should be validated through research in order to cease repeating negatives patterns indefinitely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 292-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pourquoi une Société française du TDAH ?","authors":"Diane Purper-Ouakil ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Bioulac-Rogier ,&nbsp;Hervé Caci ,&nbsp;Maëva Roulin ,&nbsp;Benjamin Rolland ,&nbsp;Thiébaut-Noël Willig","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.022","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This document provides an overview of the establishment, objectives, and early activities of the first professional ADHD society in France, the “Société française du TDAH (SF-TDAH)”. The SF-TDAH aims to improve coordination among professionals involved in ADHD treatment and care throughout all ages. There are still significant issues in France for people with ADHD and families, including difficult access to care, a lack of trained healthcare professionals, and long waiting times for diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, concerns were raised about the effectiveness of generic medications and the variability of access to psychoeducation, psychological treatments, and school accommodations. The situation was particularly dire for adults, with limited treatment options and no authorization for ADHD medications. Since then, the French National Authority for Health (HAS) has started developing recommendations for diagnosing and treating ADHD in children and adolescents, expected to be published in 2024. A working group for adult ADHD recommendations will follow. In 2023, the national health authorities formed a group of experts and patient representatives to address ADHD-related issues, including prevalence, care pathways, professional training, and treatment access. The creation of the SF-TDAH is an output of this group with the objective to form a collective of professionals to promote best practices, collaboration, and research. The society's members include recognized professionals in child and adult ADHD from clinical and research backgrounds and representatives from scientific societies, public organizations, and ADHD associations. The SF-TDAH aims to: • Improve care quality through evidence-based and personalized medicine for ADHD and comorbidities. • Disseminate scientifically supported information to healthcare professionals and those involved in ADHD diagnosis and treatment. • Engage in initial and ongoing training for healthcare professionals across various sectors. • Combat stigma and exclusion through scientifically supported information. • Promote interdisciplinary scientific research on ADHD. • Collaborate with national and international scientific societies and research organizations. • Advocate for healthcare system improvements to enhance care accessibility and coordination. • Ensure better recognition and reimbursement for ADHD care in the healthcare system. SF-TDAH plans to achieve its objectives through: • Organizing training sessions, public meetings, conferences, and congresses for healthcare professionals and the public. • Publishing in various media, both print and electronic. • Engaging with the public, healthcare professionals, and authorities to advocate for ADHD-related issues. • Developing a national network of healthcare professionals, psychologists, and patient experts. • Participating in national and international professional associations and user organizations. • Maintaining an informative website for ADHD-","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 205-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trouble du Déficit de l’Attention/Hyperactivité et Addictions : concepts et applications cliniques pour une meilleure prise en charge","authors":"Norman Therribout ,&nbsp;Romain Icick ,&nbsp;Emily Karsinti ,&nbsp;Alexandra Dereux ,&nbsp;Frank Bellivier ,&nbsp;Florence Vorspan ,&nbsp;Cora Von Hammerstein ,&nbsp;Lucia Romo","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.024","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Addictive disorders are responsible for a significant morbidity and mortality rates. These disorders often coexist with other psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, explaining some of the severe consequences. The complexity of the mental disorders associated with addiction and the public health issue they represent have led researchers to develop a new field of research: dual disorders, which corresponds to a mental disorder (or several mental disorders) coexisting with addiction. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is receiving an increasing attention from the clinical and scientific community. In France, ADHD has finally been fully considered a public health issue over the past decade, leading to a growing demand for training among health professionals. This neurodevelopmental disorder is common in the population suffering from addiction and pose major diagnostic and therapeutic issues. Addiction and ADHD have bidirectional causal links, which maintain and worsen the symptoms. ADHD population represents a key element for the treatment. However, screening and diagnosing ADHD in patients suffering from addictions pose serious challenges for clinicians because of the effect of substance use and gambling/gaming on executive functions and of other common psychiatric comorbidities, which can mimic or hide ADHD symptoms. Treatment strategies for this dual disorder remain understudied.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;To describe recent data concerning the diagnosis and management of the dual pathology of ADHD and addictions, eventually leading clinicians to better implement the most up-to-date and relevant diagnostic and therapeutic strategies relevant to their practice&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Material and methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A narrative review of the international literature was carried out via MEDLINE for articles in English or French published without date limit, concerning the identification, diagnosis and management of ADHD comorbid with substance and non-substance addictions (gambling, video games)&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;ADHD is identified in 23% of substance addicts and up to 40% of non-substance addicts. Similarly, the prevalence of substance and non-substance addictions reached 50% among ADHD sufferers. In these cases, the clinical picture is more severe. Identifying this dual pathology requires a specific diagnostic process. Standardized screening and diagnostic tools are useful, but not all of them have been validated. Medication and non-medication management must target both aspects in an integrated way. Some promising dedicated therapeutic strategies (psycho-education, cognitive-behavioral therapy) have been developed, based on their efficacy in each disorder alone. Unfortunately, their level of evidence remains low to date.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;As in other dual disorders, the reasons for the high co-occurrence of ADHD and addictions are m","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 249-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact professionnel du Trouble Déficit de l’Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDAH)","authors":"Bénédicte Jullian ,&nbsp;Jérémie Pariente ,&nbsp;Antoine Yrondi ,&nbsp;Fabrice Herin","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in childhood and can persist into adulthood, affecting various aspects of daily life, including the professional environment. The prevalence of ADHD in adults is estimated to be between 1.5% and 3.2%. In France, the 2023–2027 national strategy for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) highlights the importance of managing adult ADHD, including medication prescriptions. The article is based on a literature review examining the impact of ADHD on the professional lives of adults. The review methodology focuses on identifying the main symptoms of ADHD in adults, associated comorbidities, and specific impacts on the professional environment. Adults with ADHD exhibit attention and concentration difficulties, emotional regulation problems, often accompanied by manifestations of psychic or physical hyperactivity. These symptoms can vary depending on the context and professional constraints. Frequent comorbidities include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders, complicating the diagnosis and management of ADHD. ADHD has a significant impact on professional life, with studies showing decreased productivity, lower qualification levels, and higher absenteeism rates. For instance, a global survey by the WHO revealed that workers with ADHD lost an average of 22 days of productivity per year compared to their non-ADHD colleagues. Adults with ADHD may experience difficulties in organization, time management, punctuality, and interpersonal relationships at work. These challenges can be exacerbated by stressful and poorly adapted work environments. Specific adaptations can mitigate the negative effects of ADHD on the professional environment. These include creating an adapted work environment, regular breaks, and using specific organizational tools. A stimulating and supportive work environment can help adults with ADHD maximize their strengths, such as creativity, dynamism, and effective crisis management. For example, avoiding noisy open spaces, allowing standing work options, and providing access to resource spaces can improve well being and performance. The risk of professional burnout is high among adults with ADHD, particularly those working in stressful environments like the healthcare sector. Studies show a correlation between ADHD symptoms and burnout, emphasizing the need for tailored management to prevent exhaustion. Healthcare professionals are particularly at risk, with factors such as stress, irregular hours, and high responsibilities increasing their vulnerability to burnout. It is crucial to raise awareness and train healthcare professionals in recognizing and managing ADHD. Better understanding can improve early detection and appropriate management, thereby reducing the negative impact on professional life. Innovative initiatives, such as support programs, psychoeducation, and specific workplace adaptations, can promote be","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 234-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L’épidémiologie du TDAH à tous les âges","authors":"Cédric Galera ,&nbsp;Hervé Caci","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.07.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.07.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epidemiology studies diseases and the factors influencing their onset and progression. It also examines disease prevention and control strategies. Epidemiology has three dimensions: descriptive, analytical and evaluative. These three dimensions are used to guide public health decisions and conduct research to better understand diseases. In descriptive epidemiology, the prevalence of ADHD is estimated at around 5% in children and 2.5% in adults. Studies show that this prevalence is stable across time and geographical regions. ADHD is more common in boys than in girls during childhood, but this ratio tends to even out in adulthood. Comorbidities with other psychiatric and physical disorders are frequent, making ADHD a complex condition to treat. Analytical epidemiology examines the genetic and environmental risk factors for ADHD. Studies show high genetic heritability, with contributions from many genes. Environmental factors include prenatal influences, psychosocial conditions and exposure to pollutants. Gene-environment interactions and gene-environment correlations also play an important role in the development of ADHD. Analytical epidemiology also enables us to study the long-term consequences of ADHD, highlighting its possible negative impact in terms of academic, social, mental and physical health, as well as excess mortality. Finally, evaluative epidemiology focuses on the effectiveness of interventions, such as medication and behavioral therapies. Meta-analyses, notably those carried out by Cochrane, provide evidence on the efficacy and safety of treatments used for ADHD, helping to optimize therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 215-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approche historique du trouble déficit de l’attention hyperactivité et de sa prise en charge","authors":"Erica Martins ,&nbsp;Manuel P. Bouvard","doi":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.amp.2024.08.023","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5% of children and nearly 3% of adults. This frequent disorder, often associated with comorbidities, is part of a developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood, and can have repercussions in various areas of individual functioning. We present a non-exhaustive narrative review, focusing on the evolution of the concept of ADHD and its management in children and adolescents. On the 18th century, the first European clinical descriptions, by Melchior A. Wiekard and Cornelius A. Kloekhof and later Alexander Crichton, focus on attention deficit using the term of “attentio volubilis”. A century later, Désiré Magloire Bourneville introduced the concept of “mental instability”; he formalized his models of education and advocated the creation of “special classes” in ordinary schools. By the beginning of the 20th century, Alfred Binet writes “Le portrait de l’instable” (The portrait of the unstable) and already highlights the value of positive reinforcement in the school context. Then, Georges Still, a pediatrician, described the syndrome of “loss of moral control”, in children with no impairment of “general intelligence”, with no identifiable somatic cause; which he associated with “Minimal Brain Damage” referring to minor brain lesions. This theory is taken up in studies on Van Economo-Cruchet encephalitis, which in its hyperkinetic form is similar to ADHD as we know it today. American psychiatrist Charles Bradley publishes his first study on the administration of benzedrine sulfate. Bradley supports a multi-factorial model of behavioural disorders and insists on a global management strategy, combining a psychological and a biological dimension. In 1963, Conners and Eisenberg published the first article on the effect of methylphenidate on children's behaviour and learning. Efficacity of treatements on ADHD symptoms both attested of the neurological underpinnings of this behavioral disorder. Then, two theoretical currents evolved: a neuroanatomical and neurobiological approach on the one hand, and a psychoanalytical current on the other. Polemics about the recognition of the disorder and its causality emerged, contributing to poor identification, delayed access to diagnosis and specific care in France. Wood et al., published a preliminary study on the evolution of “Minimal Brain Dysfunction” in adulthood, representing the beginnings of the developmental perspective of ADHD. Over the last forty years, the contribution of neuroscience (cognition, imaging, electrophysiology, genetics, epigenetics, etc.) has enabled us to develop integrative theoretical models of understanding that describe the complexity of the disorder: a multi-path model was proposed by Sonuga-Barke and Fairchild in 2012. Taken together, these empirical data aim to establish a model for understanding ADHD, and neuroscientists agree that multimodal approaches and “big data” analyses tha","PeriodicalId":7992,"journal":{"name":"Annales medico-psychologiques","volume":"183 3","pages":"Pages 209-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}