Contributions to microbiology最新文献

Future perspectives on regulating pro-and anti-inflammatory responses in sepsis. 脓毒症中调节促炎性和抗炎反应的未来展望。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000324030

David Delsesto, Steven M Opal

{"title":"Future perspectives on regulating pro-and anti-inflammatory responses in sepsis.","authors":"David Delsesto, Steven M Opal","doi":"10.1159/000324030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000324030","url":null,"abstract":"Therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock remains a major unmet medical need and novel treatments to regulate the disordered inflammatory response in sepsis are needed if improved outcomes in sepsis are to be realized in the future. Current therapy is primarily supportive and includes timely administration of antibiotics, source control of infection, aggressive fluid resuscitation, organ support and use of activated protein C where clinically indicated. Bacterial mediators including endotoxin and superantigens as well endogenous proinflammatory cytokines are critical to the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced organ failure and are being targeted with numerous molecules and removal devices. Additional therapeutic strategies are focused at restoring the natural anticoagulant levels, blocking deleterious effects of the complement cascade, preserving mitochondrial function, and inhibiting excessive lymphocyte apoptosis. Molecules with pluripotent activity such as inter-alpha inhibitor proteins, sirtuin activators and estrogen-receptor ligands are also being investigated. Efforts are underway to re-establish microbial clearance mechanisms and permit immune reconstitution following sepsis-induced immune suppression. A review of the most current agents being investigated and their current status are presented in this chapter. The organization of this chapter includes sections addressing therapies targeting microbial mediators, including endotoxin, as well as therapies targeting inflammation and coagulation. There is also a section on agents targeting novel mediators and pathways.","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000324030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29925534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

Pro-inflammatory mechanisms in sepsis. 脓毒症的促炎机制。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000324022

Deborah L W Chong, Shiranee Sriskandan

{"title":"Pro-inflammatory mechanisms in sepsis.","authors":"Deborah L W Chong, Shiranee Sriskandan","doi":"10.1159/000324022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000324022","url":null,"abstract":"Sepsis is characterised by a hyper-inflammatory response due to microbial infection. We here review our current understanding of host mechanisms employed to mediate this hyper-inflammatory response, drawing together current knowledge pertaining to pathogen recognition and host pro-inflammatory response. Recognition of microbial derived ligands by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key step in initiating pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. Examples of PRRs linked to the aetiology of sepsis include Toll-like, C-type lectin, RIG-1-like and also Nod-like receptors, which are involved in the formation of the inflammasome, crucial for the maturation of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bacterial superantigens have evolved to exploit host MHC class II and T cell receptors (normally considered part of the adaptive immune response) as innate PRRs to propagate a so-called 'cytokine storm', while synergy between different microbial ligands and host-derived alarmins can augment the inflammatory response still further through as yet poorly understood interactions. The host pro-inflammatory response results in the characteristic features of inflammation: rubor, calor, dolor, and tumor. We will review herein the key mediators of inflammation in sepsis, identifying their overlapping and intersecting roles in vascular changes in tone, endothelial permeability, coagulation and contact activation, leukocyte mobilisation and activation.","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000324022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29925531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 69

Molecular mechanisms of sepsis. 脓毒症的分子机制。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000324009

James A Russell, John Boyd, Taka Nakada, Simone Thair, Keith R Walley

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of sepsis.","authors":"James A Russell, John Boyd, Taka Nakada, Simone Thair, Keith R Walley","doi":"10.1159/000324009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000324009","url":null,"abstract":"In cancer, therapies are targeted at 6 important pathways. In sepsis, there is ongoing controversy regarding the number and relative roles of pathways that are activated or repressed and which are important in the progression from health to death. Adding to complexity, there is interaction of pathways, there are differences in temporal pattern of up and down-regulation of pathways and there are different responses of pathways to therapies of sepsis. In this review, we define four key pathways of sepsis: (1) inflammation and immunity, (2) coagulation and fibrinolysis, (3) apoptosis, and (4) endocrine. Each of these pathways can impair endothelial function, a unifying aspect of the pathophysiology of sepsis. There are few studies of interactions of pathways except for the interacttion of inflammation/immunity with coagulation/fibrinolysis. Successful treatment of cancer requires that cancer therapies interrupt several key pathways of cancer. Accordingly, we suggest that successful treatment of sepsis will require therapies that interrupt several key pathways of sepsis. Perhaps the paucity of approved therapies for sepsis is related in part to the underevaluation of novel pathways, to lack of understanding of interactions of pathways and to lack of interruption of key pathways of sepsis.","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000324009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29925530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

Clinical aspects of sepsis. 败血症的临床方面。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000323983

Michal Holub, Josef Závada

{"title":"Clinical aspects of sepsis.","authors":"Michal Holub, Josef Závada","doi":"10.1159/000323983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000323983","url":null,"abstract":"Sepsis is still a serious threat, especially to patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs). Despite advances in modern technology that lead to an improved outcome in individuals suffering from sepsis, clinicians must be cautious when the septic condition is suspected. Changes in the epidemiology, etiology and foci of sepsis, together with a rise of antimicrobial resistance in the causative agents responsible for sepsis, create a qualitatively new situation. Because the septic patient must be treated without delay, the diagnosis of sepsis is usually based on the clinical findings, the knowledge of epidemiological history and predisposing conditions. Traditional methods used in the diagnosis of sepsis must be employed and used in combination with novel approaches of diagnosis, such as the detection of DNA from pathogenic microorganisms in the sterile body fluids and routine measurements of procalcitonin levels in the serum. Since many septic patients are hospitalized in ICUs, complications associated with the development of multiple organ dysfunction/failure are important. Respiratory, circulatory and renal failures are the most frequent types of organ dysfunction in the ICU. Furthermore, secondary nosocomial infections develop in about 20-50% of ICU patients. Thus, facing sepsis is a significant challenge, even for an experienced clinician.","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000323983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29925528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria in sepsis with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis. 革兰氏阴性菌在败血症中的毒力因子，重点是脑膜炎奈瑟菌。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000324008

Daniel J Livorsi, Edward Stenehjem, David S Stephens

{"title":"Virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria in sepsis with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis.","authors":"Daniel J Livorsi, Edward Stenehjem, David S Stephens","doi":"10.1159/000324008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000324008","url":null,"abstract":"Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of humans have evolved a range of virulence factors to promote motility, attach to epithelial or endothelial cell surfaces, avoid host immune responses, activate or inactivate host cellular pathways and ultimately cause clinical disease. Gram-negative sepsis is a life-threatening complication of these events. This review discusses the virulence factors of common Gram-negative bacteria causing human sepsis with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis. Adherence, motility, colonization and cell entry involve bacterial pili, flagella and outer membrane proteins. Endotoxin (lipopoly-or lipo-oligosaccharide), other membrane components or exotoxins can be potent inducers of the host inflammatory cascade via innate receptor pathways. Capsular polysaccharides and outer membrane proteins can help the bacterium evade immune defenses. The role in pathogenesis of iron acquisition, bacterial secretion systems, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation is also reviewed. Through multiple genetic mechanisms leading to phase variation, Gram-negative bacteria can adapt to changing host and environmental conditions and selective pressures. Further, the antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria driven by antibiotic use will continue to influence the clinical outcomes of Gram-negative sepsis in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000324008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29925529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

Regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. 促炎性和抗炎性宿主反应的调节。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000324026

Tom van der Poll, Marieke A D van Zoelen, W Joost Wiersinga

引用次数: 13

Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of sepsis. 败血症的抗炎机制。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000324024

Nicholas J Shubin, Sean F Monaghan, Alfred Ayala

引用次数: 59

Roger C. Bone, MD and the evolving paradigms of sepsis. 罗杰C.骨，医学博士和败血症的演变范例。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-06-09 DOI: 10.1159/000323970

Robert Balk

引用次数: 13

Contributions to Microbiology : Foreword 微生物学贡献:前言

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2009-05-26 DOI: 10.1159/000219370

M. Collin, R. Schuch

引用次数: 0

Chemical interactions between organisms in microbial communities. 微生物群落中生物之间的化学相互作用。

Contributions to microbiology Pub Date : 2009-01-01 Epub Date: 2009-06-02 DOI: 10.1159/000219369

Kangmin Duan, Christopher D Sibley, Carla J Davidson, Michael G Surette

{"title":"Chemical interactions between organisms in microbial communities.","authors":"Kangmin Duan, Christopher D Sibley, Carla J Davidson, Michael G Surette","doi":"10.1159/000219369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000219369","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteria live almost exclusively in communities with other microorganisms, and often in association with multicellular hosts. These communities are capable of maintaining complex structural and functional stability over time, and exhibit fascinating properties of resiliency in response to environmental changes. This is a result of interactions between microbes and the environment and amongst members of the community. A multitude of chemical interactions occur in microbial communities where primary and secondary metabolites contribute to a wealth of interactions between organisms. The chemicals include a variety of nutrients, toxic or neutral metabolic byproducts, antibiotics, and cell-cell signaling molecules. These chemical and physical signals facilitate microbial relationship that can be competitive, cooperative or neutral, and thus are responsible for determining community structure. In turn, the surrounding community changes the microenvironment of individual cells who respond to chemical and environmental cues in a combinatorial manner. Current laboratory understanding of the genetics and mechanisms of interactions between microbes has the power to help us understand how complex microbial communities behave in the natural environment. In this chapter we review the current understanding of microbial communication, from the genetic and molecular aspects, to our current understanding of their ecological role.","PeriodicalId":79855,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000219369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28218438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 43