International journal of fertility and menopausal studies最新文献_第5页

Coronary artery disease in women. 女性冠状动脉疾病

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

M J Legato

{"title":"Coronary artery disease in women.","authors":"M J Legato","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Although most women cite breast and reproductive cancers as the diseases they most fear, in fact cardiovascular disease is much more likely to kill them: 500,000 American women die each year of diseases of the heart and blood vessels compared with 189,000 who die of all cancers combined. Women's focus on breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer is very much socially and culturally determined. It reflects an outmoded image of women as valuable principally by virtue of their ability to bear and raise children. While women died at about the age of 48 at the turn of the century, biomedical science was extended their life span to the point that a girl born today has an average life expectancy of 86 years. The focus of recent biomedical investigation reflects the changing experience and expectations of women, who will live a full third of their lives beyond the period of reproductive viability. Since 1988, a flood of new information established that the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, outcome and therapeutic choices physicians make for female patients with cardiovascular disease are significantly different from those of men. Regrettably, most of the new information we have acquired was almost exclusively harvested from data on Caucasian women: black women often are less than 10% of study populations. The information we do have, however, shows striking differences between women of different races in the severity and outcome of diseases of the heart and blood vessels: black women have significantly higher mortality rates from stroke and myocardial infarction than do white women. Intensive research has achieved gratifying corrections in the promptness with which physicians diagnose women with cardiovascular disease and in the aggressiveness of the therapy they offer to female patients. The result has been a reversal of the trend for women to have worse outcomes from revascularization procedures than men.","PeriodicalId":79342,"journal":{"name":"International journal of fertility and menopausal studies","volume":"41 2","pages":"94-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19797355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

STDs: Screening, therapy, and long-term implications for the adolescent patient. 性传播疾病:筛查、治疗和对青少年患者的长期影响。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

V Bishop-Townsend

{"title":"STDs: Screening, therapy, and long-term implications for the adolescent patient.","authors":"V Bishop-Townsend","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Teenagers are at higher risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) than any other age group, for a variety of reasons. The risk for exposure to STDs among adolescents is determined by sociodemographic, environmental, psychosocial, behavioral and biologic factors. These factors are complex, interrelated, and often poorly understood by health professionals caring for adolescents. Infections of young adults have their most serious consequences later in life. There is a need for youth to change their behaviors now to avoid future sequelae. These sequelae include PID, tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, genital neoplasia, AIDS, and neurologic complications. Educational and prevention strategies are essential for decreasing the high incidence of STDs in adolescents. Not all STDs are readily cured by antibiotics, and because many adolescents are asymptomatic, many STDs initially go undetected and untreated. There is a need for innovative psychosocial and behavioral prevention programs to be developed and implemented to reach all adolescents. Such programs should provide immediate, sustained, and cost-effective care that will effect a positive change in adolescents' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions, and prevent or modify behaviors that place them at risk. Prevention efforts need to address the entire spectrum of STD care, including behavioral, clinical, educational, and promotional activities. Use of role playing, peer-led rehearsal of simulated risky situations, didactics, and skills building are important, as is a theoretical approach (Social Learning Theory, the Health Belief Model, Value Expectancy Theory, and principles of behavior change counseling).","PeriodicalId":79342,"journal":{"name":"International journal of fertility and menopausal studies","volume":"41 2","pages":"109-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19796930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gender differences in cardiovascular outcomes. 心血管结局的性别差异。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

R S Hartz

引用次数: 0

Preventive health care for older women. 老年妇女的预防性保健。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

L Speroff

引用次数: 0

Economic considerations of primary care for the clinician. 初级保健对临床医生的经济考虑。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

L Fromer

引用次数: 0

Medical and surgical strategies for treating urogynecological disorders. 治疗泌尿妇科疾病的内科和外科策略。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

G Samsioe

{"title":"Medical and surgical strategies for treating urogynecological disorders.","authors":"G Samsioe","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Symptoms and signs of the urogenital estrogen deficiency syndrome occur relatively late in a women's life when endogenous estrogen levels are well below those required to stimulate endometrial growth. At age 60 and above symptoms are common and progress with advancing age. The first and most common complaint is vaginal dryness, but symptoms of lost control of micturition as well as urge incontinence are also frequent. Recurrent infections of the lower urinary tract are common, as well as dyspareunia and a sensation of burning and itching. One third of women above age 60 suffer from urogenital estrogen deficiency syndromes, a figure that rises to two thirds at the age of 75. With a rapid growth of the elderly female population, these symptoms are an increasing burden to the individual as well as to any given health care system. Several clinical trials have repeatedly demonstrated the efficacy in alleviating these symptoms of low daily estrogen doses as exemplified by 8 micrograms/day of vaginally administered estradiol. For reasons not completely understood, the urogenital tissues respond to this low estrogen level but the endometrium does not. Hence, estrogen therapy aiming at mitigating urogenital deficiency symptoms could be given without a progestogen. No side effects have been described for vaginal preparations, and neither absolute nor relative contraindications exist. No protection is offered against cardiovascular disease or osteoporosis, though. In 1991, vaginal low-dose estrogens were declared OTC preparations in Sweden. The costs for the society for this program can be limited to the costs of medication only, for medical monitoring is not compulsory. The clinical efficiency is remarkable, and urogenital symptoms are almost abolished in elderly women receiving this type of treatment, which is practically devoid of side effects.","PeriodicalId":79342,"journal":{"name":"International journal of fertility and menopausal studies","volume":"41 2","pages":"136-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19796936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stress incontinence: new alternatives. 压力性尿失禁:新的选择。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

E J McGuire

引用次数: 0

Current and future nonhormonal approaches to the treatment of osteoporosis. 目前和未来治疗骨质疏松症的非激素方法。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

J P Bilezikian

引用次数: 0

Cardiovascular disease in women: implications of hormone replacement therapy. 女性心血管疾病:激素替代疗法的意义

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

P M Sarrel

{"title":"Cardiovascular disease in women: implications of hormone replacement therapy.","authors":"P M Sarrel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Arterial dysfunction and disease affect a majority of women during their life time. Ovarian hormones inhibit the development of atherosclerosis and play an integral role in the maintenance of normal arterial function. Estrogens act in the liver to improve and maintain lipid profiles and also act in the walls of arteries and in cardiac myocytes to maintain function and prevent disease. Death from cardiovascular disease is reduced in women receiving estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Ten-year follow-up studies of women with advanced coronary artery disease (CAD) show a marked reduction in fatalities among the women receiving estrogens compared with untreated women. Sublingual estradiol-17 beta compared with placebo results in improved exercise tolerance and reduced ischemia during exercise in women with CAD. Estradiol-17 beta infused into the coronary arteries in women with CAD leads to improved arterial function. Estrogen deficiency has been reported in women with angina pectoris who have normal coronary arteries, and these women respond to estrogen treatment. HRT implies the use of ERT with the addition of a progestin. Progestins oppose the actions of estrogens. Counter-effects of lipid metabolism appear to be minimal with progestins currently in use. Oppositional effects of progestins on hemodynamic actions of estrogens may be significant, as progestins appear to induce vasoconstriction of estrogenized vessels.","PeriodicalId":79342,"journal":{"name":"International journal of fertility and menopausal studies","volume":"41 2","pages":"90-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19797350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Principal cancers among women: breast, lung and colorectal. 妇女的主要癌症:乳腺癌、肺癌和结直肠癌。

International journal of fertility and menopausal studies Pub Date : 1996-03-01

S Rozenberg, F Liebens, M Kroll, J Vandromme

{"title":"Principal cancers among women: breast, lung and colorectal.","authors":"S Rozenberg, F Liebens, M Kroll, J Vandromme","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"The major variations in the pattern and level of cancer throughout the world reflect for the most part differences in the environment. It is generally agreed that carcinogenesis may arise as a result of chemical, physical, biologic, and genetic insults to cells. In addition, specific external factors may initiate and/or support malignant transformation, such as smoking, occupational and environmental chemicals, radiation, dietary factors, and specific viruses. Furthermore, endogenous compounds, such as steroid sex hormones, may be promoters for carcinogenesis of hormone-dependent tissue. Although some cancers seem to be related to inherited traits, research generally does not support the notion of group or inherited differences in cancer statistics. The leading causes of cancer death in females in 1991 in the United states were lung cancer (52,068), breast cancer (43,583), and colorectal cancer (29,017). According to the American Cancer Society, this year 182,000 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer, 73,900 with lung cancer, and 66,000 with colorectal cancer. Even with our knowledge about the influence of life style and environmental causes of cancer, little progress has been made. In breast cancer, only 25 to 30% can be attributed to known risk factors. Lung cancer in females, on the other hand, once a rare disease, turns out to be the leading cause of cancer death among women in industrialized countries, mostly due to smoking.","PeriodicalId":79342,"journal":{"name":"International journal of fertility and menopausal studies","volume":"41 2","pages":"166-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19797421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0