Abbie L Blunier, Megan R Cheatham, Karishma S Deodhar, Christopher A Geik, Todd A Walroth, Jessica A Whitten, Christie M Davis
{"title":"Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Led Implementation of Standardized Medication Administration Times for Inpatients Receiving Hemodialysis.","authors":"Abbie L Blunier, Megan R Cheatham, Karishma S Deodhar, Christopher A Geik, Todd A Walroth, Jessica A Whitten, Christie M Davis","doi":"10.1177/10600280231220079","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10600280231220079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Missed medication doses are a common and often preventable medication-related error that have been associated with an increased length of stay and mortality. Hemodialysis is a common, relatively predictable reason that patients are unavailable, resulting in missed doses.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the implications of a pharmacist-led intervention to standardize the medication administration times for patients requiring hemodialysis who were prescribed antihypertensives, antiepileptics, apixaban, and/or antimicrobials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective preanalysis and postanalysis of a pharmacist-led intervention were performed at a single-center, safety net hospital. Patients receiving dialysis and prescribed one of the targeted medications were included. The primary endpoint was the composite of missed and delayed doses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 25 patients receiving 126 dialysis sessions in the preintervention group and 29 patients receiving 80 dialysis sessions in the postintervention group were included for analysis. For the primary endpoint, 118 (18%) versus 57 (9.3%) doses were missed or delayed in the preintervention versus postintervention group, respectively (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The primary endpoint was driven by fewer delayed doses in the postgroup. The number of antimicrobials given on a correct schedule increased in the postintervention group (98.3% vs 99.1%, <i>P</i> = 0.044).</p><p><strong>Conclusion and relevance: </strong>A pharmacist-led intervention for standard medication administration times in patients requiring hemodialysis increased the number of prescribed medication doses given and given on time. The intervention also led to more antimicrobials administered at appropriate times relative to dialysis sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1027-1033"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139641461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brian Lam, Jo E Rodgers, Benyam Muluneh, Darrian Proco, Young E Whang, Katherine P Morgan
{"title":"Real-World Incidence and Severity of Hypertension Caused by Abiraterone Acetate in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer.","authors":"Brian Lam, Jo E Rodgers, Benyam Muluneh, Darrian Proco, Young E Whang, Katherine P Morgan","doi":"10.1177/10600280231223213","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10600280231223213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abiraterone acetate (AA) is used in treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Despite the survival advantage, AA is associated with hypertension due to mineralocorticoid excess syndrome.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis to evaluate the real-world incidence and severity of AA-induced hypertension.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electronic health records were used to collect baseline characteristics and prostate cancer history. Patient data, including blood pressure at each 4 (±2)-week interval, were collected for 24 weeks after the initiation of AA therapy. The primary endpoint was the incidence and severity of AA-induced hypertension. The secondary endpoints include effect of different prednisone dosing regimens and prostate cancer types on hypertensive incidence and the impact of clinical pharmacists' involvement in managing AA-induced hypertension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 142 patients who met our inclusion criteria received AA for metastatic prostate cancer, 73 (51.4%) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), and 69 (48.6%) with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Of all, 43.7% experienced all-grade hypertension, and 28.2% experienced grade 3-4 hypertension. There was no difference in incidence of hypertension between patients receiving 5 mg of prednisone daily and those receiving 5 mg of prednisone twice daily. All-grade hypertension occurred in 39.7% of mCRPC and 47.8% of mCSPC patients (<i>P</i> = 0.33). Thirty-two percent of patients were actively managed by a clinical pharmacist and had an overall trend of reduced hypertension severity after 12 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and relevance: </strong>This single-center, retrospective cohort study found that real-world metastatic prostate cancer patients who received AA had substantially higher incidence and severity of hypertension compared with clinical trials regardless of prednisone dose. In patients with mCRPC and mCSPC, the role of prednisone dose in hypertension incidence and severity warrants further investigation. Overall, results indicate the need for closely monitoring hypertension and optimization of anti-hypertensive therapy by multidisciplinary teams in metastatic prostate cancer patients receiving AA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"994-1002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139721310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinfan Aaron Zhang, Paula Brown, Jennifer Harrison, Marisa Battistella
{"title":"Characterization of Ganciclovir Dosing for the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Receiving Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis.","authors":"Jinfan Aaron Zhang, Paula Brown, Jennifer Harrison, Marisa Battistella","doi":"10.1177/10600280241283966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241283966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The optimal dosing of intravenous ganciclovir in patients receiving sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary objective is to characterize the dosing of ganciclovir for treating and preventing cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients receiving SLED. The secondary objective is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the dosing practices described in this study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective review of electronic medical records from solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) admitted to the Medical Surgical Intensive Care Unit at the Toronto General Hospital (TGH) between November 28, 2016, and September 1, 2021, was conducted. Patients concurrently receiving ganciclovir and SLED were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 27 encounters for CMV prevention, 18 patients underwent 8-hour SLED, 6 underwent 24-hour SLED, and 3 received other SLED durations. Most patients (80%) on 8-hour SLED began ganciclovir at 2.5 mg/kg/d, whereas 80% of those on 24-hour SLED started at 5 mg/kg/d. No breakthrough viremia occurred at 5 mg/kg/d, with 1 instance at 2.5 mg/kg/d. Cytopenia rates were higher at 5 mg/kg/d (33% vs 20%). For treatment (n = 20), 16 patients underwent 8-hour SLED, 2 underwent 24-hour SLED, and 2 underwent 12-hour SLED. Most (75%) on 8-hour SLED started at 2.5 mg/kg/d, whereas all on 24-hour SLED began at 5 mg/kg/d. Viral eradication rates were 75% and 60% at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, with higher cytopenia rates at 5 mg/kg/d (37.5% vs 0%). Dose adjustments were primarily in response to refractory disease or cytopenia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and relevance: </strong>At our institution, ganciclovir dosing patterns suggest that for patients requiring 8-hour SLED, there is clinician comfort in using 2.5 mg/kg/d for prevention and 5 mg/kg/d for treatment. In 24-hour SLED, 5 mg/kg/d may be considered for prevention. Higher doses may be considered for CMV treatment; however, we found greater variability in the dosing practices for these patients. Further research with larger sample sizes and ganciclovir drug-level assessments is needed to optimize dosing strategies for CMV treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"10600280241283966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter N Johnson, Eugenie Chang, Emily Cormack, Kaley Hornaday, Stephen B Neely, Courtney Ranallo, Hala Chaaban, Lucila Garcia-Contreras, Jamie L Miller
{"title":"Detectable Concentrations With Inhaled Tobramycin in Critically Ill Infants and Children Following Implementation of Standardized Protocol.","authors":"Peter N Johnson, Eugenie Chang, Emily Cormack, Kaley Hornaday, Stephen B Neely, Courtney Ranallo, Hala Chaaban, Lucila Garcia-Contreras, Jamie L Miller","doi":"10.1177/10600280241282433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241282433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A protocol was established for ventilator-associated tracheitis or pneumonia using inhaled tobramycin 300 mg every 12 hours in mechanically ventilated children via a vibrating mesh nebulizer, 30 cm from the endotracheal tube in the inspiratory loop of the mechanical ventilator.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The primary objective was to determine the incidence of detectable tobramycin trough concentrations >0.5 µg/mL. Secondary objectives included a comparison of clinical characteristics between those with and without detectable concentrations and identification of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) as defined by the Kidney Diseases Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-center retrospective study of critically ill children <18 years without cystic fibrosis receiving inhaled tobramycin between July 1, 2016, and August 31, 2021. Data collection included demographics, tobramycin regimen, and renal function. Analysis was performed using SAS 9.4, with a <i>P</i>-value <0.05, and a multivariable regression model was performed to identify factors for detectable concentrations and AKI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-four patients (66 courses) were included, with an overall age of 0.83 years. Thirty (68%) patients had detectable concentrations and 9 (20.5%) developed AKI. No significant differences in demographics, diagnosis, mechanical ventilation settings, and number of nephrotoxins were noted between those with and without detectable concentrations or AKI. Multivariable regressions did not identify factors associated with detectable concentrations or AKI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and relevance: </strong>Detectable concentrations occurred with the majority of courses, with AKI associated with approximately one-fourth of courses. Clinicians should consider utilizing trough monitoring for all mechanically ventilated critically ill children receiving inhaled tobramycin.</p>","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"10600280241282433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cefepime-Enmetazobactam: A Drug Review of a Novel Beta-Lactam/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor.","authors":"Cameron Lanier, Tyler Melton, Kelly Covert","doi":"10.1177/10600280241279904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241279904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe and analyze the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy and use of cefepime-enmetazobactam (FEP-EMT).</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (January 2015 to May 2024). Search terms included: \"cefepime-enmetazobactam\" or \"cefepime\" or \"enmetazobactam\" or \"cefepime\" or \"novel beta-lactamase inhibitor\" and \"complicated urinary tract infection\" or \"cUTI.\" Conference abstracts, bibliographies, clinical trials, and drug monographs were included for review.</p><p><strong>Study selection and data extraction: </strong>Relevant studies in English and clinical trials conducted in humans were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Data synthesis: </strong>In February 2024, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the combination beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor (BL/BLI) FEP-EMT for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) and acute pyelonephritis following the completion of the Phase III ALLIUM trial comparing it to piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP). The trial resulted in 79.1% of the FEP-EMT group versus 58.9% of the TZP group meeting the primary outcome of clinical cure and microbiological eradication (95% CI 21.2 [14.3 to 27.9]).</p><p><strong>Relevance to patient care and clinical practice in comparison to existing agents: </strong>This review describes the use of FEP-EMT for the treatment of cUTI and compares its use to other novel BL/BLI combinations including utility in drug-resistant infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FEP-EMT provides an antimicrobial option to reduce overuse of carbapenems for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae. However, unlike other novel BL/BLI combinations, its limited spectrum of antibacterial effect for more difficult-to-treat pathogens and cost may also impact its overall utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"10600280241279904"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morgan Santalucia Augustine, Olivia Roberts, Christina Sarubbi, John Alex Toler, Nastaran Gharkholonarehe
{"title":"Transitions of Care Pharmacist Impact Following Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction.","authors":"Morgan Santalucia Augustine, Olivia Roberts, Christina Sarubbi, John Alex Toler, Nastaran Gharkholonarehe","doi":"10.1177/10600280241278791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241278791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at high risk for morbidity and rehospitalizations. Pharmacists can play a vital role in secondary prevention by providing services such as medication reconciliation and patient education upon discharge. <b>Objective:</b> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led transitions of care (TOC) service on readmissions in patients hospitalized with AMI. <b>Methods:</b> This single center, pre-post observational cohort study evaluated adults with AMI who received pharmacist TOC services compared with a historical cohort who did not. Patients were excluded if they underwent cardiac surgery during admission. The primary outcome was the difference in 90-day cardiovascular (CV)-related readmissions. Secondary outcomes included 30- and 90-day all-cause readmissions, 30-day CV-related readmissions, and patients discharged on defect-free guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for AMI. <b>Results:</b> There were 252 patients in each cohort included. No difference was found in 90-day CV readmissions, with a rate of 10.7% in the pre-TOC group versus 9.9% in the post-TOC group (OR 0.937, 95% CI [0.493, 1.769]; <i>P</i> = 0.842). Patients discharged on defect-free GDMT significantly increased from 61.5% pre-TOC to 87.7% post-TOC (OR 5.424, 95% CI [3.204, 9.468]; <i>P</i> < 0.001). There were no significant differences found in other key secondary outcomes. <b>Conclusion and relevance:</b> This study did not find a significant difference in hospital readmissions after implementation of a pharmacist-led TOC service. However, the service was associated with a significant increase in patients discharged on defect-free GDMT. Further studies are needed to confirm the impact of increased GDMT on clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"10600280241278791"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142339472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily M Harvath Gray,Rebecca S Pettit,Samantha Engdahl
{"title":"Inhaled Medications for Maintenance Therapy in Pediatric Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis.","authors":"Emily M Harvath Gray,Rebecca S Pettit,Samantha Engdahl","doi":"10.1177/10600280241279602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241279602","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEThis review focuses on evaluating literature for the use of inhaled mucolytics (hypertonic saline, mannitol, and dornase alfa), inhaled antibiotics (tobramycin, aztreonam, colistin, and amikacin), and inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.DATA SOURCESA literature search via PubMed was conducted using the search terms \"non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis,\" \"primary ciliary dyskinesia,\" and \"bronchiectasis\" in combination with each inhaled agent of interest.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONStudies were included if they were specific to patients with a clinical diagnosis of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis published from 1998 to July 2024.DATA SYNTHESISSeveral inhaled medications can be considered as maintenance therapies for pediatric patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Hypertonic saline could be considered for its potential airway clearance benefits and low risk of causing harm. Inhaled antipseudomonal antibiotics should be considered in patients who are colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy should be reserved for patients with concomitant asthma. Dornase alfa has shown worse outcomes in adults with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and should be used with caution. Risks and benefits should be carefully considered when evaluating these therapies for use in noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and patient-specific treatment regimens should be developed.RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICEChronic management of pediatric noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis remains challenging due to paucity of applicable literature. Risks and benefits of different agents are discussed in this article with recommendations for application to clinical practice based on studies performed in both adult and pediatric patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.CONCLUSIONSeveral inhaled medications could be considered as maintenance therapies for pediatric patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, with more robust evidence to support use of inhaled antipseudomonal antibiotics and hypertonic saline compared with other available agents. Further investigation is needed to identify a clear place in therapy for inhaled therapies in pediatric noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":"77 1","pages":"10600280241279602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring Safety in Gender-Affirming Hormonal Treatments: An Observational Study on Adverse Drug Events Using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database.","authors":"Michael K Laidlaw, Sarah Jorgensen","doi":"10.1177/10600280241278913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241278913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"10600280241278913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reply: \"Exploring Safety in Gender-Affirming Hormonal Treatments: An Observational Study on Adverse Drug Events Using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database\".","authors":"Lorenzo Villa-Zapata, Ainhoa Gomez-Lumbreras","doi":"10.1177/10600280241277860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241277860","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"10600280241277860"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bypassing Prescribers and Pharmacists: Online Purchasing of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide “For Research Purposes”","authors":"Jordyn Belcourt, Priscilla Ly, C. Michael White","doi":"10.1177/10600280241277551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241277551","url":null,"abstract":"Unscrupulous manufacturers provide consumers with ways to circumvent access controls by purchasing drug products outside the legitimate prescription drug supply chain. Manufacturers are selling vials containing semaglutide and tirzepatide to consumers without a prescription for “research purposes only” and/or “not for human consumption,” but frequently without the supplies and knowledge they would need to dissolve the active ingredient, draw it up into a syringe, and inject it into the body. Avoiding prescribers allows consumer access to products where the risk may outweigh the benefits and quality standards may not be met. It also makes it difficult to prevent drug interactions or perform adequate patient monitoring and follow-up.","PeriodicalId":7933,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}