Ecology of disease最新文献

{"title":"The natural history of salmonellae in mammals of the tropical Kimberley region, Western Australia.","authors":"R A How,&nbsp;A J Bradley,&nbsp;J B Iveson,&nbsp;C M Kemper,&nbsp;D J Kitchener,&nbsp;W F Humphreys","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Screening for salmonellae was conducted on five occasions within a year on mammals from many different habitats in the Mitchell Plateau area of the tropical Kimberley Division of Western Australia. Some data were obtained from reptiles. Forty-two Salmonella serotypes, two Edwardsiella and one Arizona strain were isolated. Marsupials harbour significantly more (1.6 times) Salmonella serotypes than eutherians. Eleven Salmonella serotypes and one Arizona strain were isolated from reptiles. All Salmonella strains were common to the mammalian species. Varanid lizards showed higher prevalence of salmonellae than other reptilian families. Top carnivores (reptile and marsupial) show relatively high numbers of Salmonella serotypes and prevalence levels. Four mammalian species showed marked seasonal variation in the prevalence of salmonellae and three species in the number of serotypes isolated. Pooled mammalian community data for individual survey sites showed similar seasonal variation which reflected the pattern seen in the predominant host species on the site. Significant seasonal variation in the prevalence of salmonella was concurrent in three of the host species showing maximum prevalence in the wet season (January-summer) followed by a declining prevalence to the end of the dry season (October). Prevalence in the fourth species was also high in January, but continued to increase after the wet season (April) before decreasing as the dry season progressed (July and October). Dendrograms of association showed that the salmonella 'community' does not associate according to any systematic category of the hosts and no evidence of such communities was found using other criteria, such as site or coastal vs inland locations. No evidence was found for host or site specificity of given serotypes. Multiple serotype infections by salmonella were common, with up to three present in mammals and reptiles, and they occurred at random. When hosts in coastal habitats were compared with those in inland sites higher, lower or no difference was found in the prevalence of salmonella, depending upon which host was considered. Sites with similar mammals and vegetation sometimes showed marked differences in salmonella prevalence at a given time. Generally a given Salmonella serotype was lost from the host within congruent to 3 months. Surveys for salmonellae should be designed to include a range of species, replicated vegetation types and, especially, be repeated in several seasons. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated twice from a carnivorous marsupial.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 1","pages":"9-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17392650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environment and secular changes in modern man.","authors":"N Wolański,&nbsp;A Siniarska","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The secular trend of human traits has so far been investigated mostly with respect to the morphological traits, mainly stature and body weight. However, some studies of changes in the physiological and psychomotor traits have also been published. The intergenerational changes concern changes in the development rate, magnitude of traits and sequence of symptoms of development. These changes are mainly due to changes in the environmental conditions, particularly of the living conditions. Another factor--though increasingly less expressed in present-day man--consists of genetic determination (especially survival). Migrations changing the gene frequency in populations represent the third factor. In the major part of economically developed countries interpopulational changes continue; in highly industrialized countries no further acceleration of sexual maturation takes place. Some studies from India and certain African countries point to a regression of physical development in children. Since stature and body weight are positive indices of health, they are important from the epidemiological standpoint and should be closely analyzed. This paper describes the findings obtained hitherto in studies performed in Poland or resulting from an analysis of materials from various countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 2","pages":"107-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17733635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Campylobacter enteritis in Nottingham.","authors":"T S Elliott,&nbsp;G M Payne,&nbsp;M J Lewis","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of campylobacter gastroenteritis in the population of Nottingham over a period of 3 years was studied. There was a seasonal variation with the highest number of cases occurring in the summer months. Campylobacter sp. were isolated from the stools of a total of 780 patients over this period. Of these 160 patients with gastroenteritis required admission to hospital. These patients' illness had an acute onset, and the predominant features were diarrhoea, severe abdominal pain, nausea and bright red blood with the stool. However not all the patients had diarrhoea. More than a third of the patients studied were less than 10 years old. The mean duration of symptoms was 4 days and the average stay in hospital was 5 days; some patients required prolonged admission (14 days). In a few cases campylobacter enteritis mimicked other clinical conditions including acute appendicitis. This study emphasises the importance of campylobacter enteritis as a cause of gastroenteritis in the community and the degree of morbidity associated with this illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 4","pages":"291-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17735622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugarcane farming--is there a link with cancer?","authors":"J J Mulvey,&nbsp;H Rothschild","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, there is an epidemic of lung cancer, which causes more deaths annually than any other form of cancer. During 1950-1969, 27 of Louisiana's 64 parishes ranked in the upper 100 US countries for lung cancer mortality. Many of the rural southern parishes in the upper decile for lung cancer were geographically associated with sugarcane production and processing area. In a retrospective case-control study of this excess lung cancer mortality it was found that persons engaged in sugarcane farm-related occupations have a significantly increased risk of mortality due to this disease. To expand this observation, a survey of the environmental exposures of sugarcane workers is being conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 4","pages":"267-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17735695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting epidemic pathways for measles in Iceland: the use of simultaneous equation and logit models.","authors":"A D Cliff,&nbsp;P Haggett,&nbsp;J K Ord","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Six measles transmission chains between pairs and triplets of medical districts in Iceland are identified using monthly data for the 26 years from 1945 to 1970. The years studied are divided into two halves, a calibration period (1945-1957) and a forecast period (1958-1970). Some simultaneous equation models of the chains are developed and fitted using three-stage least squares. The resulting one month ahead forecasts are presented in terms of the expected case levels and as the probability of epidemics occurring. A single equation probability model using a logistic transformation is then formulated and compared with the simultaneous equation approach. The results obtained from the Icelandic study confirm in practice the advantages theoretically expected from setting up forecasting models containing geographically based chain transmission components.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 4","pages":"377-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17736314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme fatigue and malaise--a syndrome caused by badly cleaned wall-to-wall carpets?","authors":"E Nexø,&nbsp;P G Skov,&nbsp;S Gravesen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Complaints connected with the indoor climate are often vague and a cause-effect relationship is difficult to demonstrate. The present paper describes two patients suffering from symptoms in the form of extreme fatigue and malaise. The patients connected their problems to the poorly cleaned working place. We found the working place to be covered with badly cleaned wall-to-wall carpet. Examination of 12 employees showed five to have symptoms related to the working place. Four of the five had precipitating antibodies against extracts of dust collected from the carpets and two of the five had a positive prick test to the same extract. After removal of the carpets all symptoms disappeared. We conclude that vague symptoms related to the indoor climate may be induced by accumulation of organic dust.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 4","pages":"415-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17736317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis in Inuit.","authors":"S Grzybowski,&nbsp;E Dorken","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculous infection was first introduced to the majority of the Inuit (Eskimos) in the first half of this century. In the 1950s tuberculosis became a grave problem with the mortality rate approaching 1% per annum and the incident rate almost 3%. The annual risk of infection has been estimated at 25% per annum. These are probably the highest rates recorded anywhere in the world in the 20th century. Some 20-30 years ago, an intensive case-finding programme as well as a treatment programme began in all three jurisdictions where the Inuit live (northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland). The preventive measures differed; Alaska relying mainly on chemoprophylaxis and Greenland on BCG vaccination, while Canada adopted both measures. Over the last 20 years, the rates fell rapidly with the mortality rate approaching zero, and the morbidity (incidence) rate falling (Canadian Inuit) by the record 14% per annum. The high rates in the Inuit were, in part, an expression of the lack of 'natural' resistance acquired by other races through the exposure to tubercle bacilli for many generations. Over-crowding in igloos and frequent starvation among those Inuit who relied on cariboo meat, undoubtedly contributed a great deal to the gravity of the problem. The rapid decline of the rates is without doubt primarily caused by the intensive tuberculosis programme and the compliance of the Inuit with the demands of this programme; better housing and in some cases, improved nutrition doubtlessly also played a part.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 2","pages":"145-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17392653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum differences in oral susceptibility of voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, to virulent Francisella tularensis type B, in drinking water: implications to epidemiology.","authors":"J F Bell,&nbsp;S J Stewart","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shedding nephritis in voles with chronic tularemia is the probable source of frequent contamination of streams over wide areas of the northern hemisphere. However, voles inoculated parenterally with as few as one dex viable cells of Francisella tularensis palaearctica succumb uniformly to acute tularemia, whereas voles, beavers, and muskrats often thrive in waters contaminated with the organism. Nevertheless, water-borne epizootics do occur in these animals, and at these times streams are heavily contaminated. In attempts to determine the lethal dose, per os, of the bacteria to voles, it was found that there are stable, 'order-of-magnitude' differences in susceptibility of individual weaned voles reared under uniform conditions. Also, voles thus infected often became chronically infected with bacteriuria. It is proposed that the most susceptible voles are responsible for amplification of water contamination and thus for initiation of water-borne epizootics in hygrocolic mammals and for frequent mild infections in man.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 2","pages":"151-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17441107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspects of the ecology of viral hepatitis.","authors":"A J Zuckerman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human viral hepatitis, a major public health problem throughout the world, is caused by several different viruses. Hepatitis A virus is a member of the enterovirus genus. Hepatitis B is as yet an unclassified DNA virus. A number of unidentified viruses cause at least two different types of non-A, non-B hepatitis. The delta agent, which has been described more recently, is a transmissible agent which is dependent for its replication on a helper function provided by hepatitis B virus. Aspects of the ecology of viral hepatitis are described.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 2","pages":"135-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17490239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality, cause of death and social class in the Belfast urban area, 1970.","authors":"D G Pringle","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intra-urban variations in standardised mortality ratios are investigated for Belfast using data extracted from death certificates. Although the standardised mortality ratios do not exhibit a high degree of spatial order, it is observed that they appear to reflect variations in social class. The relationship between social class and each of the major causes of death is investigated at two scale levels: an ecological (i.e. aggregate) level, and the individual level. It is found that there is a relationship between mortality and social class for almost every major cause of death, but that the nature of this relationship varies between causes of death. It is argued that these variations may provide useful clues as to the causes of these diseases. The findings also suggest that the results of studies conducted at only an ecological level need to be interpreted with extreme caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":79218,"journal":{"name":"Ecology of disease","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17733629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}