Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0013
K. Dean, Bock-Gie Jung, Josimar Dornelas-Moreira, B. Samten
{"title":"Identification of N-formylated Peptides with Neutrophilic Chemotactic Activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","authors":"K. Dean, Bock-Gie Jung, Josimar Dornelas-Moreira, B. Samten","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrophil infiltration of the lungs is associated with granuloma formation and the severity of tuberculosis infection. Although several cytokines and chemokines are known to contribute to lung neutrophil infiltration, the neutrophilic chemotactic factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remain unexplored. Therefore, we performed Transwell based chemotactic assays using neutrophils from human peripheral blood and mouse bone marrow to probe the chemotactic activity of the culture filtrates (CF) of Mtb H37Rv. CF of H37Rv induced chemotaxis of both human and mouse neutrophils, and this was also confirmed with CF of 9 clinical isolates and Erdman strain of Mtb with neutrophil chemotactic activity. Sulfasalazine, an N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) receptor inhibitor, blocked the chemotaxis of neutrophils induced by CF of Mtb, thus indicating the involvement of the fMLF receptor in Mtb CF induced chemotaxis of neutrophils. Mass spectrometry analysis of CF of H37Rv identified three candidate N-formylated heptapeptides. The chemotactic activity of the identified peptides was confirmed with their synthetic mimetics that they induced neutrophil chemotaxis in a manner dependent on N-terminal formylation. For all formylated peptides and CF of Mtb, the induced Ca2+ influx in neutrophils was suppressed by sulfasalazine. Thus, we identified novel formylated Mtb peptides with neutrophil chemotactic activity.","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83590330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rapid Visual Detection of Pathogenic Streptococcus suis Type 2 through a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay Coupled with Lateral Flow Test","authors":"Yong Qi, Wei Li, Xiaoling Li, Wanpeng Shen, Rui-Chen Lv, Nianhong Lu, Jiameng Li, Susu Zhuang, Yingjia Xu, Qiyuan Gui, Hongbing Shen, Yuexi Li","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen causing serious disease and even death in pigs and humans. Public health events and economic losses caused by SS2 have prompted widespread concern. Because of the unavailability of vaccines, the development of rapid detection methods for timely diagnosis of SS2 infection or contaminated products, and monitoring of its prevalence in susceptible animals and populations, is required to aid in the prevention and control of SS2 infections.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Several sets of primers and one probe for a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay targeting the cpsJ2 gene were designed and synthesized. Lateral flow (LF) tests in combination with RPA were used to provide visual results. Primers with high amplification efficiency were screened, and the reaction system was optimized. Indicators of detection effectiveness were evaluated.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The established method had a detection limit of 100 copies/reaction for recognizing SS2 rather than other organisms. The sensitivity was 100%, as evaluated in infected animal samples. The detection could be completed within 20 min and required only constant temperature equipment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The established rapid, visual, sensitive and specific RPA-LF assay showed superior detection performance and is expected to be widely applied to fight SS2 infection in resource-limited areas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83286980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0011
Mingbo Wu, Bo Yang, Dongqiang Wang, Ying Zhang, Xiaohui Li, Yubo Zhi, Xinhui Zhao, Jigang Yin, G. Zhu
{"title":"Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Parasites Possess a Unique Carbohydrate-binding Protein (Malectin) that is Absent in other Apicomplexan Lineages","authors":"Mingbo Wu, Bo Yang, Dongqiang Wang, Ying Zhang, Xiaohui Li, Yubo Zhi, Xinhui Zhao, Jigang Yin, G. Zhu","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Malectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein that binds Glc(2)-N-glycan and is present in animals and some alveolates. This study aimed to characterize the general molecular and biochemical features of Cryptosporidium parvum malectin (CpMal).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Polyclonal antibodies were raised for detecting native CpMal by western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Recombinant CpMal and human malectin (HsMal) were produced, and their binding activities to amylose and the host cell surface were compared. Far-western blotting and far-immunofluorescence assays were used to detect potential binding partners of CpMal in the parasite.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Native CpMal appeared to exist in dimeric form in the parasite and was distributed in a diffuse pattern over sporozoites but was highly concentrated on the anterior and posterior sides near the nuclei. CpMal, compared with HsMal, had significantly lower affinity for binding amylose but substantially higher activity for binding host cells. Recombinant CpMal recognized three high molecular weight protein bands and labeled the sporozoite posterior end corresponding to the crystalloid body, thus suggesting the presence of its potential ligands in the parasite. Two proteins identified by proteomics should be prioritized for future validation of CpMal-binding.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000CpMal notably differs from HsMal in molecular and biochemical properties; thus, further investigation of its biochemical and biological roles is warranted.\u0000","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82923130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0003
Zi-Jiang Liu, Liang Li, Yu Guo, Wenbo Xu, Yongxu Yuan, X. Liang, Wei Wang, Yinghua Zhao, Liyan Sui, Xian-min Feng, F. Wei, QUAN LIU, Zedong Wang
{"title":"Genome Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Bovine Hepacivirus in Inner Mongolia, Northeastern China","authors":"Zi-Jiang Liu, Liang Li, Yu Guo, Wenbo Xu, Yongxu Yuan, X. Liang, Wei Wang, Yinghua Zhao, Liyan Sui, Xian-min Feng, F. Wei, QUAN LIU, Zedong Wang","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Bovine hepacivirus (BovHepV) is a new member of the genus Hepacivirus in the family Flaviviridae, which has been detected in cattle in more than seven countries. The purpose of this study was to identify and genetically characterize BovHepV in cattle in Inner Mongolia, northeastern (NE) China.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A total of 116 serum samples from cattle were collected from HulunBuir in Inner Mongolia from April to May, 2021, and were divided into three pools for metagenomic sequencing. The samples were verified with semi-nested RT-PCR with primers based on the BovHepV sequences obtained from metagenomic sequencing. The complete genomes of BovHepV were amplified, and were used for genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000BovHepV was detected in two pools through metagenomic sequencing. Five BovHepV positive samples were identified in Yakeshi of HulunBuir, thus indicating a prevalence of 8.8% (5/57). Two 8840 nucleotide long BovHepV strains YKS01/02 were amplified from the positive samples and showed 79.3%–91.9% nucleotide sequence identity with the discovered BovHepV strains. Phylogenetic analysis classified the YKS01/02 strains into BovHepV subtype G group.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study reports the first identification of BovHepV in cattle in northeastern China, and expands the known geographical distribution and genetic diversity of BovHepV in the country.\u0000","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87139627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0028
G. Dharmarajan, Ruiyun Li, E. Chanda, Katharine R. Dean, R. Dirzo, K. Jakobsen, Imroze Khan, H. Leirs, Z. Shí, N. Wolfe, Ruifu Yang, N. Stenseth
{"title":"The Animal Origin of Major Human Infectious Diseases: What Can Past Epidemics Teach Us About Preventing the Next Pandemic?","authors":"G. Dharmarajan, Ruiyun Li, E. Chanda, Katharine R. Dean, R. Dirzo, K. Jakobsen, Imroze Khan, H. Leirs, Z. Shí, N. Wolfe, Ruifu Yang, N. Stenseth","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging infectious diseases are one of the greatest public health challenges. Approximately three-quarters of these diseases are of animal origin. These diseases include classical zoonoses maintained in humans only via transmission from other vertebrates (e.g., rabies) and those initiated by a successful one-off zoonotic event (host-switch) in conjunction with efficient human-to-human transmission (e.g., H1N1 influenza). Here, we provide a systematic review, in conjunction with a meta-analysis and spatial risk modeling, to identify the major characteristics of past epidemics of animal origin and predict areas with high future disease emergence risk. Countermeasures against future pandemics of animal origin must focus on several key mechanisms. First, the eco-epidemiological contexts favoring spillover events must be clearly establish. Second, pathogen surveillance must be scaled up, particularly in taxa and/or eco-geographic areas with high disease emergence risk. Third, successful spillover risk must be mitigated through proactive strategies to interrupt animal-to-human transmission chains. Fourth, to decrease epidemic potential and prevent epidemics from becoming pandemics, improved source identification and real-time spatial tracking of diseases are crucial. Finally, because pandemics do not respect international borders, enhancing international collaboration is critical to improving preparedness and response.","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73087949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid Detection of Zoonotic Pathogens: An Overview","authors":"Ruicheng Lv, Nianhong Lu, Junhu Wang, Yuexi Li, Yong Qi","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of molecular technology, several isothermal techniques for rapid detection of zoonotic pathogens have been developed. Among them, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is becoming an important technology for rapid, sensitive, and economical detection of zoonotic pathogens. RPA technology has the advantage of being able to be implemented in field settings, because the method requires minimal sample preparation and is performed at a constant low temperature (37–42°C). RPA is rapidly becoming a promising tool for the rapid detection, prevention, and control of zoonotic diseases. This article discusses the principles of RPA technology and its derivatives, including RPA coupled with lateral flow testing (RPA-LF), real-time fluorescence RPA, electrochemical RPA, and flocculation RPA, and their applications in the detection of zoonotic pathogens.","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81396113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0027
Zixuan Xin, Jiating Chen, Hongjuan Peng
{"title":"Advances in Spectral Techniques for Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms","authors":"Zixuan Xin, Jiating Chen, Hongjuan Peng","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0027","url":null,"abstract":"The highly contagious viral illness Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, has led to nearly 5 million deaths worldwide. The detection of highly infectious pathogens or novel pathogens causing emerging infectious diseases is highly challenging. Encouragingly, spectral detection—including laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and their combinations—has been broadly used to detect pathogenic microorganisms on the basis of their physical and chemical characteristics. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with labels can detect organisms at a minimum concentration of 3 cells/mL. The changes in cells’ biochemical reactions before and after polioviral infection can be detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. However, the sensitivity and specificity of different spectral detection categories differs, owing to their different detection principles. Flexible detection methods require interdisciplinary researchers familiar with both pathogen biology and instruments. This review summarizes the advances in spectral techniques used in detecting pathogenic microorganism.","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91292352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0025
Jianhai Yin, Yujuan Shen, Jianping Cao
{"title":"Burden of Cryptosporidium Infections in the Yangtze River Delta in China in the 21st Century: A One Health Perspective","authors":"Jianhai Yin, Yujuan Shen, Jianping Cao","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease in some populations, including young children and people with compromised immune systems. The epidemiology of Cryptosporidium, which is transmitted mainly through waterborne routes, has been a serious public health concern. Cryptosporidiosis is closely associated with animals and the shared environment, and is well suited to a One Health approach to prevention and control. In China, Cryptosporidium investigations in humans, various animal species, water bodies and other environments have been widely conducted, including in the Yangtze River Delta, which encompasses Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui. With the increasing integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, advance preparation and effective monitoring are necessary to prevent outbreaks of neglected tropical diseases, such as cryptosporidiosis, and to contribute to infectious disease prevention and control in the entire region. Moreover, the epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases is a critical public health measure. This article reviews the burden of Cryptosporidium in the Yangtze River Delta at the human-animal-environment interface, as reported since 2001, and identifies the deficiencies and challenges in epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium in this region from a One Health perspective, to provide basic information for the formulation of prevention and control strategies.","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85241598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-01-25DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0022
Xuejun Ma
{"title":"Isothermal Amplification Technology for Diagnosis of COVID-19: Current Status and Future Prospects","authors":"Xuejun Ma","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0022","url":null,"abstract":"During the COVID-19 pandemic, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become the gold standard for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA worldwide. However, PCR-based nucleic acid detection technology remains relatively time-consuming, and requires specialized instrumentation and technical personnel; therefore, PCR is difficult to apply at primary-level medical institutions. Antibody-based detection has limitations because of the late appearance of antibodies, thus making early diagnosis difficult, whereas antigen-based detection has insufficient sensitivity, thus resulting in a high false-negative rate. Here, we briefly summarize the development and applications of the nucleic acid isothermal amplification technique (IAT) and describe four major IATs used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in mainland China, which have been officially approved by the National Medical Products Administration. In particular, we elaborate on the strengths and weakness of the different IAT in practical settings. We also discuss the outlook for IAT development and propose considerations for the future use of IATs in China.","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88025342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoonoses researchPub Date : 2022-01-21DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0026
Yongkun Chen, T. Bai, Yuelong Shu
{"title":"Poultry to Human Passport: Cross-species Transmission of Zoonotic H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus to Humans","authors":"Yongkun Chen, T. Bai, Yuelong Shu","doi":"10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15212/zoonoses-2021-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Human infections with H7N9 avian influenza virus were first reported in the early spring of 2013, in the Yangtze-delta region of China. This virus subsequently caused five successive epidemic waves from 2013 to 2018 with highest reported cases in the last wave making this strain the most successful zoonosis influenza virus in humans in recent decades. No H7N9 human infections have been reported since 2019, probably because of the extensive vaccination of poultry. Although zoonoses of H7N9 and other subtypes of avian influenza viral infections remain rare, the virus could acquire sufficient mammalian adaptive mutations to allow it to cause a future influenza pandemic. Here, we summarize the main findings on viral and host factors affecting the interspecies transmission of the H7N9 avian influenza virus.","PeriodicalId":79199,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82551035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}