Animal Gene最新文献

{"title":"Detection of extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples of apparently healthy dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"Olutayo Israel Falodun,&nbsp;Mobolaji Christianah Afolabi,&nbsp;Akeem Ganiyu Rabiu","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The incidence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) in <em>Escherichia coli</em><span> has generated trepidations because dissemination of ESBL genes constitutes risk to public health. The current study aims to determine antibiotic susceptibility and carriage of ESBL </span><em>bla</em>_SHV, <em>bla</em>_TEM and <em>bla</em>_CTX-M by <em>E. coli</em> isolated from apparently healthy dogs in Ibadan conurbation, Nigeria.</p><p>Freshly passed fecal samples (<em>n</em> = 60) were collected from dogs into sterile sample bottles and processed to isolate <em>E. coli</em> following standard methods. Isolated <em>E. coli</em><span> were confirmed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by means of </span><em>uidA</em><span> and tested against 10 antibiotics via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. </span><em>Escherichia coli</em> showing phenotypic ESBL production were selected for ESBL <em>bla</em>_SHV, <em>bla</em>_TEM <em>bla</em>_CTX-M<span> genotyping using multiplex PCR.</span></p><p>Of the 31 <em>E. coli</em><span> isolates confirmed, 10 (32.3%), 9 (29.0%) and 7 (22.6%) were resistant to ampicillin<span>, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively while 8 (25.8%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). </span></span><em>Escherichia coli</em> isolates (<em>n</em> = 2/8) that were MDR harboured at least one of <em>bla</em>_SHV, <em>bla</em>_TEM and <em>bla</em>_CTX-M genes while another isolate (<em>n</em> = 1) simultaneously possessed the three ESBL genes. Apparently healthy dogs are likely reservoirs of ESBL- <em>E. coli</em> that can spread to pet owners through close contact with their companion animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 200133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48146599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular identification of ornamental loaches (Cypriniformes, Cobitoidei) of North East India using mitochondrial genes","authors":"Mukunda Goswami ,&nbsp;A. Pavan Kumar ,&nbsp;Grishma S. Patil ,&nbsp;Trinica George ,&nbsp;Rupak Nath ,&nbsp;R.N. Bhuyan ,&nbsp;C. Siva ,&nbsp;M.A. Laskar ,&nbsp;Samson Sumer","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>North East (NE) India, referred as Biodiversity Hot Spot, is the natural habitat of a large variety of ornamental fishes<span>. Among all the ornamental fishes available in NE India, Loaches are of great importance in the ornamental fish trade. In this study, 38 specimens from ten loaches species of North-eastern India are characterized using three mitochondrial genes<span> i.e. cytochrome </span></span></span><em>c</em><span> oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S rRNA and cytochrome </span><em>b</em> (Cyt b). The average genetic distance values for all the three mitochondrial genes have increased gradually when moving up from species to genus to family levels. Among the genes, Cyt <em>b</em> gene showed relatively higher genetic distance values than mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes. Some of the specimens of <span><em>Botia</em></span> and <span><em>Lepidocephalichthys</em></span> showed higher intraspecific genetic distance values compared to other specimens under analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 200136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45688875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A β-defensin isoform from the Flathead grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758): Structural and functional characterisation in silico","authors":"P.P. Athira ,&nbsp;V.V. Anooja ,&nbsp;M.V. Anju ,&nbsp;S. Neelima ,&nbsp;K. Archana ,&nbsp;S. Muhammed Musthafa ,&nbsp;Swapna P. Antony ,&nbsp;I.S. Bright Singh ,&nbsp;Rosamma Philip","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Defensins are an important class of </span>AMPs<span>, rich in cysteine with antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral functions. The present study identified and functionally characterised a β-defensin gene from Grey mullet, </span></span><span><em>Mugil cephalus</em><em>,</em></span> termed as <em>Mc</em><span><span>-Def. A 192 base pair complementary DNA with an open reading frame encoding 63 </span>amino acids comprising 20 amino acid signal and 43 amino acid mature peptide region was obtained. </span><em>Mc</em><span><span>-Def has a net charge of 3.9 and a molecular weight of 7.27 kDa with an isoelectric point of 8.88. It possessed six cysteines forming 3 </span>disulphide bonds between C</span>¹–C⁵, C²–C⁴ and C³–C⁶<span><span>. Three dimensional structure identified a short N-terminal α helix followed by β sheet strands stabilized by disulfide bonds. The mRNA structure was predicted by Biomodel server with significant MEF score. Multiple </span>sequence alignment and phylogeny revealed the sequence similarity of </span><em>Mc</em>-Def with fish β-defensin 2 type of AMPs. Molecular diversity and evolution of β-defensin provided immunity to host system against various infections. <em>In silico</em><span> analysis identified its potential as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant and non-hemolytic peptide activity. These intriguing results firmly suggest that the </span><em>Mc</em>-Def can be used as a potent drug molecule in fish health management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 200128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54099384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphogenetic diversity of the selected hatchery populations of an Indian major carp (Labeo rohita, Hamilton, 1822) in the Mymensingh region of Bangladesh","authors":"A. K. Shakur Ahammad ,&nbsp;Md. Asaduzzaman ,&nbsp;Tanzina Ferdusy ,&nbsp;Md. Mehefuzul Islam ,&nbsp;Li Lian Wong ,&nbsp;Md. Moshiur Rahman ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahfujul Haque ,&nbsp;Jayedul Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Environmental changes due to the domestication of wild population in hatchery conditions often lead to morphogenetic alterations in fish. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the </span>genetic purity, demographic history, and population structure of </span><span><em>Labeo rohita</em></span> collected from three hatcheries in Bangladesh using a geometric morphometric approach in conjunction with mtDNA <em>cyt b</em><span> gene sequences and microsatellite markers. The geometric morphometric analysis revealed significant variation in centroid size (body size) among the different populations of </span><em>L</em>. <em>rohita</em><span>. However, MANCOVA and subsequent ANCOVA models showed no significant variation in body shape (relative wraps, RW</span>_s<span>) among those populations. Both DNA-based techniques amplified all genotypes and revealed a high degree of genetic diversity<span><span> across all populations. Clustering analyses based on the Neighbour-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic approach found that the hatchery populations have indisputably diverged from the wild populations. The study of haplotype networks, neutrality testing, and mismatch distributions revealed a complex population expansion pattern involving </span>genetic<span> introgression resulting from human translocation. This tendency is exacerbated further by anthropogenic factors, resulting in the loss of various alleles from hatchery populations. The unevenness of pair-wise F</span></span></span>_ST and the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance of population structure showed a distinct variation between wild and hatchery populations. This genetic loss occurs due to improper domestication processes of the hatchery populations. Ignorance of appropriate hatchery procedures may lead to adverse selection by using poor seed leading to stock deterioration in the hatchery population. This study could help to establish appropriate breeding strategies and provide essential information for the genetic improvement program of <em>L</em>. <em>rohita</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 200131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42894425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A real-time qPCR method for early detection of Bombyx mori Bidensovirus (BmBDV) infection in silkworm","authors":"Gundi Raghavendar ,&nbsp;Tania Gupta ,&nbsp;A. Ramesha ,&nbsp;Vankadara Sivaprasad ,&nbsp;Kangayam M. Ponnuvel","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Bombyx mori</em></span> bidensovirus (<em>Bm</em>BDV) replicates in the midgut cells of the silkworm to cause fatal flacherie disease. Flacherie disease causes a major impact in silk production and severe economic loss in the silk industries of India. <em>Bm</em><span>BDV possesses two single stranded DNA<span> that encodes for putative protein-primed DNA polymerase and adopts its own mechanism for replication. Development of rapid, sensitive and simple-to-use novel technology such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) will be useful in detection of </span></span><em>Bm</em>BDV in silkworms. This RT-PCR assay will help to understand the significant pathology of <em>Bm</em>BDV. The primers in specific to VD2 ORF1 region of <em>Bm</em>BDV were designed to study their sensitivity and specificity. The detection limit of qPCR was found to be 3.01 × 10¹ copy number in the plasmid DNA with 96.3% efficiency in RT-PCR. In accordance, results shown in our study are 1000 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR with a detection limit of 3 × 10⁴ in PCR assay. Apart from displaying an increased sensitivity, these primers show high specificity towards <em>Bm</em><span>BDV pathogenicity. On detection of flacherie infection studies with the specific primers shows gradual increase in detection of infectivity of </span><em>Bm</em>BDV from 12 h to post infection for 48 h. In this case, the copy number reported at 48 h was found to be &gt;10⁷<span> copies/reaction through qPCR analysis. The validation of this method was conducted using 90 diseased samples collected from 10 different sericulture farms. Here, detected virus copy numbers range from 1.24 × 10</span>³ to 1.08 × 10¹⁰ where the optimization of RT-PCR could be used as a valuable tool in detection of <em>Bm</em>BDV virus. Further aid in formulating appropriate disease control strategies, screening silkworm breeds for resistance during early infection stages are initiating reasons for this study. This particular analysis will provide a platform for developing silkworm hybrids to prevent further crop loss at the field level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 200132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45852186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neomycin's immunomodulatory effect on the gene expression, some hematologic parameters, and intestinal histology in two rabbit lines","authors":"Sarah A. Aggag,&nbsp;Menna-Allah E. Abdelkader,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Yacout","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Understanding the effects of antibiotics on immunogen expression and the genetic<span><span> consequences of antibiotic overuse in rabbit farms are becoming increasingly important as customers become more interested in healthy and safe products. The present study was destined to evaluate the effect of Neomycin<span>, as a common antibiotic used in rabbit farms, on immune genes, some hematological parameters, and small intestinal histology in two rabbit lines: V and Alexandria. A total of 160 rabbits were orally provided 50 mg of Neomycin in 5 ml of water daily. The immunity genes have been studied using IL-2, IL-4 and CD1. The results showed an independent relationship between Neomycin-treated groups. At 21 days of age, V-line rabbits had the lowest levels of hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), and lymphocytes compared to the Alexandria line. The </span></span>responder rabbits showed the highest value in Hb, RBCs, and lymphocytes while the non-responder rabbits showed the highest value in </span></span>WBCs<span>. Several cytokines were tested, and no significant differences were found between the two lines. While CD1A1 (T cell surface glycoprotein CD1) increased the gene expression in the V-line innate-immune group and the responder group to the Neomycin. Based on the findings, Neomycin enhanced rabbits' immune responses.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 200130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43336279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One evidence of mTOR signaling affects Ghrelin to regulate the food intake of Schizothorax prenanti","authors":"Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Youlian Liu ,&nbsp;Hongwei Wu ,&nbsp;Fangjun Lin ,&nbsp;Ni Tang ,&nbsp;Shuhuang Chen ,&nbsp;Yingzi Li ,&nbsp;Defang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiqiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2022.200129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase with diverse functions, is expressed ubiquitously in central and peripheral tissues. Recent data strongly implicated mTOR signaling in the regulation of food intake, but the relevant information is still limited in teleost. To reveal the effects of mTOR on food intake in an endemic economic fish in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, this study firstly cloned the full length cDNA of </span><em>mTOR</em> in <em>Schizothorax prenanti</em> (<em>S. prenanti</em>) and found its mRNA was widely distributed in various tissues. Rapamycin (1 mg/kg body weight), the specific inhibitor of mTOR, significantly increased the food intake of <em>S. prenanti</em> (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), which was accompanied by significantly elevated <span><em>Ghrelin</em></span> mRNA levels and had no influence on <em>NUCB2</em><span> mRNA levels in the hepatopancreas and intestine (</span><em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Whereas L-leucine (10 mg/kg body weight), an activator of mTOR, inhibited the expression of <em>Ghrelin</em> mRNA and stimulated the transcription level of <em>NUCB2</em> in hepatopancreas and intestine at 4 h post intraperitoneal (<em>i.p.</em>) injection (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), but failed to induce a significant decrease in food intake. Collectively, this study provides a novel information on mTOR in the regulation of food intake, which is linked to Ghrelin but not NUCB2 in <em>S. prenanti</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 200129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47317416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome and proteome analysis of oviposition- and spermatogenesis-related genes of Diaphorina citri","authors":"Hailin Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyun Wang ,&nbsp;Xialin Zheng,&nbsp;Zishu Dong,&nbsp;Xiaolong Yi,&nbsp;Wen Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2021.200120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2021.200120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Diaphorina citri</em></span><span> (Kuwayama) (Homoptera: Liviidae) is an important pest of Rutaceae crops. </span><em>D. citri</em><span><span> is the vector of citrus Huanglong disease. This pest often causes outbreaks of citrus Huanglong disease and has a devastating impact on the citrus industry. To date, there has been no systematic study of genes related to oviposition and </span>spermatogenesis in </span><em>D. citri</em><span><span>. Based on the transcriptome and </span>proteome sequencing of </span><em>D. citri</em><span><span> abdominal tissues, genetic information on multiple </span>gene families<span> related to oviposition and spermatogenesis in male and female adults was obtained. The gene and protein expression differences of 16 gene family members related to oviposition and spermatogenesis were analyzed in male and female adults. The transcriptome and proteome sequencing data of the </span></span><span><em>Vg</em></span>, <em>VgR</em>, and <span><em>Tssk</em></span> gene families were analyzed. In this study, we analyzed the differences in the gene and protein expression of 16 gene families related to abdominal oviposition and spermatogenesis in female and male <em>D. citri</em> adults. Some of the data indicated that the differences in abdominal oviposition- and spermatogenesis-related gene expression between male and female adults can affect reproductive behavior. However, how the expression of related genes affects the reproductive behavior of male and female adults, including courtship, mating and oviposition, requires further study. The results provide an important research direction for the control of <em>D. citri</em> by using genetic engineering technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 200120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42629511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New candidate genes of high productivity in North-Caucasian sheep using genome-wide association study (GWAS)","authors":"Alexander Krivoruchko,&nbsp;Olesya Yatsyk,&nbsp;Anastasiya Kanibolockaya","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2021.200119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2021.200119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool for identifying loci and individual polymorphisms associated with economically important traits in various species of productive animals. The objective of this study was a genome-wide association search in sheep of the North-Caucasian meat and wool breed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a class assessment determined by a set of productive parameters. Sixty rams of the North-Caucasian </span>sheep breed<span> were selected based on the criteria of phenotype and assigned to one of the groups - elite (control, 50 rams) and super-elite (case, 10 rams). They were genotyped using Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip 600 K DNA array and search of SNPs associations with productivity class were conducted. Candidate genes was annotated using ENSEMBLE database. Twelve SNPs were identified that have highly significant differences in the frequency of occurrence in animals with a super-elite score. From these twelve substitutions, five are in introns, seven are located at different distances from the genes. Most of the genes located next to the detected SNPs regulate development and functions of neurons. The greatest reliability in the associations was shown by the substitutions rs410503867 (</span></span><em>p</em> = 2 × 10⁻¹³) and rs428223899 (<em>p</em> = 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁰<span>) located on chromosomes 4 and 21. Only in animals with a super-elite score three substitutions - rs404739757, rs402746571 and rs413668028 were found, they are presented together next to </span><em>NALCN</em> gene. The studies revealed a number of new candidate genes located near of SNPs associated with a general assessment of the complex of sheep traits (<span><em>DGKB, </em><em>PAK1</em><span><em>, </em><em>CHL1</em><em>, CTTNBP2, NALCN</em></span></span> and <span><em>NFATC2</em></span><span>) and proposed new molecular genetic markers in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms. We are promising to use the identified genetic markers of super-elite animals in marker-associated breeding to improve the productive qualities of some sheep breed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 200119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46220457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dipteran endoparasitoid infestation actively suppressed host defense components in hemocytes of silkworm Bombyx mori for successful parasitism","authors":"Pooja Makwana ,&nbsp;Himanshu Dubey,&nbsp;Appukuttan Nair R. Pradeep ,&nbsp;Vankadara Sivaprasad ,&nbsp;Kangayam M. Ponnuvel,&nbsp;Rakesh K. Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.angen.2021.200118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.angen.2021.200118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Infestation of commercially important silkworm </span><em>Bombyx mori</em> by dipteran endoparasitoid <span><em>Exorista</em><em> bombycis</em></span><span> causes ~20% revenue loss. Though invasion has induced hemocyte<span> encapsulation and melanisation<span> of invaded larva, strategies to compromise with host-defense system by dipteran endoparasitoids is unknown. In the present study variation in genome wide gene expression was analyzed by utilizing microarray data acquired from hemocytes collected at 6 h after invasion that showed significant (</span></span></span><em>P</em><span><span> &lt; 0.05) up-regulation of 423 genes and down-regulation of 587 genes. Among them 11 detoxification genes and 34 immune genes down-regulated showing repressed defense reactions substantiated by reduced activity of detoxification enzymes </span>esterase<span> and FMO<span> in early stage of infestation. The down-regulated genes were enriched after comparing with control and by filtering unreliable probes. GO annotation of significantly (</span></span></span><em>P</em><span> &lt; 0.05) down-regulated genes was used for clustering and categorization of functionally related defense processes. Networking of interacting partners of down-regulated defense genes showed relatedness among the down- regulated biological processes </span><em>viz.</em><span><span><span>, Wnt signalling<span><span><span>, DNA repair, transcription, catabolism, glutamine metabolism, components of cytoskeletal structure and transport. These clusters perform immune responses, signalling, stress responses, cell redox </span>homeostasis, cytoskeletal organization, glutamine, glycogen and </span>chitin metabolism, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and transmembrane transport. Autophagy, apoptosis, </span></span>cell adhesion<span>, cell growth and cellular lipid metabolism also showed down-regulation independently. Down-regulation of defense genes, interacting components and low detoxification </span></span>enzyme activity<span> in early infestation revealed active suppression of host defense at genic, enzymic and interactome level which is an unknown anti-defense mechanism of dipteran endoparasitoids.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":7893,"journal":{"name":"Animal Gene","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 200118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44710050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}