{"title":"Characteristics of Effluent from a Chemical Fertilizer Industry in Southern Nigeria","authors":"M. Sridhar, Ggre Ana, Oa Wai-Ogosu","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42723","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted on the characteristics of effluents emanating from a chemical fertilizer industry in Nigeria with the objective of proffering effective management strategies. A 24hour monitoring of the outfall effluent was carried out. A total of 98 effluent samples from different process streams were collected in addition to 8 samples of the domestic wastewater (sewage), which was also generated in the Plant. Samples collected were analyzed for temperature, pH, DO, TSS, TDS, BOD, Urea, residual chlorine, PO4, NO3, P, K, Fe, and Zn using appropriate standard methods. The flow rate of the effluent was 252 m3/hr. Data from the 24-hour effluent monitoring indicated high values for conductivity (1888.6± 952.2μs) and free ammonia (27.1 ±17.8 mg/l). The results indicated that the Urea and NPK Plants were the most incriminating plants, which contributed immensely to the high pollution loads of the effluent. This resulted in its non-compliance with National guidelines set by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). Urea Plant produced the highest ammonia level of 1381.3 ± 78.2 and 1479.7± 649.8 mg/l for morning and evening samples while NPK recorded the highest Urea level of 2684.5 ± 1336.6 mg/l and 2726.8 ± 411.4 mg/ l and Zn 4.87 ± 1.76 mg/l and 3.43 ± 1.23 mg/l for both morning and evening samples respectively. Among the effluent channels, the West Drain Before (WDB) recorded the highest level of phosphate (148.6 ± 62.8 mg/l and 202.1± 47.5 mg/l) for both morning and evening samples respectively. The characteristics of the effluent provided a basis for instituting appropriate effluent management by the industry. Key words: Fertilizer Industry, Effluent characteristics, Pollution, Nigeria","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84095474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Local Vegetable Oils as Quenchants for Hardening Process in Grey Cast Iron","authors":"S. B. Hassan, E. Dauda, G. Nyior, R. Mohammed","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42717","url":null,"abstract":"The hardening characteristics of grey cast iron quenched in some locally available vegetable oils (groundnut, palm kernel, shea butter and Soya bean oils) have been studied using hardness values, tensile properties and impact values as major criteria. On a comparative basis, hardening characteristics of grey cast iron quenched in SAE40 engine oil – a good commercial quenching medium – was also studied for hardening process. Microstructural examination revealed, principally, lower bainite and martensite in all the quenched grey cast iron specimens. The mechanical properties of groundnut oil, shea butter oil, soya bean oil and SAE40 engine oil quenched grey cast irons are found to be superior to that obtained for palm kernel oil quenched cast iron, but their wear resistance as shown by the hardness values are inferior to that of palm kernel oil quenched cast irons. However, the wear resistance of the quenched grey cast iron developed in this group of local vegetable oils was superior to that of SAE40 engine oil. The potentials of these oils as quenching media for grey cast iron hardening process ranked in descending order as soya bean, shea butter, groundnut, and palm kernel, with respect to tensile strength values. In general, excellent hardening properties were obtained with these locally available vegetable oils. Hence, the suitability of these oils as a better quenching media than SAE40 oil in hardening process of grey cast iron has been ascertained. Keywords: Graphite flakes, grey cast iron, hardening, mechanical properties, microstructure, vegetable oils.","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87759765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of the Random Vortex Method to Natural Convection Heat Transfer from an Open Channel","authors":"A. Dare, O. Ofi","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42716","url":null,"abstract":"Natural convection flows in channels have been studied using numerical tools such as finite difference and finite element techniques. These techniques are much demanding in computer skills and memory. Random Vortex Element method which has been used successfully in fluid flow was adopted in this work in view of its relative simplicity. The simulation was carried out for conditions wherein Rayleigh Number is in the range of 1036 and 10 and channel aspect ratio in the range of 0.03 to 0.2.Both vertical and inclined channels were treated. In the case of the inclined channel, inclination angle to the horizontal was varied between 0° and 90°. The temperature and velocity distributions obtained for each of the cases was used to compute the Nusselt Numbers. A logarithmic plot of obtained Nusselt number against Rayleigh number yielded a slope of 0.22 and an intercept of –0.37 for the vertical channel. Comparative finite element solution from literature yielded a slope of 0.26 and an intercept of –0.16. Nusselt number also increased with angle of inclination up to 90o when investigated in inclined channels Investigation of the velocity distributions along the axis of the channel showed that the fluid is faster at the top of the channel than the bottom. For channel width in the range of 0.03m to 0.05m normal dome-like parabolic velocity profiles were obtained , while widths above 0.05m had dome-like parabolic velocity profiles with the middle sagged. For all range of widths the temperature profiles are inverted parabolic.This study apart from demonstrating the applicability of the random vortex method , thus showed that maximum natural convective heat transfer occurred when the channel is vertical (i.e. angle of inclination is 90o). Keywords: Heat Transfer, Natural Convection, Simulation, Vortex Method, Channel","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90988101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON COMPRESSION, IMPACT STRENGTH AND BARRELING IN RECYCLED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE","authors":"M. Onitiri, J. Adeniyi","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42719","url":null,"abstract":"Izod-type impact and compression tests were carried out on virgin and recycled unplasticized polyvinylchloride (uPVC) for different temperatures, T; from 25oC to 130oC at intervals of 15oC, to determine and compare their impact strength and axial compressive stress (σz)a, respectively. Appropriate formulae available in literature were used to determine the barreling correction factor; C, and the effective stress at fracture with respect to C; σeff. Comparison was made between (σz)a and σeff to determine the effect of barreling on (σz)a at fracture for virgin and recycled uPVC. Empirical equations were developed to describe the relationship between T, (σz)a and σeff. The results show that under dynamic loading, recycled uPVC exhibit greater impact strength at 70oC (142.86 and 171.43J/m for virgin and recycled uPVC, respectively) and temperatures above 85oC; while 85oC to 100oC is the transition temperature range for change in appearance of break in specimen. Compression test show that except at 85oC, recycled uPVC show greater (σz)a. Softening temperature (Ts = 85oC) of uPVC was discovered to have significant effect on the impact and compressive behaviour of uPVC. Barreling causes reduction in σeff for virgin and recycled uPVC by a mean C of 1.2474 and 1.7404, respectively. The relevance of the model was discussed. Keywords: Virgin uPVC, Recycled uPVC, Barreling, Correction factor, Softening temperature","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75076220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nickel (Ii) Ion Desorption Kinetic Modeling From Unmodified and Chemically Modified Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) Fruit Fibre Adsorbents","authors":"A. Abia, E. Asuquo, J. C. Igwe","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V7I1.42718","url":null,"abstract":"The desorption of Ni2+ from three oil palm fruit fibre adsorbents (UOPF, 0.5MOPF and 1.0MOPF) using five desorbing solutions showed a desorption efficiency following the trend, 0.1M HCl > 0.1MH2SO4 > 0.1MHNO3 > 0.1MNaOH >hot deionized H2O. The Elovich desorption constant, β values for the 0.1MHCl desorbent were: 6.45 X10-1, 5.57 x 10-1 and 4.34 x 10-1g. mg-.min-1 for UOPF,0.5MOPF and 1.0MOPF adsorbents respectively. The surface residence time \u001f values for the 0.1MHCl desorbent were; 32.3, 28.6 and 26.8 seconds for UOPF, 0.5MOPF and 1.0MOPF adsorbents respectively. Kinetic modeling analysis of the Elovich and pseudo-first order desorption equations, indicates that the latter model described the desorption of Ni2+ better. Keywords: Nickel, desorption, modeling, kinetics, Elovich, oil palm.","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82055077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strength and sorption properties of cement-bonded composites produced from eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus tereticornis SM.) veneer waste","authors":"A. Olorunnisola, S. Agrawal","doi":"10.4314/%U.V9I0.%C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/%U.V9I0.%C","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of wood-cement ratio, calcium chloride ( CaCl 2 ) addition (0-3%) and cold water extraction on strength and sorption properties of cementbonded composites produced from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.) veneer waste. Hammer-milled particles were characterized and used. Boards measuring 150 x 150 mm were manufactured in a low pressure system at wood/cement ratios by weight of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 respectively at a target density of 1000kg/m3. Physical, mechanical and sorption properties of the boards were evaluated. About 50% of the eucalyptus particles were retained on 0.85 to 2.36 mm sieve sizes. The loose bulk density ranged between 118 and 136 kg/m 3 at a moisture content of 8.8 %. Water absorption by the particles at 24 hours ranged between 286.0% and 433.0%. Modulus of rupture (0.4 - 3.6 MPa), flexural toughness (0.02 - 0.15 KJ/m 2 ), and tensile strength (0.4 - 1.2 MPa) of the boards fell within acceptable limits. In virtually all specimens, over 80% of the water absorption by immersion occurred in the first 1 hour of soaking, a reflection on the water absorption capability of the eucalyptus wood particles. Strength properties not directly measured experimentally and 24-h water absorption values were successfully predicted with existing model equations. Addition of calcium chloride significantly improved the physical and mechanical properties of the panels, while cold water extraction improved dimensional stability. Boards produced with less than 30% wood content exhibited superior strength and dimensional stability properties that can be exploited in ceiling applications where sound absorption is important. Keywords: Eucalyptus, Veneer waste, Cement composite, Strength, dimensional stability Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Volume9,: 42-49","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80868783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System Using Sweet Corn","authors":"T. Ewemoje, S. Lateef, S. Afolayan","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V6I1.38304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V6I1.38304","url":null,"abstract":"Gravitational drip irrigation system was developed using available materials. The system consisting of 4.0 l/hr Netafim pressure-compensating emitters was used to irrigate 0.0015 ha of land where sweet corn was planted under variable water applications in a randomised complete block design with three treatments. Treatment one (W1) received water once per week, treatment two (W2) received water twice per week, while third treatment (W3) received water thrice per week. W1 received 229mm per emitter; W2 received 437mm per emitter, while 653mm per emitter was applied to W3 throughout the\u0000experimentation period. Total biomass yield including bulk weight, stem weight, root weight and cob yield were determined using top loading digital weighing balance. Results obtained which were subjected to statistical analysis at 5% significant level show that there were significant differences in the crop growth, biomass and cob yield. Watering thrice per week resulted in the highest leaf area, plant height, root depth and weight. However, watering twice per week provided the highest fresh weight and cob yield.The trend in biomass yield showed that W2 performed better. Watering twice per week appeared optimum for\u0000cultivation of sweet corn during water scarce season in Ibadan, Nigeria. Keywords : Drip Irrigation, Agronomic parameters, Corn, Evaluation. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6 (1) 2006 pp. 16-21","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83277420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Moisture-Density Relation of Lime –Treated Samples of Lateritic Soils in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria","authors":"S. Faluyi, S. Adebayo, K. Oluborode","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V6I2.38310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V6I2.38310","url":null,"abstract":"Lateritic soils are the local types of soils in Nigeria which when stabilized with lime develop improvement in their strength properties. One major strength property of the soil that is improved is the moisture-density relations which is the focus of this study.In these study, the influence of the physical characteristics of five selected lateritic soils (samples A to E) on their compaction behaviour in the natural state and their responsiveness to treatment with lime was determined in the laboratory. The percentage of lime used on the sample varied from 0% to 10%. However the samples used are burrow pit materials on rehabilitated roads in Ado – Ekiti environs.Tests on lime treated samples produced increase in the optimum moisture content (OMC) and reduction in the maximum dry density\u0000(MDD) as lime content increased for the same compactive efforts on all the samples. For example in samples A the OMC increased from 13% at 0% lime content to 22.8% at 10% lime content while the MDD reduced from 1.8g/cc at 0% lime content to 1.57g/cc at 10% lime content. This was the trend for all the other samples. Lime treatment flattens the compaction curve thereby ensuring that a given percentage of the prescribed density can be achieved over a much wider range of moisture contents, so that relaxed moisture control specifications are possible. Also the optimum moisture content is moved towards higher values, enabling soils in wet natural conditions to be compacted satisfactorily. Keywords : Moisture-density relation, lime treated, lateritic soils, Ado- Ekiti Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6 (1) 2006 pp. 56-61","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"336 1","pages":"56-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78042855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Model Development for Economic Replacement of Equipment in a Depressed Economy","authors":"T. Samuel, O. Oladeji","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V6I2.38311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V6I2.38311","url":null,"abstract":"Decisions on investments in a depressed economy are usually bedevilled with uncertainties as a result of galloping price changes. A sound analytical base is therefore required that will aid decisions and reduce uncertainties to the barest minimum, if not eliminate them. To this end, a model was developed for the replacement of assets in a depressed economy. The model was applied to the replacement of an equipment in an automobile battery manufacturing company A which desires to replace an old heat sealer\u0000(defender), purchased fourteen years ago, with a second-hand (challenger) of the same model acquired from company B. It is observed the investment environment for the period under study which was confirmed depressed as indicated by a persistent rising inflation rate of sinusoidal nature may have beclouded replacement decision in company A due to the effects of price changes. Combined interestinflation rate was used to determine the current value of money with declining purchasing power. Their economic lives were determined while the cost implication of alternative course of action was illustrated\u0000and quantified. A comparison of the present worth of the challenger with that of the defender favoured the defender implying it should be retained, though analysis revealed its (defender's) economic life was in its fifth year. Thus, it is recommended that a better challenger with longer economic life be procured for immediate replacement of the defender. Keywords : Replacement, Defender, Challenger, Economic Life, Inflation, Depressed Economy, Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6 (1) 2006 pp. 62-67","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"354 1","pages":"62-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81737863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Predictive Model Equations for Palm Kernel (Elaeis guneensis J.) and Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Oil Colour","authors":"R. Akinoso, J. Igbeka, T. Olayanju","doi":"10.4314/JASET.V6I1.38307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASET.V6I1.38307","url":null,"abstract":"A 3-factor experimental design was used to determine the influence of moisture content, roasting duration and temperature on palm kernel and sesame oil colours. Four levels each of these parameters were used. The data obtained were used to develop prediction models for palm kernel and sesame oil colours. Coefficient of determination R2 , probability of prediction F, and analysis of variance technique were employed to authenticate the adequacy of the models. Colour intensity increased with increase in moisture content, roasting duration and temperature of both oilseeds. Rated by lovibond unit, palm kernel oil colour varied from 6.4 to 8.8 yellow and 2.7 to 3.8 red. Sesame oil colour varied from 5.8 to 8.3 yellow and 2.3 to 3.4 red. Therefore the three parameters investigated all had significant effects on palm kernel and sesame oil colour. Coefficients of determination R2 at 95 % confidence level for palm kernel and sesame oil colours\u0000were 0.94 and 0.93 respectively. Probability of prediction F, for palm kernel oil colour was 0.92 and 0.77 was recorded for sesame oil. Estimated error of ± 0.18 and ± 0.2 are envisaged while applying the models for predicting palm kernel and sesame oil colours respectively. Keywords : Palm kernel, Sesame, Palm kernel, Oil Colour, Process Parameters, Model. Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6 (1) 2006 pp. 34-38","PeriodicalId":7884,"journal":{"name":"Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"34-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78151123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}