American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of C-peptide in Type 2 Diabetic Patient in Douala Cameroon: C-peptide Correlation with BMI and Duration of Diabetes","authors":"M. Diane, Mbango-Ekouta Noel Désirée, N. Pierre, Assiene Oyong Damase Serge, Eloumou Bagnaka Servais, A. Dieudonné","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBLS.20210905.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBLS.20210905.12","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The C-peptide assay is the more reliable indicator of insulin secretion than insulin itself, making it possible to optimize the treatment and to anticipate the evolution of complications linked to type 2 diabetes. The present study reports the relationship between the levels of C-peptide, the body mass index and the duration of type 2 diabetes in two hospitals (General Hospital and Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital) in the city of Douala Cameroon. The aim of this study was to assess relationship between serum C-peptide levels with some patient characteristics such as duration in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Methods: We carried out an analytical cross-sectional study over a period of 9 months of patients with type 2 diabetes regularly monitored at the General Hospital and Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital of Douala Cameroon. We included any patient whose diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was mentioned in the medical file. The C-peptide assays after fasting blood sampling were carried out according to the principle of electro-chemiluminescence assay. The ANOVA and PEARSON tests made it possible to compare groups and look for correlations between C-peptide and other variables. The significant threshold was set at P˂0.05. Results: We included 90 subjects with a mean age of 58±12.31 years. The average BMI was 28.18±5.51 kg/m2. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.71±6.94 years, the mean C-peptide level was 2.50±1.68 ng/ml. We found that C-Peptide levels increased with body mass index (P=0.004) and patient age (P=0.004). Conversely, we found that C-peptide levels increased with duration of diabetes but not significantly (P=0.411). Conclusion: The C-peptide levels make it possible to objectify the residual secretion of pancreatic beta cells. We found that C-peptide levels increases with increasing body mass index, but they were no significant correlation between C-peptide levels and the diabetes duration.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"43 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88189113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of Meridian Entities and the Third Regulatory Framework","authors":"Xu Yueyuan","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBLS.20210905.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBLS.20210905.11","url":null,"abstract":"Human diseases are the result of neuromodulation and humoral regulation disorders. However, the Chinese people have carried out acupuncture experiments on the body for thousands of years, and their curative effects have convinced them that the meridians and acupoint structure based on acupuncture and moxibustion is not a simple mechanism of nerve conduction and humoral regulation. This study adopts \"Xu's pulse diagnosis Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritance technology\". According to \"Lingshu · meridians\", the pulse on the skin surface of the whole body was perceived. Pulse diagnosis found that there were longitudinal and transverse pulsating thin lines on the body surface. Then through the meridian pen to test the vertical and horizontal conduction path, acupuncture to verify the clinical effect, and local anatomy to confirm the existence of meridian and acupoint entities in the human body. Finally, it is determined that there are 31 pairs of transverse meridians and 13 pairs of longitudinal meridians in human epidermis and dermis. It is highly consistent with the meridian path of the twelve meridians, the odd meridians and the eight meridians of traditional Chinese medicine, and the position of acupoints is also highly consistent. According to the new development of skin anatomy, this paper expounds the physiological and pathological regulation mechanism of meridian structure, and determines that there is an artificial external regulation system based on vertical and horizontal meridian structure in human body.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82932954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Challenges of Delta Variant of Coronavirus and Indian Vaccinations Can Envision the Coronavirus and Its Effects","authors":"J. Malviya, A. Parmar, Lokesh Parmar, Roshni Khan, Rituja Roy, Sushmita Kanade, Prince Giri, Balram Rathore","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.16","url":null,"abstract":"Since the outbreak of the novel corona virus disease COVID-19, precipitated by way of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this sickness has unfolded hastily round the globe. Considering the practicable risk of a pandemic, scientists and medical doctors have been racing to apprehend this new virus and the pathophysiology of this disorder to discover feasible therapy regimens and find out fantastic therapeutic sellers and vaccines. To guide the cutting-edge lookup and development, CAS has produced a extraordinary record to furnish an overview of posted scientific statistics with an emphasis on patents in the CAS content material collection. It highlights antiviral techniques involving small molecules and biologics concentrated on complicated molecular interactions concerned in corona virus contamination and replication. The drug-repurposing effort documented herein focuses principally on dealers recognized to be superb in opposition to different RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The current secondary data have been chosen for the study while text 16 research articles to focus the study. The review is focus on that the challenges of coronaviruses and the new strains in Indian population due to constantly virus has changed through mutation appeared and disappeared too the more diverse and spread easily and resistant to treatments or vaccines. The vaccination in India is slow rate due to unavailability of the raw materials; the two Indian vaccine development companies have not able to provided vaccines as per the requirement. Unawareness has also been a biggest problem to the pandemic situation in the second wave of the coronavirus with new variants. The present study is deals with the challenges of new variants of coronavirus; the conditions of health system; Crisis of medicine, oxygen cylinder, failure of management increase more cases and finally the vaccination process; management and availability.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82968940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster and Principal Component Analysis of Semi-Dwarf Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Recombinant Inbred Lines with Emphasis to Lodging","authors":"Getahun Bekana","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.12","url":null,"abstract":"Tef is the main cereal crop widely produced and consumed in Ethiopia and preferred by millions of local smallholder farmers. It also gained recognition as a food crop in other parts of the world very recently due to its gluten-free grains and its nutritive value. Lodging is the major factor which greatly reduces both yields and quality of tef grain as well as the straw. The current study was conducted to group the lines as their similarities and assess the magnitude of genetic distances among them; then identify the contribution of individual traits for total variations. A total of 49 lines were evaluated for 16 traits using simple lattice design at Holetta and Debre Zeit in 2017 main rainy season. All the traits evaluated over the locations showed highly significant differences among the lines except fertile tiller per plant, while the lines x location interaction effect was highly significant for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into four clusters based on their similarity. The highest inter-cluster distance noted between clusters two and four while the lowest was between clusters one and four. Principal component analysis showed that about 77.6% of the gross variance among lines explained by five Principal components with eigenvalues greater than unity. This study revealed that four recombinant inbred lines had higher yield than local and standard checks. RIL# 14 showed highest grain yield, low lodging index and other desirable traits than all lines, which could base and strengthen future tef breeding if incorporated as plant material; especially for lodging problem.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78587869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Pasteurella multocida in Village Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria","authors":"J. Lawal, A. Ibrahim, Muazu Ayuba, U. Ibrahim","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210904.14","url":null,"abstract":"Pasteurella multocida is a highly contagious bacterial pathogen that causes cholera in chickens and water fowls. From September 2019 to February 2021, 600 samples, consisting of tracheal and cloacal swabs (300 samples each), were obtained from 300 seemingly healthy village chickens from households and live bird markets to evaluate the prevalence of P. multocida, test for its antibiotic susceptibility profile and multiple drug resistance patterns. Trachea and cloacal swabs collected were cultured on sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar, isolation and identification was based on morphological characteristics. Prevalence was higher in chickens sampled from live birds’ markets (27.0%) than those from households (16.3%), and higher in hens (13.3%) than in cocks (8.7%). Pure culture colonies were characterized using biochemical test and isolates identified by biochemical characterization were further subjected to Microbact GNB 24E test. Twenty three pure isolates of P. multocida were recovered, eighteen found in the trachea, and five in the cloaca, with an overall prevalence of 21.7%. Disk diffusion approach was used to assess in vitro susceptibility of isolates to 18 different antimicrobial agents. Isolates demonstrated multidrug-resistant to 15 of the antimicrobial compounds used. Antibiogram showed isolates to be extremely susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and neomycin, and total resistant to erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulinate, cefuroxime, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, tylosin, and furasol. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from healthy village chickens, indicates they are carriers of the pathogen and that the bacterium has multidrug resistance. To control fowl cholera, it is also recommended that field veterinarians conduct sensitivity tests prior to administering antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75924619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding the Best Performing Pre-Trained CNN Model for Image Classification: Using a Class Activation Map to Spot Abnormal Parts in Diabetic Retinopathy Image","authors":"Jihyung Kim","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBLS.20210904.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBLS.20210904.11","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common eye disease that people get from diabetes. About 33.7% of the people with diabetes have DR. With our datas, which are pictures of the eyeball with and without DR, we tried different convolutional neural network (CNN) models to get the best accuracy score. We tested our datas with a default CNN model, and 5 different pre-trained models: MobileNet, VGG16, VGG19, Inception V3, and Inception ResNet V2. The default CNN model didn’t perform very well, getting only 10.4%. The pre-trained model also didn’t perform as good as expected, so we decided to use GRU with the models, which increases the score. For the higher accuracy, we added bidirectional GRU to train the whole parameters in the model. The 5 different pre-trained models scored an average of 74.2% accuracy score, and Inception ResNet V2 with bidirectional GRU included scored the highest accuracy, achieving 83.57%. For additional study, we used a class activation map to spot the abnormal parts of the eyeball with DR, and we could spot abnormal veins and bleeding on the eyeball. However, our research has limitations on that we did not use the segmentation methods, which is more advanced technique compared to classification, such as U-net, Fully Convolutional Network (FCN), Deep Lab V3, and Feature Pyramid Network. Furthermore, even though our model classified 5 different classes, the fact that the highest accuracy score was lower than 90% is also a limitation. For further study, we would prepare a masking method for applying segmentation methods to our dataset.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84425942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross Sectional Study to Assess the Association of Thyroid Autoantibodies with Thyroid Malignancies in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh","authors":"Mitan Chakma, M. Barua, Kyaw Khin U, Mahmud Ullah Faruquee, Sayed Muhammad Alauddin Sharif, Shahin Ibn Rahman, Afjal Hossain, Aman Ullah","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbls.20210903.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210903.14","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant lesion and its incidence continues to rise. The aim of this study was to assess association between thyroid antibodies and thyroid malignancies. This was a cross sectional study of 120 patients with thyroid nodules undergoing thyroidectomy with recorded preoperative thyroid antibodies [autoantibodies to thyroglobulin (TgAb) and/or thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb)] levels from 2017 to 2018 admitted at the ENT Department of Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong. Analysis was done to assess the association between preoperative thyroid antibody levels, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) results, type of thyroid surgery and final histopathology. Mean age of the study population was 35.58 years (SD:±11.36). According to the final histopathological diagnosis of the 120 patients 80% were benign and other 20% were malignant. Men are more likely to suffer from thyroid malignancy than women (33.3% versus 18.9%). Multinodules are predominant group than solitary nodule (55% versus 45%). Though the prevalence of thyroid malignancies is more in solitary group than multinodules group (22.2% versus 18.2%) the difference is not statistically significant. Among the benign nodules most of them (88.5%) were nodular goiter and among the malignancies most of them were (80.3%) were papillary thyroid carcinoma. There is moderate agreement between FNA and histopathological diagnosis (kappa is .405). The patients with high TSH level in comparison to low TSH level were significantly associated with thyroid malignancy. The patients with preoperative elevated TgAb (≥ 40IU/mL) has 2.55 times of more chance to have malignant lesion than the patients who has normal TgAb level. The study revealed that elevated level of TgAb may act as an independent prediction factor for thyroid malignancy.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89456072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Obstetric Complications in Debre Behran Referral Hospital, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: A Matched Case-control Study","authors":"A. Balcha, Robert Wondimu, Z. Kaba","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbls.20210903.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210903.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Obstetric complications are health problems that occur during pregnancy, delivery and postnatal period. In Ethiopia, obstetric complications are the major cause of maternal death in which results from represent a mix of risk factors such as illiteracy, lack of information, low use of health care, previous obstetric complications, previous chronic medical conditions, remote location, poverty and poor decision-making power of women. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess determinants of obstetric complications in Debre Berhan Referral hospital, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Method: An institutional based matched case-control study was conducted on determinants of obstetric complications in Debre Berhan Referral Hospital from March 10 to April 30, 2019. Systematic sampling method was used to select 47 cases and 94 controls a total sample size of 141 and data was collected using pre-tested standardized questionnaire and checklist. Then data was entered and cleaned using Epi-info version 7.0, bivariate and multivariate analysis was done using conditional logistic regression on SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics and odds ratio with 95% CI was computed for predictor variables and P-value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Age 35 years and above [(COR=1.8, 95% CI: (1.023-3.27)], age of first pregnancy less than 18 years [AOR=2.825, 95% CI, (1.021-3.273)], lack information access [AOR=13.742, 95% CI, (4.935-38.270)], birth interval less or equal 1 year [AOR=2.581, 95% CI, (1.679-3.896)]; past obstetric complications [AOR=3.450, 95% CI, (2.001-4.155)], anemia [AOR=3.1, 95% CI, (2.002-4.414)], focused ANC utilizations [AOR=0.30, 95% CI, (0.014-0.877)], and induced labor [AOR=4.9, 95% CI 1.008-7.321)] showed significant association with an obstetric complications. Conclusions and recommendations: ANC, age, birth interval, past obstetric complications, abortion, information access, educational status, planned pregnancy, anaemia, weight loss, and FP were determinants of obstetric complications in study area. Therefore, providing appropriate information on potential obstetric complications, accessed maternal health services and empower women is very important.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87314799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Phytochemical Composition, Free Radical Scavenging Activity, and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Herbs Against Two Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria","authors":"M. Bomma, Lam Duong, S. Mentreddy, F. Okafor, Qunying Yuan","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbls.20210903.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbls.20210903.12","url":null,"abstract":"Spices and herbs, owing to their natural benefits to human health, are gaining momentum as food preservatives in recent years. Due to their antioxidant activity, their extracts with bioactive principles form the basis of pharmaceutical and food processing applications. Two of such crops, mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) and red turmeric (Curcuma longa), were compared for their phytochemical composition, the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts, and their antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis in this study. Our results showed that the mountain mint had higher total phenolic content and total tannin content: 614.41±3.96 and 529.74±4.39 mg gallic acid equivalents/gram dry weight extract. In comparison, red turmeric had higher total flavonoid content: 1250.51±8.10 mg catechin equivalents/gram dry weight extract. A lower IC50 value (21.39±0.86 μg/mL) of red turmeric reflected its higher antioxidant activity. A lower concentration of methanolic extract of red turmeric rhizome was needed for both MIC (62.5 and 125 μg/mL) and MBC (125 and 250 μg/mL) assay against L. monocytogenes and S. enteritidis, respectively. In conclusion, these findings showed the red turmeric methanolic extract as a source of potential phytochemicals and antioxidants exhibited relative efficiency with antimicrobial activity against two common foodborne pathogens. The results have implications for use in processed food preservation and protection against food spoilage pathogens.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85664577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Student's Knowledge in high Institute of Medical Technology / Abuslim about Tuberculosis diseases","authors":"H. Amer, A. Ouhida","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-558078/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-558078/V1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Objective: A purposive study aims to identify the student knowledge about tuberculosis disease.\u0000Methods: The sample of 140 students was selected from the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth class from the medical departments in high Institute of Medical Technology/abusleem for the period from March 2019 to June 2019. The questionnaire was designed to achieve the aims of study, it was consisting of many parts, the first content the demographic information, the second part include knowledge of students about categories that infected with tuberculosis. The third part include the student knowledge of the signs of disease, the fourth content methods of transmission of disease, and the last part include the student information about the methods of protection of tuberculosis disease. Data were analyzed by using frequency distribution, percentage\u0000Results: This study found insufficient TB knowledge in a sample of students, poor knowledge about TB. They must improve knowledge about TB, because these students could be exposed to the Mycobacterium strains during their training activities or when they are employed in private and public health care settings. Key words: student – TB – knowledge – bacteria.","PeriodicalId":7857,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84444876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}