Anatomical Science International最新文献

{"title":"Air-jet Pneumodissection in Neuroanatomy: a new method for the study of White Matter anatomy in the Human Brain.","authors":"Salvatore Marrone, Gianluca Scalia, Matteo De Notaris, Francesco Corrivetti, Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00977-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00977-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional white matter (WM) dissection techniques, such as the Klingler method, employ wooden or metal instruments that may cause myelin wear and limit fine anatomical separation. Inspired by clinical water-jet applications, we investigated the feasibility of an air-jet dissector (pneumodissection) for WM dissection, leveraging the Coandă effect to gently separate contiguous fiber tracts while preserving their integrity. A portable air compressor was modified with an extended tube and an 18G blunt needle tip. A left cerebral hemisphere, prepared according to a modified Klingler freeze-thaw protocol, was dissected under exoscope magnification. Airflow was delivered at pressures between 0.8 and 3 bar. Dissection followed Klingler's stepwise protocol, adapted to the ergonomics and dynamics of the air-jet device. The air-jet dissector enabled progressive detachment of pia-arachnoid membranes, cortex and U-fibers, with clear exposure of commissural, projection, and association bundles. Low-pressure flow (0.8-1.2 bar) was used for delicate superficial planes and U-shaped fibers, whereas transient increases up to 3 bar were used for more resistant cortical or deep tissue planes. During this feasibility experiment, the air jet reduced broad direct instrument-tissue contact and helped clear loose debris and surface fluid from the operative field. Vessel-fiber interfaces and anatomical cleavage planes were sharply delineated. The device's portability and pressure modulation allowed both blunt and sharp dissection functions through a single tool. Air-jet dissection is a novel and complementary technique for white matter study. The present study does not establish superiority or reduced tissue damage compared with conventional manual tools because no matched quantitative comparison or histological assessment was performed. Further replicated and standardized studies are required to define reproducibility, tissue effects, and any objective advantage over established dissection methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An anatomical study of intertendinous connections between the flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus tendons in fetal cadavers.","authors":"Hanife Ertürk, Yadigar Kastamoni, Kenan Öztürk, İhsan Hız, Soner Albay","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00976-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00976-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The attachment between the flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus tendons is referred to as the \"Henry's knot\" in the literature. This structure is considered a vital anatomical reference point in numerous clinical applications. Accurate knowledge of the morphological features and variations of the Henry's knot is critical, particularly in preventing iatrogenic injuries during surgical procedures. The aim of this study is to examine the anatomical features of Henry's knot in detail, to classify it morphologically, and to contribute to the developmental and clinical anatomy literature by measuring its distances from anatomical reference points.Our study was conducted using anatomical dissection of 58 fetal cadavers (29 female and 29 male) aged between 17 and 40 weeks of gestation. Henry's knot was categorized into 6 types. Type 1 was the most common type found (51.7%, N = 60). The contribution of the flexor hallucis longus to the movement of the lesser fingers was divided into 7 types. Type B was the most common type found (81.9%, N = 95). No statistically significant differences were found in the distances of Henry's knot from various landmarks between sexes and sides. In our study, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus tendons in fetal cadavers were examined in detail. We believe that this study will provide valuable information to orthopedists, pediatricians, and surgeons, and will also benefit anatomists by improving their anatomical knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mylohyoid bridge: a meta-analysis of its prevalence and clinical significance.","authors":"Maria Piagkou, George Triantafyllou, Ibrahim Alzir, Rǎzvan-Costin Tudose, Nikolaos Kolomvos, Eleni Kokkou, Nikolaos Lazaridis, Mugurel Constantin Rusu","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00975-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00975-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mylohyoid bridge (MHB) is an ossified roof over part or all of the mylohyoid groove that may alter the osseous corridor of the mylohyoid neurovascular bundle. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated its prevalence, morphological patterns, and craniomaxillofacial relevance. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science through May 2026, supplemented by reference-list and targeted journal searches. Seventeen studies were included. In accordance with evidence-based anatomy recommendations, we analyzed mandible-level and side-level prevalence as separate reporting-unit subgroups using random-effects models with inverse-variance weighting, Freeman-Tukey double-arcsine transformation, and DerSimonian-Laird estimation. Pooled prevalence was 14.11% per mandible (95% CI 8.75-20.45%; I²=90%) and 10.20% per side (95% CI 7.07-13.80%; I²=93.1%). No significant subgroup differences were detected between left and right sides or between sexes; the exploratory descriptive evaluations indicated a higher pooled prevalence for unilateral than bilateral presentation (8.55% vs. 3.77%). The evidence base was entirely osteological, and marked heterogeneity limits extrapolation of a single universal prevalence. The MHB is not rare and has proposed anesthetic and surgical relevance, although direct outcome-based clinical evidence remains limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anterior condylar confluence of Trolard and its venous tributaries: an anatomical review.","authors":"Mugurel Constantin Rusu, Adelina Maria Jianu, Petrinel Mugurel Rădoi, Răzvan Costin Tudose","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00974-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00974-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The anterior condylar confluence (ACC) of Trolard is a small extracranial venous plexus at the external orifice of the hypoglossal canal. Described over 150 years ago and present in the classical French anatomical literature, it was largely absent from the Anglophone radiological and surgical literature until the corrosion-cast study of San Millán Ruíz et al. (2002). It is the venous crossroads of the craniocervical junction, linking the posterior fossa dural sinuses, the internal jugular vein and the vertebral venous system. This structured anatomical review, illustrated with retrospectively selected MR and CT angiographic examinations, synthesises the anatomy of the confluence and of the ten venous channels reported to communicate directly or indirectly with ACC territory: the anterior, lateral and posterior condylar veins, branches of the internal jugular vein and its bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the inferior petro-occipital vein, the internal carotid artery venous plexus of Rektorzik, the prevertebral venous plexus, the marginal sinus and the clival diploic veins. For each, we collate the reported prevalence, osseous conduit, connected territories, and clinical relevance, and we state the denominators explicitly, since they differ by cast, side, junction, and subject. Two themes recur. The confluence is valveless throughout and reverses its drainage direction with posture, so the channels that join it form a bidirectional network rather than tributaries of a sinus. Targeted anatomical and imaging studies consistently identified the ACC, whereas the visibility and reported prevalence of several individual connections varied substantially across methods. Knowledge of this anatomy is required for far-lateral, transcondylar and endoscopic approaches, for transvenous access to the cavernous sinus, and for recognising fistulae of the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based sex estimation from multi-planar cranial CT images in a Thai population.","authors":"Zhaokang Du, Pagorn Navic, Apichat Sinthubua, Patison Palee, Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00973-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00973-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developments in deep learning and medical imaging have created new opportunities for automated image analysis in both medical and forensic applications. In forensic investigation, the cranium is widely recognized as a valuable skeletal element for sex estimation. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a deep learning-based framework for sex estimation using multi-planar cranial CT images in a Thai population. A total of 250 cranial CT datasets (125 males and 125 females) obtained from the Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, were analyzed. Sagittal, coronal, and horizontal CT images were reconstructed from each dataset. A ResNet-18 architecture was used for image classification. For each imaging plane, datasets were randomly divided into 80% training and 20% validation subsets. An independent blind test set consisting of 26 additional CT datasets (13 males and 13 females) was used for external validation and model performance. Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) was applied to evaluate model interpretability. Among the three orthogonal planes, sagittal cranial CT images achieved the highest classification performance, with an accuracy of 96% in the validation set and 92.31% in the independent blind test set. Moreover, Grad-CAM analysis demonstrated that the convolutional neural network focused on cranial regions corresponding to established sexually dimorphic traits used in forensic anthropology. These findings demonstrate the potential of deep learning-based cranial CT analysis for automated forensic sex estimation and may serve as a reproducible decision-support tool for forensic anthropological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric characteristics and intradural connections of the spinal root of accessory nerve in human fetuses.","authors":"Fatma Sevmez, Mustafa Orhan","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00972-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12565-026-00972-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intradural connections between the spinal root of accessory nerve (SRAN) and the posterior roots of spinal nerves in the cervical region are clinically significant for torticollis, occipital neuralgia and surgeries of the craniocervical region. However, information on these connections during the fetal period is limited. This study aimed to examine the morphology and morphometry of the SRAN in fetuses and its intradural connections with the posterior roots of spinal nerves in the cervical region. Twenty-nine fetuses (58 sides; 18 to 35 gestational weeks) fixed in 10% formalin, were bilaterally dissected under a surgical microscope. The most caudal level of origin, width and intradural connections of the SRAN with the posterior roots of spinal nerves were evaluated and classified. The SRAN most frequently receives rootlets from the C2, C3, C1, C4, C5, and C6 spinal cord segments, respectively, and its most caudal origin ranging from C2 to C6 spinal cord segments. Six and seven types of connections were identified between the SRAN and the posterior root of C1 (37.93%) and C2 (51.72%), respectively. While the connection types are largely consistent with the literature, a previously undescribed anatomical variation, type VI, in which the SRAN runs dorsally to the posterior root of C1 spinal nerve was detected in 1.7% of cases. Knowledge of fetal SRAN variations, may contribute to safer pediatric craniocervical surgical procedures, help reduce the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury and a better understanding of torticollis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between the morphology and dominance of the arteries in the palm.","authors":"Homare Okano, Chiharu Uesaka, Yoshiya Sanada, Masatake Kai, Makoto Kondo","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00971-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00971-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The main arteries supplying the forearm and hand are the radial and ulnar arteries. Multiple anastomoses exist between these arteries, and insights into the course of these arteries within the collateral circulation and their dominance hold clinical significance as a basis for surgical applications involving the radial artery. In particular, the morphology of the superficial palmar arch shows a significantly high variance. Embryologically, an archetypal superficial palmar arch arises as the radial artery-which extends from the brachial artery-anastomoses with the ulnar artery in the palm, from which the median artery eventually regresses. However, the resultant dominance of the arteries in the superficial palm remains unclear, and its relationship with arterial topology has not been fully investigated. In this study, the courses of the superficial palmar arch and the outer diameters of the radial and ulnar arteries were examined and recorded in 57 sides of 31 cadavers. The results confirmed that the ulnar artery was mostly dominant in the superficial palmar branches. Interestingly, two cases were observed in which the radial artery was dominant in the superficial palmar branches; in both cases, the superficial palmar arch was formed by the radial-ulnar artery, suggesting a common developmental mechanism. Based on our observations, we propose that the morphology of the superficial palmar arch is influenced by the blood supply from the ulnar artery to the palm during the early stages of development.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional anatomy of the superior longitudinal fasciculus: a historical and contemporary narrative review.","authors":"Douglas Henderson, Bernard Moxham, Odile Plaisant, Alexis Guédon","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00970-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00970-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is one of the major associative white matter pathways of the human brain, connecting frontal regions with parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices. Despite its central role in cognition, language, and motor functions, its structural organization and functional significance remain subjects of ongoing debate. This narrative review synthesizes historical ex vivo studies and contemporary in vivo neuroimaging data to clarify converging and conflicting descriptions of the SLF. We trace the evolution of anatomical concepts from classical dissection and histological staining to modern diffusion MRI and tractography, highlighting how methodological advances have reshaped our understanding of SLF subcomponents. Particular attention is given to the distinction between the SLF, the arcuate fasciculus, and the cingulum, which we argue reflects differing classificatory conventions and methodological choices as much as underlying anatomy, and to the nomenclatural issues addressed by the Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Functional correlates related to language, motor control, and higher cognitive processes are discussed, alongside clinical implications for neurology, psychiatry, and neurosurgery. Finally, we consider pedagogical and epistemological challenges posed by the variability of white matter anatomy and by the dependence of neuroanatomical knowledge on investigative tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative integumentary fascial anatomy in mice, rats, and humans: homologies and implications for translational wound healing research.","authors":"Adrian E Rodrigues, Anmar Abu-Romman, Thomas A Mustoe, Seok Jong Hong, Robert D Galiano","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00968-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00968-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In mice, native fascia and surrounding tissues have been shown to mobilize into wounds during healing, particularly during the proliferative phase. However, comparative descriptions of integumentary fascial anatomy across commonly used research species remain limited. This study aimed to characterize and compare the fascial layers of the integumentary system in mice, rats, and humans, identify structural homologies across species, and discuss the implications of these findings for wound healing research. Histological analysis of skin specimens from mice, rats, and humans was performed using microscopy to identify epidermal, dermal, adipose, fascial, and muscular tissue planes. Gross anatomical dissections of human pannus specimens were additionally used to identify subcutaneous fascial compartments. Tissue layers were systematically identified, described, and compared across species. Mice demonstrated the most complex fascial architecture, comprising multiple distinct sublayers within the stratum fibrosum. Rats displayed a simpler, more homogeneous stratum fibrosum with a comparatively greater tissue thickness between fascial planes and the overlying dermis. In humans, the subcutaneous space was involving the superficial (Camper's fascia), centered Scarpa's fascia, and Deep adipose layer were exposed for comparison. Cross-species homologies were identified within the integumentary and fascial layers. Integumentary fascia demonstrates both conservation and important species-specific structural divergence. The distinctive multi-layered fascial organization and shallow fascial depth in mice may facilitate unique wound-healing dynamics that are not fully replicated in rats or humans. These anatomical differences should be carefully considered and experimentally tested prior to extrapolating murine fascia-related wound-healing mechanisms onto rats and humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148982054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of water-soluble dye in embalmed anatomical donor vascular mold silicone injection.","authors":"Yanlong Hu, Zhicheng Pang, Qing Huang","doi":"10.1007/s12565-026-00969-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-026-00969-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The simple, rapid, and inexpensive mold silicone infusion technique is recognized by neuroanatomical laboratories. This study optimized the dye-staining step of the mold silicone perfusion technique and explored the optimal method for staining mold silicone. Vascular perfusion was performed in six embalmed anatomical donor heads. Three were perfused using the conventional technique with fat-soluble-dyed mold silicone, and the other three using the rapid-curing technique with water-soluble-dyed mold silicone. The three specimens perfused with fat-soluble-dyed silicone showed dye extravasation and staining of the brain tissue and/or cranial nerves, which became more severe over time. The three specimens perfused with water-soluble-dyed silicone showed good vascular filling, bright colors, and clear contrast, without staining of the brain tissue or cranial nerves. Rapid-curing perfusion of the anatomical donor head vessels with water-soluble-dyed mold silicone clearly displays the arteries and veins with bright colors and sharp contrast and does not stain the brain tissue or cranial nerves. This technique is therefore suitable for neuroanatomy teaching and experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":7816,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Science International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}