Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics最新文献

{"title":"Ageing in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial-renal system.","authors":"I. Davies","doi":"10.1007/BF01509278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01509278","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"1 1","pages":"12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/BF01509278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51710825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nature of time: implications for research on aging.","authors":"J J Schroots,&nbsp;J E Birren","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contemporary research on aging gives little evidence of recognition of the underlying concepts of time. Researchers have been much concerned with age as a variable but little with the explication of aging as a process. Most authors do not define aging as they use the term or explain how time enters their causal explanations. In this article major concepts of time are reviewed and distinctions are made between physical, biological, psychological, and social time or age, which all might be classified as a variant of calendar time or calendar age, respectively. Recent developments in gerodynamics, however, have given rise to the concepts of intrinsic time and intrinsic age, which are generated by the dynamics of the system. The implications of the major concepts of time and age will be drawn for research on aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14208248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards another major reform? Implications of the Swedish pension scheme of 1913.","authors":"K Abukhanfusa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The welfare systems established before or shortly after the Second World War are presently on trial. Changes of strategy appear to be as necessary as they did in Sweden in 1913, but the circumstances are definitely different. One crucial difference is that since 1913 the State has delivered solemn promises which are intended to materialize a life-time from now, but life-times tend to grow longer with each year that passes! The Swedish pension reform of 1913 was overdue, but the next one may prove harder to achieve. Those promises cannot be withdrawn. They form a major element in the present situation, perhaps the one that will prove most fatal to the future of the welfare state and its elderly.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"2 1","pages":"63-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14209441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The idea of ageing: an historical and psychological analysis.","authors":"D B Bromley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The idea of ageing can be traced back to the earliest written records. Prescientific beliefs were governed by animistic forms of thought leading to attempts to control ageing, disease and death through magic and supernatural agencies. The idea of ageing was gradually elaborated in Greek and Roman medicine and incorporated into religious beliefs and social practices. Ideas from the classical period were revived during the Renaissance, but modern scientific approaches to ageing did not emerge clearly until the 17th century, with systematic medical and statistical inquiries into the causes of death, and later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, into the biological mechanisms of ageing. The idea of an 'elixir of life' has been all but totally abandoned, although increases in the average length of life are expected to continue for some time. Refinements in the idea take account of the social and behavioural aspects of ageing.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"2 1","pages":"30-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14208250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the family and state in old-age support: the Swedish experience up to 1913.","authors":"B Odén","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents the Swedish experience of caring for the old prior to the welfare state, and focusses on the State's effort to place the responsibility for the aged on the children and kin. If old people were poor and without kin the congregation, e.g. the local community, were responsible for their care and support. The hospitals were built for other groups in society and only the poorhouses were open to the elderly. Pressure on the local community was strongly increased by demographic changes at the turn of the century and the Riksdag was able to unite in passing a law for a State-administered People's Pension 1913.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"2 1","pages":"42-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14209438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alzheimer's disease. A critical review.","authors":"C G Gottfries","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical and neuropathological findings in a 51-year-old woman by Alois Alzheimer (1) led to a description of the disorder which Kraepelin (2) named Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this progressive dementia disorder the senile plaques and fibrillary tangles found at brain autopsy are the diagnostic hallmarks. As the same type of neuropathological changes are found in dementias of senile age, these disorders are named senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). The two forms are often combined into one group, the Alzheimer dementias, (AD/SDAT) and, according to the DSM-III, classified as primary degenerative disorders (PDD). However, it must be emphasized that there is no scientific basis for sampling the two forms, the diagnoses of both AD and SDAT are exclusive. Several hypotheses are being proposed as to the etiology of AD/SDAT. Genetic factors, aluminium or other toxic factors, immunological disturbances, disturbed glucose metabolism, deficiency of essential nutrients, and stress, are some of the lines followed when seeking the etiology. The pathogenesis of the disorder involves not only structural changes but also neurochemical disturbances and neuroendocrine dysfunction, findings which are related to the behavioural disturbances seen in the disease. At present there are no reliable biological markers for AD/SDAT. Clinical investigations together with laboratory data and brain imaging support the assumption of several sub-groups within the Alzheimer type dementias. The neurochemical findings made in AD/SDAT have constituted the basis for formulating pharmacological treatment strategies. Drugs affecting the cholinergic and monoaminergic systems have been used, as well as neuropeptides and similar drugs. Gangliosides and phosphatidylserine have also been tested in clinical trials. Hitherto, this treatment has not been as successful as expected. Cholinergic drugs have given a marginal effect on memory functions. Emotional disturbances and disturbed motor performance have to some extent been influenced by the use of selective 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake blockers and L-dopa. Whether this treatment is of clinical importance must be further investigated. Interesting neuropathological and neurochemical research is being conducted on AD/SDAT. However, clinical research aiming at delimiting homogeneous subgroups of dementia has not kept in step with neurobiological research. More effort must be put into clinical research if therapeutic progress is to be achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"2 1","pages":"47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14209440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting the work status of older Australians. An interdisciplinary approach.","authors":"J McCallum","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the declining work force participation in developed countries of older men over the last decade, the study of factors affecting their status became of major interest in economic analyses. It is argued here that social constraints, as well as economic incentives and individual preferences, are important factors in retirement behaviour. Both trivariate and bivariate logit analyses of Australian data confirm the significance of variables indicating social constraint on work related to age and gender. An entirely different model emerged for predicting part-time work status compared to the model for full-time work status. It is argued that the task of analysing survey data requires an interdisciplinary approach to deal with applied problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"1 ","pages":"33-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14626548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping with chronic disease, dying and death--a contribution to competence in old age.","authors":"A Kruse","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reports empirical studies investigating coping with chronic disease, dying and death in the later years. The coping process is seen as a characteristic of \"competence\" in old age, as the investigations demonstrate that old people are very often able to adjust to crises and restrictions caused by disease, and at the same time maintain a stable perspective. The studies show that coping with chronic disease, dying and death are highly influenced by biography, by subjective evaluation of the past, present and future, and by access to a supportive intra- and extrafamilial network. This article discusses central concepts, such as \"competence\", \"cognitive representation\", \"future perspective\" and \"coping\", followed by a summary of empirical studies conducted by the author and investigates different groups of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"1 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14461060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in elderly mortality in the Nordic countries.","authors":"T Martelin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes the development of elderly mortality in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) during this century. Long-term trends in total mortality are examined on the basis of life table statistics. More recent trends (from the 1950s onwards) are described by means of annual mortality rates according to a rough classification of causes of death. The series of vital statistics have been utilized as the data source for the long-term trends, and the original data for annual trends have been obtained from the mortality data bank files of the WHO. Marked improvements were observed in survival at advanced ages in the Nordic countries. However, the development has not been stable as in recent decades the elderly mortality rate has fluctuated, roughly comparable to the fluctuations in mortality among the younger age groups. The fact that the rate of recent improvement has been greatest in Finland where there, traditionally, is a high mortality level, and low in Norway and Sweden, where mortality levels are low, is in accordance with the idea of approaching a certain biological lower limit to mortality. However, certain characteristics seem to suggest that further advances are possible. Marked improvements have taken place recently in Iceland even though its mortality level at the end of the 1960s was already low. In addition, a large proportion of the differences in mortality rates between the Nordic countries may be due to external factors related to living conditions or life-style. Recent trends in mortality from several causes of death may also be primarily linked to such factors. Further research focusing particularly on a more detailed classification of causes of death and sociodemographic differentials within the national elderly populations is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"1 ","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14626549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ageing in Asia and the Pacific. A multidimensional cross-national study in four countries.","authors":"G R Andrews","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although ageing is not yet a high priority issue for health planners, policy makers and clinicians in most developing countries, there will be a growing need in coming years to pay more attention to the important health issues associated with population ageing in the developing world. This paper reports some of the relevant findings of a cross-national study (sponsored by the World Health Organization) of the health and social aspects of ageing in four developing countries: Korea, the Philippines, Fiji and Malaysia. The key findings are compared and contrasted with those of a similar 11-country WHO study in Europe. In broad terms, the overall demographic, physical, mental health and social patterns and trends associated with ageing as demonstrated by age group and sex differences were consistent throughout the four countries studied. Comparisons with European findings in other similar studies underlined the fundamental universality of age-related changes in biophysical, behavioural and social characteristics. The importance of the family in developing countries was evident with about three-quarters of those aged 60 and over in the four countries living with children, often in extended family situations. Levels of adverse health-related behaviour and the prospect of changing patterns of morbidity with further increases in the total and proportional numbers of aged persons point to a need for emphasis on preventive health measures and programmes directed to the maintenance of the physical and mental health of the ageing population.</p>","PeriodicalId":77838,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive gerontology. Section C, Interdisciplinary topics","volume":"1 ","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14626547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}