Solar Physics最新文献

{"title":"The Sunrise Ultraviolet Spectropolarimeter and Imager: Instrument Description","authors":"Alex Feller,&nbsp;Achim Gandorfer,&nbsp;Bianca Grauf,&nbsp;Johannes Hölken,&nbsp;Francisco A. Iglesias,&nbsp;Andreas Korpi-Lagg,&nbsp;Tino L. Riethmüller,&nbsp;Jan Staub,&nbsp;German Fernandez-Rico,&nbsp;Juan Sebastián Castellanos Durán,&nbsp;Sami K. Solanki,&nbsp;H. N. Smitha,&nbsp;Kamal Sant,&nbsp;Peter Barthol,&nbsp;Montserrat Bayon Laguna,&nbsp;Melani Bergmann,&nbsp;Jörg Bischoff,&nbsp;Jan Bochmann,&nbsp;Stefan Bruns,&nbsp;Werner Deutsch,&nbsp;Michel Eberhardt,&nbsp;Rainer Enge,&nbsp;Sam Goodyear,&nbsp;Klaus Heerlein,&nbsp;Jan Heinrichs,&nbsp;Dennis Hirche,&nbsp;Stefan Meining,&nbsp;Roland Mende,&nbsp;Sabrina Meyer,&nbsp;Maria Mühlhaus,&nbsp;Marc Ferenc Müller,&nbsp;Markus Monecke,&nbsp;Dietmar Oberdorfer,&nbsp;Ioanna Papagiannaki,&nbsp;Sandeep Ramanath,&nbsp;Michael Vergöhl,&nbsp;Dušan Vukadinović,&nbsp;Stephan Werner,&nbsp;Andreas Zerr,&nbsp;Thomas Berkefeld,&nbsp;Pietro Bernasconi,&nbsp;Yukio Katsukawa,&nbsp;Jose Carlos del Toro Iniesta,&nbsp;Alexander Bell,&nbsp;Michael Carpenter,&nbsp;Alberto Álvarez Herrero,&nbsp;Masahito Kubo,&nbsp;Valentín Martínez Pillet,&nbsp;David Orozco Suárez","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02471-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02471-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The third science flight of the balloon-borne solar observatory <span>Sunrise</span> carries three entirely new post-focus science instruments with spectropolarimetric capabilities, concurrently covering an extended spectral range from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared. Sampling a larger height range, from the low photosphere to the chromosphere, with the sub-arcsecond resolution provided by the 1-m <span>Sunrise</span> telescope, is key in understanding critical small-scale phenomena which energetically couple different layers of the solar atmosphere. The <span>Sunrise</span> UV Spectropolarimeter and Imager (<span>SUSI</span>) operates between 309 nm and 417 nm. A key feature of <span>SUSI</span> is its capability to record up to several hundred spectral lines simultaneously without the harmful effects of the Earth’s atmosphere. The rich <span>SUSI</span> spectra can be exploited in terms of many-line inversions. Another important innovation of the instrument is the synchronized 2D context imaging which allows to numerically correct the spectrograph scans for residual optical aberrations. In this work we describe the main design aspects of <span>SUSI</span>, the instrument characterization and testing, and finally its operation, expected performance and data products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11207-025-02471-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral Irradiance Variability in Lyman-Alpha Emission During Solar Flares","authors":"Luke Majury,&nbsp;Ryan Milligan,&nbsp;Elizabeth Butler,&nbsp;Harry Greatorex,&nbsp;Maria Kazachenko","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02476-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02476-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Lyman-alpha (Ly<span>(alpha )</span>; 1216 Å) line is the brightest emission line in the quiescent solar spectrum and radiates a significant fraction of the available nonthermal energy during flares. Despite its importance, there is a lack of detailed studies of Ly<span>(alpha )</span> spectral variability during flares. Recently, spectrally resolved Ly<span>(alpha )</span> flare observations from the SORCE/SOLSTICE instrument have become available. This study examines Ly<span>(alpha )</span> spectral variability and its relationship with HXR emission from nonthermal electrons, using observations of two M-class flares from SORCE/SOLSTICE and RHESSI. Imaging observations from STEREO/SECCHI EUVI and SDO/AIA provide further context. Enhancements across the Ly<span>(alpha )</span> line profile were found to closely correlate with bursts of HXR emission, suggesting a primarily nonthermal origin. Red enhancement asymmetries at the peak of each flare were attributed to chromospheric evaporation, while blue wing enhancement and blue asymmetry were linked to a bright filament-eruption seen in SDO/AIA 1600 Å images. These findings contribute to the understanding of spectral Ly<span>(alpha )</span> variability during flares and highlight the need for future studies using a higher quality and quantity of spectral Ly<span>(alpha )</span> flare observations. Such studies will further characterise the physical mechanisms driving Ly<span>(alpha )</span> flare variability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11207-025-02476-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Efficient Method for Magnetic Field Extrapolation Based on a Family of Analytical Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrostatic Equilibria","authors":"Lilli Nadol,&nbsp;Thomas Neukirch","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02469-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02469-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With current observational methods it is not possible to directly measure the magnetic field in the solar corona with sufficient accuracy. Therefore, coronal magnetic field models have to rely on extrapolation methods using photospheric magnetograms as boundary conditions. In recent years, due to the increased resolution of observations and the need to resolve non-force-free lower regions of the solar atmosphere, there have been increased efforts to use magnetohydrostatic (MHS) field models instead of force-free extrapolation methods. Although numerical methods to calculate MHS solutions can deal with non-linear problems and hence provide more accurate models, analytical three-dimensional MHS equilibria can also be used as a numerically relatively “cheap” complementary method. In this paper, we present an extrapolation method based on a family of analytical MHS equilibria that allows for a transition from a non-force-free region to a force-free region. We demonstrate how asymptotic forms of the solutions can help to increase the numerical efficiency of the method. Through both artificial boundary condition testing and a first application to observational data, we validate the method’s effectiveness and practical utility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11207-025-02469-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wide-Field Image Restoration of G-Band and Ca ii K Images Containing Large and Complex Active Regions","authors":"Robert Kamlah,&nbsp;Meetu Verma,&nbsp;Carsten Denker,&nbsp;Ioannis Kontogiannis,&nbsp;Alexander G. M. Pietrow,&nbsp;Jürgen Rendtel,&nbsp;Emily Lößnitz,&nbsp;Arooj Faryad,&nbsp;Reiner Volkmer,&nbsp;Rolf Schlichenmaier,&nbsp;Thomas Berkefeld,&nbsp;Miguel Esteves,&nbsp;Olivier Grassin,&nbsp;Markus Roth","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02472-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02472-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Restoration of solar images to achieve near diffraction-limited spatial resolution is commonly implemented on large-aperture solar telescopes. However, the extent of the restored field-of-view is typically only 100^′′ or even smaller. This study reports on wide-field image restoration of G-band and Ca <span>ii</span> K images obtained with the 0.7-meter Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT) at Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife, Spain. The Kiepenheuer Adaptive Optics System (KAOS) at the VTT provides a field-of-view with a diameter of 270^′′. Time series of datasets with 100 images were acquired with a large-format (7920 × 6004 pixels) CMOS imager at a frame rate of 30 Hz. An experimental optical setup that enabled wide-field imaging is briefly presented. Results from speckle-masking imaging and Multi-Frame Blind Deconvolution (MFBD) demonstrate the unique potential of the VTT for wide-field imaging. Power spectral analysis quantifies the instrument performance as a function of time and with distance from the lock point of the AO system. Further science capabilities are established using Local Correlation Tracking (LCT), Background-subtracted Solar Activity Maps (BaSAMs), and image quality/seeing metrics. In summary, commercial off-the-shelf camera systems can become an asset to sub-meter-class solar telescopes and open up new science opportunities at the interface between large-aperture and synoptic solar telescopes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obituary: Tadashi Hirayama (1934 – 2025)","authors":"Takashi Sakurai,&nbsp;Kazunari Shibata","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02479-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02479-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test and Calibration of the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) on Board Aditya-L1","authors":"Janmejoy Sarkar,&nbsp;V. N. Nived,&nbsp;Soumya Roy,&nbsp;Rushikesh Deogaonkar,&nbsp;Sreejith Padinhatteeri,&nbsp;A. Raja Bayanna,&nbsp;Ravi Kesharwani,&nbsp;A. N. Ramaprakash,&nbsp;Durgesh Tripathi,&nbsp;Rahul Gopalakrishnan,&nbsp;Bhushan Joshi,&nbsp;Sakya Sinha,&nbsp;Mahesh Burse,&nbsp;Manoj Varma,&nbsp;Anurag Tyagi,&nbsp;Reena Yadav,&nbsp;Chaitanya Rajarshi,&nbsp;H. N. Adithya,&nbsp;Abhijit Adoni,&nbsp;Gazi A. Ahmed,&nbsp;Dipankar Banerjee,&nbsp;Rani Bhandare,&nbsp;Bhargava Ram B.S.,&nbsp;Kalpesh Chillal,&nbsp;Pravin Chordia,&nbsp;Avyarthana Ghosh,&nbsp;Girish Gouda,&nbsp;Anand Jain,&nbsp;Melvin James,&nbsp;Evangeline Leeja Justin,&nbsp;Deepak Kathait,&nbsp;Aafaque Khan,&nbsp;Pravin Khodade,&nbsp;Abhay Kohok,&nbsp;Akshay Kulkarni,&nbsp;Ghanshyam Kumar,&nbsp;Nidhi Mehandiratta,&nbsp;Vilas Mestry,&nbsp;Deepa Modi,&nbsp;Srikanth Motamarri,&nbsp;K. Nagaraju,&nbsp;Dibyendu Nandy,&nbsp;S. Narendra,&nbsp;Sonal Navle,&nbsp;Nashiket Parate,&nbsp;Sujit Punnadi,&nbsp;A. Ravi,&nbsp;K. Sankarasubramanian,&nbsp;Ghulam Sarvar,&nbsp;Nigar Shaji,&nbsp;Sami K. Solanki,&nbsp;Rethika T,&nbsp;Koushal Vadodariya,&nbsp;D. R. Veeresha,&nbsp;R. Venkateswaran","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02468-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02468-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) on board the Aditya-L1 mission observes the Sun in the 200 – 400 nm wavelength range. This paper presents the results of various on-ground and on-board tests and their comparison with the specifications. Moreover, we also present the scheme for data calibration. We demonstrate that the test results are compliant with the specified numbers, except the spatial resolution. Such discrepancy will limit the photometric measurements only, at a scale of 2.2^′′ instead of 1.4^′′ as originally envisioned. The results obtained here show that SUIT observations open a new window for solar observations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASO-S Mission: Inflight Performance and First Results","authors":"W. Q. Gan,&nbsp;John Leibacher,&nbsp;Cristina H. Mandrini,&nbsp;Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02473-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02473-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>China’s first comprehensive solar physics mission, the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S), was successfully launched on 9 October 2022. The mission focuses on exploring the connections between the solar magnetic field, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). ASO-S carries three instruments: the Full-disk solar vector MagnetoGraph (FMG), the solar Hard X-ray Imager (HXI), and the Lyman-alpha Solar Telescope (LST). The unique combination of these payloads allows simultaneous observations of the vector magnetic field of the full Sun, high-energy imaging spectroscopy of solar flares, and formation and evolution of CMEs on the disk and in the inner corona. This topical collection, along with other publications, provides an overview of ASO-S’s achievements over the first one and a half years, including mission validation, payload calibration, data flow description, analysis software demonstration, and numerous investigations based on ASO-S observed data. We hope this collection will be valuable for researchers seeking to understand the mission or utilize the data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sunrise Ultraviolet Spectropolarimeter and Imager: Standalone Polarimetric Calibration","authors":"F. A. Iglesias,&nbsp;A. Feller,&nbsp;A. Gandorfer,&nbsp;T. L. Riethmüller,&nbsp;A. Korpi-Lagg,&nbsp;S. K. Solanki,&nbsp;Y. Katsukawa,&nbsp;M. Kubo,&nbsp;M. Sánchez Toledo","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02470-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02470-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Sunrise</span> is a 1-m optical solar observatory carried aloft by a stratospheric balloon. It was developed to study magnetic fields and plasma flows in the solar atmosphere with very high spatial resolution and sensitivity. The <span>Sunrise</span> UV Spectropolarimeter and Imager (SUSI) operates in the 309 – 417 nm range, covering thousands of spectral lines that are poorly accessible from the ground and largely unexplored. The instrument includes a dual-beam polarimeter based on a rotating waveplate, a polarization beam splitter and two custom-made CMOS cameras. SUSI gathers data at high spectral, spatial and temporal resolution. These data are stored onboard during flight. Given that SUSI does not include a polarimetric calibration unit onboard, its polarimetric demodulation matrix is estimated during laboratory calibration measurements prior to its flight. The quality of this calibration is crucial to accurately demodulate the data post-flight and reach the instrument’s maximum polarimetric sensitivity goal of <span>(1times 10^{-3})</span> of the continuum intensity. In this paper, we report the results of eighth polarimetric calibrations of SUSI standalone, acquired at six different wavelengths using artificial LED light sources. The field-dependant demodulation matrices obtained are within the values expected from the design, including their polarimetric efficiencies and temporal stability. The matrices are also confirmed to satisfy the calibration repeatability criterion imposed by the SUSI sensitivity goal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11207-025-02470-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143908694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral Cross-Calibrations of ASO-S/HXI with Other X-ray Missions","authors":"Zhentong Li,&nbsp;Yang Su,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Wei Chen,&nbsp;Fu Yu,&nbsp;Weiqun Gan","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02465-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02465-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cross-calibration of X-ray instruments is crucial for stereoscopic studies of solar hard X-ray directivity and three-dimensional morphology, where spectral and imaging differences observed from multiple perspectives provide critical constraints. We present the preliminary results of the spectral calibrations of ASO-S/HXI through internal consistency checks of its three total flux detectors and cross-calibrations with Solar Orbiter/STIX, Fermi/GBM, and Konus-Wind data. Both calibration tests suggest that the response matrix of one of the HXI total flux monitors, D94 (with a thin aluminum window), needs to be modified. The new response matrix is determined by testing the series of response matrices with changing effective aluminum thickness through simulations. Post-correction analysis reveals <span>(sim 88%)</span> of co-observed events demonstrate electron spectral index consistency within <span>(pm 0.5)</span>, while comparisons of the total counts above 30 keV show &lt; 10% differences for STIX-HXI flares with separation angles &lt; 20° and Fermi-observed moderate flares. Though challenges persist regarding detector response uncertainties, the pile-up effect, and other nonideal factors, the achieved inter-instrument consistency enables quantitative electron anisotropy investigations through joint spectral analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11207-025-02465-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Nonlinear Surface Inflows into Activity Belts on Solar Cycle Modulation","authors":"Mohammed H. Talafha,&nbsp;Kristóf Petrovay,&nbsp;Andrea Opitz","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02466-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11207-025-02466-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Converging flows are visible around bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) on the solar surface, according to observations. Average flows are created by these inflows combined, and the strength of these flows depends on the amount of flux present during the solar cycle. In models of the solar cycle, this average flow can be depicted as perturbations to the meridional flow. In this article, we study the effects of introducing surface inflow to the surface flux transport models (SFT) as a possible nonlinear mechanism in the presence of latitude quenching for an inflow profile whose amplitude varies within a cycle depending on the magnetic activity. Using a grid based on one-dimensional SFT models, we methodically investigate the extent of the nonlinearity caused by inflows, latitude quenching (LQ), and their combinations. The results show that including surface inflows in the model in the presence of both LQ and tilt quenching (TQ) produced a polar field within a <span>(pm 1sigma )</span> of an average cycle polar field (<span>(sigma )</span> is the standard deviation) with a correlation coefficient of 0.85. We confirm that including inflows produces a lower net contribution to the dipole moment (10 – 25%). Furthermore, the relative importance of LQ vs. inflows is inversely correlated with the dynamo effectivity range (<span>(lambda _{R})</span>). With no decay term, introducing inflows into the model results in a less significant net contribution to the dipole moment. Including inflows in the SFT model shows a possible nonlinear relationship between the surface inflows and the solar dipole moment, suggesting a potential nonlinear mechanism contributing to the saturation of the global dynamo. For lower <span>(lambda _{R})</span> (<span>(lessapprox 10^{circ })</span>), TQ always dominates LQ, and for higher <span>(lambda _{R})</span>, LQ dominates. However, including inflows makes the domination earlier in case of having a decay term in the model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11207-025-02466-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}