American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"REMEDIAL EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E AND L-ARGININE ON PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS","authors":"I. Bin-Jaliah, Samah Elattar, E. F. Khaleel, L. El-Sayed, M. Haidara","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.13.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.13.23","url":null,"abstract":"It was shown that hyperglycemia in diabetic patient s is the main factor of diabetic peripheral neuropathies. Various pathways related to oxidative stress, vascular defect and defective endothelium dependent relaxation have been implicated in the de velopment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A substantial number of studies have shown that antio xidant treatment are promising therapeutics that ca n prevent or correct reduced motor nerve conduction i n diabetic rats by acting on these mechanisms. This study was designed to investigate the possible role of insulin treatment along with or without vitamin E or L-arginine on diabetic neuropathy. This goal was accessed by examining nerve conduction, parameters of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation as well as the expression level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the sciatic nerve of control and strept ozotocine-induced diabetic rats. Data showed that diabetic rats showed increased levels of serum gluc ose (382.5%) and sciatic nerve lipid peroxidation Marker (MDA, 261.6%) with a concomitant decrease in the expression of sciatic nerve eNOS mRNA as compared to control rats. The nerve conduction stud ies of the sciatic nerves of these rats showed decr ease conduction as evident by delayed NCV (63.6%) and low Amplitude of Muscle Contraction (AMC, 36.4%). Solitary insulin treatment (but not vitamin -E or L-arginine) corrected serum glucose to contro l values and corrected nerve conduction parameters in the sciatic nerve. However, treating diabetic rats with different doses of vitamin E (300 mg kg -1 and 600 mg kg -1 ) significantly reduced oxidative stress by decreasing MDA and increasing GPx activity, corrected NCV by reducing the latency and improving AMC and increased eNOS mRNA expression in sciatic nerve with a more profound effect to seen with the high dose (600 mg kg -1 ). However, the maximum potent ameliorating effect of the vitamin E on these parameters was seen when administered in combination with insulin. On the other hand, L-arginine treatment alone or in combination with insulin had no effect on the oxidative stress markers nor eNOS expression but significantly and maximally improved NCV through reducing the conduction latency and increasing AMC. This study supported the notion tha t diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a multifactoria l complication, caused by hyperglycemia, oxidative st ress and vascular impairment. It is concluded that conjugate treatment with vitamin-E, especially in h igher doses, with insulin could be of great value. Moreover correction of impaired nerve blood flow by drugs that induce nitric oxide has proved to be efficient in the protection against and correction of experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"83 6 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87654621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IN VIVO ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF STANDARDIZED EXTRACT OF EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA JACK. ROOT TRADITIONALLY USED TO TREAT MALARIA","authors":"M. A. Wijayanti","doi":"10.3844/ajptsp.2014.24.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2014.24.28","url":null,"abstract":"A series of studies has been conducted to prove the Eurycoma longifolia Jack. root as an antimalarial. However, the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of E. longifolia Jack. root standardized extract and its lethal dos e 50% (LD50) values is unknown. In vivo antiplasmodial activity was conducted on Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss mice as malaria model with 4-day suppression methods. Sixty mice were divided into 6 gr oups. Five groups as treatment groups received test mater ial with 5 various doses and one group was given di stilled water as control group. Parasite growth inhibition was calculated by comparing the parasitemia at trea tment groups to control group. Effective dose that could inhibit parasite growth by 50% (ED50) was calculated by probit analysis based on the relationship between d ose and the percentage of parasite growth inhibitio n. The results showed that E. longifolia Jack. root standardized extract have in vivo antiplasmodial activity in P. berghei infected Swiss mice with ED50 value of 28.78 mg kg -1 . Acute toxicity testing was conducted on 60 mice, divided into 6 groups. Five groups received t est materials with 5 various doses as a single dose orally. One other group was given distilled water as contro l group. Each animal was observed for the first 24 h and observation was continued for 14 days. The lethal d ose 50% (LD50) was calculated by probit analysis based on the number of animal deaths that occurred within 24 h after the administration of the test material . The results showed that the LD50 value of E. longifolia Jack. root standardized extract was 6128.71 mg kg -1 . Therapeutic Index was calculated as ratio of the LD 50 and ED50 with results 212.95. It showed high therapeutic index which indicated that E. longifolia Jack. root standardized extract has low toxicity.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"8 1","pages":"24-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86472630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POTENTIAL AMELIORATIVE ROLE OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AGAINST TESTICULAR DYSFUNCTION INDUCED BY TITANIUM DIOXIDE IN MALE ALBINO RATS","authors":"A. El-kirdasy, M. Nassan, A. Baiomy, T. Ismail, M. Soliman, H. Attia, S. Arabia","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.29.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.29.38","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we examined the ameliorative action of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) against Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) induced testicular degeneration in albino ra ts. Adult male albino rats were given saline as a control group, TiO2 (1200 mg kg -1 BW), NAC (100 mg kg -1 BW) and co-treatment of NAC and TiO2 as a protective group for 3 months. Testicular tissues were extracted for changes in testicular gene expression and histopathology. Administration of Ti O2 significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α that are normalized by NAC administration. TiO2 ad ministration down regulated Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) while increased B-cell Lymphoma2 (BcL2) expressions. Coadministration of rats by NAC together with TiO2 no rmalized changes in GST and BcL2 expression. Expression of steroidogenesis related genes [Androg en Binding Protein (ABR), 17 β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (17 β-HSD), cytochrome P450 17A (CYP 17α ) and aromatase] showed down regulation in TiO2 administered groups and normalized when NAC given together with TiO2. Moreover, TiO2 induced toxicity in testes that accompanied by dege neration in seminiferous tubules with congestion, oedema and cell disruption that are partially norma lized by co-administration of NAC with TiO2. In conclusion, the present findings confirmed the benf icial effect of NAC to prevent apoptosis in spermatogenic and sertoli cells and testicular dysf unction induced by TiO2 in male albino rats.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"2005 1","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78876516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HYPOGLYCEMIC, HEPATO-RENAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CHAMOMILE RECUTITA FLOWERS ETHANOLIC EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-DIABETIC RATS","authors":"Hassan M Al-Musa, F. Al-Hashem","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2014.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglyce mic and hepatorenal protective effect of ethanolic extract of Chamomile recutita flowers in streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. Before the beginning of the experiments, a cute and subacute studies were carried out in control an imals first to investigate the LD50 of this extract . In the experimental design, adult male albino rats were di vided into five groups: (1) normal control, (2) con trol + extract, (3) diabetic control, (4) diabetic+extract and (5) diabetic+glibenclamide (200 �g kg -1 ). The extract was given to the desired groups at a final dose of 500 mg kg -1 and all treatments were administered orally for 4 weeks on daily basis. Serum glucose, insulin, activ ities of serum marker enzymes of liver function as well as markers of kidney function was measured. The oxidative stress was assessed by measuring lipid peroxida tion (TBARS) and enzyme activities of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) superoxide dismutase in both liver and kidney homogenates. The data showed that ethanolic flower extract of Chamomile recutita demonstrated high safety margin since the animals tolerated up to 100 00 mg kg -1 body weight of the extract orally in the acute toxicity study and tolerated repeated doses up to 5 00 mg kg -1 for 28 days. Administration of the extract to control and diabetic rats caused significant decrea se in glucose level in serum without improving insu lin levels and resulted in significant increases in SOD and GP x activities with a parallel decrease in lipid pero xidation (TBARS levels) in the livers and kidneys. Furthermore, in diabetic rats, treatment with the extract re sulted in significant decreases in the serum activities of li ver enzymes including AST, ALT and ALP and in the levels of urea and creatinine. The hepatoprotective effect of the extract were confirmed by histological impr ovements in hepatic and renal tissue of the diabetic treated rats. However, the effect of the extract in diabet ic rats was comparable to glibenclamide. This study demonstrates that Chamomile recutita flowers ethanolic extract has potent hypoglycemic, antioxidant and hepatorenal pr otective effects in diabetic rats.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75133650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Green Tea on Hepatic Cells Under the Influence of Inflammatory Conditions: In Vitro Study","authors":"I. Saleh, Z. Ali, F. Hamada, M. Abd-Ellah, L. Walker, I. Khan, M. Ashfaq","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.209.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.209.217","url":null,"abstract":"The concern about safety of consumption of Green Tea (GT) supplements has become a scope of many studies. We and others have described earlier the effect of the administration of GT and its polyphenols on liver in a mouse model. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of GT on HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of GT with and without presensitization with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The viability of cells did not change at low and moderate concentrations of GT, while at very high concentration; GT caused the viability of the cells to decrease. A decrease in the viability of presensitized cells was observed after exposure to moderate and high doses of GT. Also, OX.LDL, CXCL16, TNF α, TGF β, RAR and RXR were found to be over-expressed in these cells, while this over-expression was not observed in the cells upon treatment with GT without LPS or upon treatment with LPS alone. These results indicate that GT even at high doses does not cause oxidative stress. However, under inflammatory stress conditions it may cause oxidative stress which in turn may lead to liver toxicity.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"62 1","pages":"209-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89489702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adiponectin Regulation in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Effects of Insulin, Metformin and Dexamethasone","authors":"T. Ismail, M. Soliman, S. Ismail","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.197.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.197.208","url":null,"abstract":"Adiponectin is a protein synthesized from adipose tissue, increases peripheral glucose utilization in liver and skeletal muscle. Adiponectin expression and secretion are decreased during obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, the effect of insulin, metformin and dexamethasone on serum lipid profiles was examined in Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) rats. T2D was induced by feeding rats a high fat diet for 4 weeks plus medium dose of Streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mk kg-1 BW). Adiponectin, adiponectin receptors (AdipoR-1 and AdipoR-2), leptin, Peroxisome Prolifrator Activated Receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL), Pyruvate Kinase (PK), enolase and Glucose Trasporter-2 (GLUT-2) expression in epididymal adipose and liver tissue were examined using RT-PCR. Results showed that metformin improved insulin resistance by normalizing serum lipid profiles in diabetic rats, while dexamethasone did not alter it. Metformin up-regulated adiponectin, AdipoR-1 and AdipoR-2 expression, while insulin and dexamethasone down-regulated them. Leptin expression was decreased while PPARγ, HSL, PK, enolase and GLUT-2 expression was increased by metformin administration. Dexamethasone failed to improve insulin resistance in T2D rats. In conclusion, metformin ameliorates T2D through controlling adiponectin expression and its consequent genes of lipids and glucose metabolism.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"25 1","pages":"197-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84191564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANTIRETROVIRAL TOXICITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS","authors":"A. Elias, B. Nelson, Deo Oputiri, Oru-Bo Precious Geoffrey","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.187.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.187.196","url":null,"abstract":"Antiretroviral drugs are used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus, they are used as combination regimens to achieve the highest possibl e benefit, tolerability, compliance and to diminish the risk of resistance development. Reports from precli nical and clinical studies have linked antiretrovir als with some toxicological effects which could be associate d with redox imbalance (oxidative stress). This stimulated us to review relevant literature on the relationship between antiretroviral induced toxicol ogical effects and redox imbalance. Available literature o n antiretroviral associated toxicological effects a nd oxidative stress were comprehensively reviewed. Lit erature showed that antiretrovirals are associated with toxicological effects which includes hepatotox icity, cardiotoxicity, hematotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Reports in animal studies also show ed that these toxicological effects could be associated with oxidative stress through the genera tion of oxidative radicals, depletion of antioxidan ts and antioxidant enzymes leading to mitochondria damage in the heart, kidney, liver brain and other organs. In humans, studies also showed that antiret rovirals are associated with lipid peroxidation, depletion of antoxidants and antioxidant enzymes wh ich are elements of oxidative stress. Furthermore it was observed that supplementations with some ant ioxidants mitigated antiretroviral induced oxidative stress, mitochondria damage and toxicolog ical effects. Antiretroviral drugs are associated with toxicological effects which may involve redox imbalance, but more studies are required to correlate antiretroviral toxicities with oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"10 1","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90521913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Newbouldia laevis Attenuates Glycosylation of Hemoglobin and Lipid Peroxidation in Diabetic Rats","authors":"Kolawole O. Timothy, A. Adewumi, A. O. Emmanuel, Akiibinu M. Olayemi","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.179.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.179.186","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is one of the major health problems around the world and the incidence of this metabolic disorder is on the increase. Current therapeutic interventions have not done much in preventing complications of diabetes. Therefore this study investigated the effect of ethanolic extract of Newbouldia laevis leaves (NLet) on lipid peroxidation and glycosylation of hemoglobin, which are pathological indicators of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (60 mg kg-1). Diabetic rats were then treated orally with NLet for 28 days. After the treatment, the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver, kidney and pancreas of the rats was estimated. Fasting blood glucose was determined and oral glucose tolerance test was also carried out. Other groups of STZ-diabetic rats were treated for 8 weeks and percentage glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured. Fasting blood glucose of treated diabetic rats significantly (p","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"267 1","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77163201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIA ON THE PROGRESSION OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN RATS","authors":"C. M. Hossain, B. S. Satapathy, Laboni Mondal, Samrat Chakraborty, B. Mukherjee","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.170.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.170.178","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus and hepatocellular carcinoma both have detrimental impact on health worldwide. Type II diabetes and liver cancer share many causative fact ors, but biological correlation between the two dis eases still remains elusive. The study was aimed to evalu ate the effect of induction of diabetes during the development of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Rats w ere divided into four groups namely, normal control , diabetic control, carcinogen control and carcinogen treated rats treated with streptozotocin (to make them diabetic). Hepatocarcinogenesis was initiated in ra ts by diethylnitrosamine (200 mg kg -1 body weight, single i.p. injection on day 0 only). Then 2-acetyl aminoflourene (0.5% w/w) was given daily in diet fo r 18 weeks to promote the carcinogenesis. On the 16th week, streptozotocin (65 mg kg -1 body weight, single i.p. injection) was administered to initiate diabetes in rats. On the 20th week, animals were sacrificed an d various biochemical changes and histopathological a lterations in liver were investigated. Carcinogen t reated rats made diabetic had significantly lower cytochro me P-450 content as compared to diabetic control ra ts and had slightly elevated cytochrome P-450 level as compared to that of carcinogen control rats. Marke d enhancements of UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, glutathione S-transferase activities and lipid peroxidat ion levels were observed in carcinogen treated rats mad e diabetic as compared to those activities and leve ls in diabetic control and carcinogen control rats. Histo pathological investigation of hepatic tissue has fa voured the rapid progress of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in carcinogen treated rats made diabetic . In conclusion, induction of diabetes during the develo pment of hepatocellular carcinogenesis inevitably promotes the progression of the later disease.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"34 1","pages":"170-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86948271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Chromium(VI) on Serum Iron and Removal of its Toxicity by Combining Deferasirox and Deferiprone Chelators in Rats","authors":"S. Fatemi, M. Iranmanesh, F. Balooch","doi":"10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.164.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJPTSP.2013.164.169","url":null,"abstract":"The present research is aimed to characterize the potential efficiency of two chelators after chromium(VI) administration for 60 days following two doses of 15 and 30 mg kg-1 chromium(VI) per body weight daily to male rats. However, the hypothesis that the two chelators might be more efficient as combined therapy than as single therapy in removing chromium(VI) from bood serum was considered. In this way, two known chelators deferasirox and deferiprone were chosen and tested in the acute rat model. Two chelators were given orally as a single or combined therapy for a period of one week. Chromium(VI) and iron concentrations in blood were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method. Chromium is one of the most widely used industrial metals. Several million workers worldwide are estimated to be exposed to chromium compounds in an array of industries. Chromium(VI) is more readily absorbed by both inhalation and oral routes. Ingestion of large amounts of chromium(VI) can lead to severe respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic and renal damage and potentially death. The combined chelation therapy results show that deferasirox and deferiprone are able to remove chromium(VI) ions from bood while iron concentration returned to the normal level and symptoms are also decreased.","PeriodicalId":7769,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology","volume":"72 1","pages":"164-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85960523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}