American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"A Speck of Bone That Saved a Limb.","authors":"Hima Gopinath, Nidhima Aggarwal","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0239","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"719"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of the Erythema Nodosum Leprosum International Study Severity Scale for Erythema Nodosum Leprosum: A Clinically Supported Critical Appraisal.","authors":"Heather M Zimmerman, Richard I Frankel, Joshua D Seid, Ralina Karagenova, Sarini Saksena, Bao Xin Liang, Braden Yoshinaga, Ana Danko, Nicholas H Yim, Dylan Singh, David J Elpern, Douglas W Johnson","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0871","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an immune-mediated complication of leprosy. A standardized severity scale based on the clinical signs associated with ENL was developed, piloted, and validated by the Erythema Nodosum Leprosum International Study (ENLIST) group. We conducted a critical appraisal of the ENLIST ENL severity scale using the visit data of eight borderline or lepromatous patients diagnosed with ENL from an outpatient dermatology clinic over a 3-year period. The three most commonly recorded tool criteria observed in the patients were the number, inflammation, and extent of ENL lesions. Fever (including in the preceding 7 days), lymphadenopathy, and inflammation of the joints or digits were rarely encountered (<10%). Score changes reflected treatment progression, with a mean net change of -4.6 over the study period. Most ENLIST scores decreased after immunosuppression was increased (58.5%). Our results suggest that ENLIST accurately reflects ENL severity and treatment. The three tool criteria were not frequently recorded as observed in the patients (<10%). Future studies may be conducted to confirm whether the low frequency of these tool criteria indicates true clinical variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"731-733"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Surgical Exceptional Management of Inoperable Hydatidosis with Radiotherapy: Case Report and Review of Literature.","authors":"Maria F Ramirez-Hidalgo, Moises Mira-Flores, María Lourdes Diaz, Lucia Tueros-Farfan, Pau Solé Florensa, Saray Mormeneo-Bayo, Alfredo Jover-Sáenz","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0181","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertebral hydatidosis is a rare and severe form of echinococcosis with limited treatment options when surgery is not feasible. Radiotherapy has traditionally been considered ineffective, but emerging evidence suggests a potential role in disease control. We report the case of a 71-year-old man with chronic vertebral hydatidosis affecting fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum, causing nerve compression and soft tissue extension. Because of the inoperability of the lesion, the patient underwent radiology-guided drainage, followed by radiotherapy (54 gray in 27 fractions), resulting in significant clinical and radiological improvement, with no recurrence after 1 year. This case highlights radiotherapy as a promising adjunctive treatment in inoperable hydatidosis. The combination of radiotherapy with minimally invasive techniques may offer an effective therapeutic alternative. Further research is needed to establish its role in the management of complex cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"836-838"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Intestinal Amino Acid Absorption with the Uptake of Lactulose and Rhamnose in Adults with Environmental Enteropathy.","authors":"Nirupama Shivakumar, Sindhu Kashyap, Douglas J Morrison, Sarita Devi, Monica N Mweetwa, Phoebe Hodges, Anura V Kurpad, Paul Kelly","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0798","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is not clear whether impaired amino acid (AA) absorption occurs in adults with environmental enteropathy (EE). Therefore, we set out to determine the association between intestinal 13C615N-allo-isoleucine absorption (reflecting neutral AA transport) and lactulose-rhamnose ratio (LRR, reflecting permeability) in healthy adult volunteers (aged 18-35 years; N = 6) from India, and in those with biopsy-confirmed EE (N = 20) from Zambia. A 3-hour oral bolus protocol using 13C615N-allo-isoleucine (M), co-administered with lactulose and rhamnose sugars, was used to estimate AA absorption (as M area under the curve [AUC]) and LRR. Additionally, duodenal biopsies were collected from participants in Zambia. There was no association between allo-isoleucine absorption and LRR (separately by site or combined), but there was a significant positive correlation with crypt depth (N = 16; Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [rs] = 0.666; P-value = 0.005) in the Zambian participants. However, on exploratory analysis, the peak concentration (within first hour post-dose) of allo-isoleucine was significantly and positively correlated with the percentage of rhamnose dose recovered (%R; N = 24, participants combined; rs = 0.434; P-value = 0.034), and with crypt depth (N = 16; rs = 0.713; P-value = 0.002). There were differences noted between the two sites: Zambian participants had a significantly lower median [range]%R (3.0 [1.0-4.6] versus 6.1% [3.2-7.7]) and allo-isoleucine (M + [M-1] AUC, 1.62 [0.73-5.44] versus 4.41 [3.69-5.37] µM*h/L) compared with those from India. In conclusion, allo-isoleucine absorption correlated with %R (reflecting intestinal absorptive surface area) but not LRR.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"758-764"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Series of Snakebites and Complicated Pit Viper Envenomation Management: Retrospective Experience from a Tertiary-Level Hospital in Central America.","authors":"Monica R A Pachar Flores, Jose A Suárez","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0720","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease, prevalent in Panama, having the highest incidence rate in Central America. There are currently no national management guidelines or local antivenom production available. Currently, we use regional polyvalent antivenom and recommendations from Central American institutions. Additionally, there is a significant lack of data and published information on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of snakebites in Panama. Providers in Panama conducted an exploratory study on snakebites in Panama's main reference public hospital. A total of 27 cases were analyzed, primarily in men aged 40-49 years. A total of 40.7% of snakes were identified at the genus level, with Bothrops, Micrurus, and Lachesis being the most common. A total of 88.9% of cases were classified as bothropic, whereas 7.4% were classified as elapidic, and 3.7% were classified as colubrid; 18.5% of cases were classified as mild, whereas 48.1% were classified as moderate, and 29.6% were classified as severe. The most common local symptoms (96%) included swelling, erythema, pain, and bleeding at the bite site, with bleeding as the primary systemic symptom. Of the 27 cases, 12 patients (44.4%) developed complications, totalling 22 events. Common complications included life-threatening venom-induced coagulopathy and oliguric acute kidney injury. No deaths were recorded. Antibiotic use was noted in 77.8% of cases. These cases highlight the urgent need to reassess snakebite classification and local species knowledge. National guidelines that consider antibiotic stewardship are necessary, along with research on snakebite management, complications, and disability follow-up in Panama.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"919-929"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Electroencephalography to Assess Coma Etiology in Children with Retinopathy-Negative Cerebral Malaria.","authors":"Mrinmayee Takle, Alexander Andrews, Brittany A Riggle, Tesfaye Zelleke, Dana Harrar, Jiahui Zhang, Bo Zhang, Kyle J Wilson, Nicholas A V Beare, Terrie E Taylor, Karl B Seydel, Stephen Ray, Douglas G Postels","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0377","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autopsy studies of children dying of cerebral malaria (CM) have revealed that those with malarial retinopathy exhibited high levels of sequestration in the cerebral vasculature, whereas children with retinopathy-negative CM exhibited lower sequestration levels and possible nonmalarial causes of death. This suggests that children dying of retinopathy-negative CM have nonmalarial coma etiologies with concomitant incidental parasitemia, which is common in high malaria transmission areas. Subsequent studies have challenged this assertion, positing that retinopathy-negative CM and retinopathy-positive CM are variants of the same disease pathophysiology or host biology, both caused by acute malaria infection. We recently determined that electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to discriminate between a malarial coma (CM) and a nonmalarial coma. To better understand the contribution of acute malaria infection in the pathophysiology of retinopathy-negative CM, we compared qualitative and quantitative EEG findings from 30-minute EEG recordings of Malawian children aged 3 months to 14 years hospitalized at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital with retinopathy-negative CM, retinopathy-positive CM, and nonmalarial coma. Neither qualitative nor quantitative EEG interpretation methods allow for the discrimination between children with retinopathy-positive CM and those with retinopathy-negative CM. Conversely, quantitative EEG readily differentiated children with retinopathy-negative CM from those with nonmalarial coma (area under the receiving operating characteristic [AUROC] curve of 0.83). When combining qualitative and quantitative EEG interpretation methods, the ability of EEG to distinguish retinopathy-negative CM from nonmalarial EEG increases (AUROC of 0.87). The EEGs of children with retinopathy-negative CM are similar to those of children with retinopathy-positive CM and significantly different from those of children with nonmalarial coma, supporting the hypothesis that acute malarial infection is pathophysiologically important in retinopathy-negative CM.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"809-816"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Yield of Strongyloides stercoralis Screening in Immunocompromised Patients and Those with Anticipated Immunocompromise in a Dutch Tertiary Hospital: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Elsemieke Te Linde, Sonja E van Roeden, Frans M Verduyn Lunel, Leo G Visser, Anke H W Bruns","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0803","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the intestinal helminth Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis). It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions but increasingly diagnosed in nonendemic countries because of migration and travel. In immunocompromised patients, infection with S. stercoralis can lead to a potentially lethal hyperinfection syndrome. Consequently, several guidelines recommend screening immunocompromised patients for S. stercoralis IgG. We aimed to assess the yield of this screening in our tertiary hospital in the Netherlands, a nonendemic country. We performed a retrospective cohort study, in which we identified all immunocompromised patients and those expected to be immunocompromised who were tested for S. stercoralis IgG between January 2010 and April 2022. For these patients, we collected demographic and clinically relevant data from electronic patient files. Strongyloides stercoralis IgG test results were positive in 17/379 patients (4.5%), all of whom were born in an endemic country. Eosinophilia was present in 7/17 patients (41.2%). Over the years, the number of diagnostic tests performed for S. stercoralis IgG has increased significantly, but the number of positive test results per year has not. Focusing screening on patients who have lived in endemic regions and less on travelers will improve diagnostic yield. We recommend screening all immunocompromised patients from high-endemic countries and highly immunocompromised patients with relevant travel history. For less severely immunocompromised patients, screening should be individualized based on travel characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"827-832"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather, Air Pollution, and Seasonality: Predictors of Pathogen-Associated Conjunctivitis Outbreaks in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.","authors":"Meenu Chaudhary, Daisy Yan, Sanjeeta Sitaula, Lina Zhong, Cindi Chen, Kevin Ouimette, Yuheng Liu, Thomas Abraham, Danny Yu, Aaron Chang, Armin Hintewirth, Benjamin F Arnold, Stephen D McLeod, Travis C Porco, Michael S Deiner, Jessica Shantha, Thomas M Lietman, Gerami D Seitzman, Thuy Doan","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0053","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conjunctivitis outbreaks can herald pandemics. However, their relationships with weather and air pollution factors are not well understood. Kathmandu in Nepal has defined wet-dry seasons and lies in a bowl-shaped valley that traps air pollutants with levels many-folds higher than recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). From 2021 to 2023, we collected conjunctival samples from patients with presumed infectious conjunctivitis in Kathmandu, Nepal, for pathogen identification. With publicly available weather and air quality databases, we assessed the relationship between environmental factors and the prevalence of different pathogen types by performing binary logistic regression model building and cosinor regression analysis. High precipitation was associated with an increased odds of RNA virus infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.24-2.72; P = 0.003), whereas higher ozone levels were associated with decreased odds of RNA virus infections (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.29-0.69; P <0.001). The odds of bacterial infection increased 4.2-fold for every 1 SD µg/m3 increase in ozone (SD = 11 µg/m3; 95% CI = 1.75-11.67; P <0.001), and the odds of fungal infection increased 1.62-fold for every 1 SD µg/m3 increase in nitric oxide (SD = 0.97 µg/m3; 95% CI = 1.02-2.49; P = 0.041). Cases associated with different taxa peaked at different times: pre-monsoon season for bacteria, during monsoon season for RNA viruses, and post-monsoon season for fungi. Our results suggest the importance and varying influence of local climate and air quality conditions on the etiology of conjunctivitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"908-916"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disparities in Toxoplasmosis, \"Other\" Infections (Syphilis, HIV, Hepatitis Viruses, Varicella-Zoster Virus, and Parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes Simplex Virus Seroprevalence and Childbirth Experiences between Migrant and Nonmigrant Pregnant Women in Italy: A Single-Center Study.","authors":"Luisa Frallonardo, Francesco Di Gennaro, Miriana Bevilacqua, Giuliana Metrangolo, Angelo Dargenio, Laura De Santis, Giacomo Guido, Vittorio Guerra, Miriam Dellino, Antonella Vimercati, Annalisa Saracino, Ettore Cicinelli","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0164","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.25-0164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxoplasmosis, \"other\" infections (syphilis, HIV, hepatitis viruses, varicella-zoster virus, and parvovirus B19), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus (TORCH) complex poses significant risks for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Additionally, the childbirth experience, particularly for migrant women, is shaped by sociocultural and linguistic factors. This study evaluated the prevalence of TORCH infections and compares childbirth experiences between migrant and nonmigrant pregnant women in Italy. This observational study was conducted from January 1 to October 30, 2024, and it included 293 pregnant women (91 migrants and 202 nonmigrants) attending the Policlinic Hospital University of Bari, Italy. Participants were categorized into migrants (n = 91, 31.1%) and nonmigrants (n = 202, 69.9%). Demographic data, TORCH infection status, and childbirth experiences were collected. The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire assessed patient-reported outcomes related to quality of care, communication, and decision-making. Statistical analysis was performed, with a significance threshold of P <0.05. Migrant women showed a higher prevalence of Toxoplasma IgG positivity compared with nonmigrants (56% versus 21%) and reported significantly fewer prenatal visits (median: 5 versus 9, P = 0.02). Migrant women exhibited higher immunity to some TORCH infections but had fewer prenatal visits, lower vaccination adherence, and significant communication barriers, despite reporting a more positive childbirth experience. Enhancing access to interpreters, culturally competent care, and vaccination programs is essential for ensuring equitable maternal care.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"848-856"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance of Common Circulating Enteric Bacteria and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Five Satellite Laboratories in Rwanda, 2014-2022.","authors":"Edouard Ntagwabira, Justin Mugiraneza, Pacifique Nizeyimana, Jean Pierre Ngangali, Noel Gahamanyi, Tharcisse Mbonariba, Reuben Sindayiheba, Thadee Bwanakweli, Jean Baptiste Mazarati, Murangwa Anthere, Isabelle Mukagatare, John Baptist Nkuranga, Claude Mambo Muvunyi","doi":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0585","DOIUrl":"10.4269/ajtmh.24-0585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diarrhea diseases are a significant public health problem in Africa. In Rwanda, they are ranked third among the top causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. However, limited studies have been conducted to identify common circulating enteric pathogenic bacteria in Rwanda. In this study, we aimed to determine common circulating enteric pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Rwanda. The study was conducted by using a prospective cross-sectional design involving five satellite hospital laboratories. Two stool specimens from patients with diarrhea per site were collected between 2014 and 2022 and cultured using standard microbiology techniques. The isolated bacteria were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Of the 2,393 samples analyzed during the study, 217 (9%) exhibited bacterial growth. Isolated bacteria indicated the prevalence of Shigella spp. (4.4%), Vibrio cholerae (3.1%), Salmonella spp. (1.4%), and Escherichia coli (0.1%). A statistical analysis revealed that water source, hand washing, and boiled water were significantly associated with infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Shigella spp. exhibited resistance to tetracycline (71%), ampicillin (68%), and chloramphenicol (42%). Vibrio cholerae exhibited resistance to ampicillin (51%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (49%), tetracycline (32%), gentamicin (32%), and chloramphenicol (26%). Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed that all isolated bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, whereas Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella spp. were most sensitive to tetracycline.</p>","PeriodicalId":7752,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"744-748"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12493254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}