Studies in human ecology最新文献

{"title":"Biodemographic and sociocultural factors in two generations of families from six Polish rural and urban populations.","authors":"N Wolański","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There were investigated 6967 families from 6 rural regions, under industrialization, and industrialized urban regions. In the grandparents generation there were taken into account 10 traits (an education level, a mating radius, and a stature) and in parents generation 17 traits (the mentioned-above ones and a number of family members, a flat size, incomes, an employees No., a life mode, smoking etc. Numerical characteristics of traits have been calculated jointly and separately in six populations, matrices of correlation have been constructed and moreover factorial analysis have been carried out, as a result of which 8 rotated factors have been obtained. The highest cultural mobility (increase in the level of education) from generation to generation occurs in the population of textile industry town Lódź. The highest improvement of biological status, the increase in mating radius and high incomes are characteristic for this regions, too. On the other side are villages with low culture mobility (not large increase in education level), slight improvement of biological status, almost no migrations, overcrowded flats and low income per family member. The relations between pairs of traits appear to vary largely in several populations. Generally is a high correlation between the education level of the same family members in both generations. The has been stated negative correlation between grandfather stature both of the mother and the father lines, with occurring of positive assortative mating in the couples of two generations. In both investigated generations there is the positive assortative mating, but the negative correlation in the stature between grandfathers of the mother and the father lines. The grandparents education level is correlated with their and their offsprings stature. The duration of holidays is one of the best (closely correlated with others) indicators of life mode, and partially of a given family living conditions, too. 8 hidden factors have been separated: a consciousness, mode of life, a number of family members, a genetic factor (stature), migrations, living conditions, incomes. This 8 factors have different ranks (evaluated as a position in sequence expressing in % the share in being explained variance) in six investigated rural and urban populations, explaining together 54-55% of the total variance of analyzed family traits. The consciousness occurs generally as a first factor. As far, as the mode of life is concerned, the rank of its factor is less in villages than in towns, and reciprocally the ranks of such factors as a number of family members, migrations and living conditions, are greater in villages than in towns.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"55-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computer modelling of processes in ecosystems--general principles.","authors":"P Kowalik","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Concept of the mathematical modelling of ecosystems is presented, starting with a set of variables and a set of relations. Examples are given for the models of plant populations in terrestrial ecosystems. The differences between well-structured and ill-structured problems are shown with some methodological consequences for strategy of applications of computer models.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"11 ","pages":"149-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18637654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological status of Jastarnia, Szczawnica and Krościenko populations as an effect of adaptation to seaside and low mountain conditions.","authors":"A Siniarska,&nbsp;R Kozioł-Kołodziejska,&nbsp;T Mantorska","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The material consists of the families from Krościenko and Szczawnica examined in 1983 (309 men and 256 women) and of the families from Jastarnia examined in 1987 (163 men and 192 women). In addition to 43 biological traits (somatic, physiological, and psychomotor), also socio-economic conditions of families were analyzed, along with basic demographic data for the study areas. It has been found that migrations of people and marital radius were higher in Jastarnia than in Pieniny, and at the same time infant mortality was higher in Jastarnia, although living conditions were better there (more rooms and more opportunities for additional income). Children and youth of both areas were characterized by a medium-strong body build. Stature, body weight, and adipose tissue were higher in Jastarnia than in Pieniny. Moreover, the inhabitants of Pieniny were europrosopus and hyperbrachycephalic, whereas the inhabitants of the seaside areas were leptoprosopic and brachycephalic. The vascular-respiratory system of the seaside population was characterized by lower mean hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit index as compared with those in the low-mountain population. Most of the respiratory traits (VC, Ap, VE, MVV, FEV1), however, were higher in Jastarnia, only the frequency of respiration (f) being higher in Pieniny. A comparison of psychomotor traits showed no difference in the static strength and muscular explosive power between the two populations, but agility traits were higher in Jastarnia, whereas the body balance and musculatory endurance were better in the Pieniny population.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"165-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12517299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regression of body build and motor fitness in 7-19-year-old Polish youth on energy use and demographic properties of regions.","authors":"N Wolański,&nbsp;R Przeweda,&nbsp;H Zaremba,&nbsp;R Trześniowski","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A total of 65487 girls and 62002 boys aged from 7 to 19 years were examined in towns and villages all over Poland. Coefficients of multiple regression and percentage of explained variation in body build and motor fitness (somatic-fitness traits) of youth were calculated in relation to the variation in economic activity (as measured by electric energy use) and in demographic properties of 98 regions of Poland (urban and rural areas of 49 provinces separately). Calculations were made separately for girls 7-8, 9-10, 14-15, and 18-19 years old and for boys 7-8, 11-12, 16-17, and 18-19 years old, also for increases between these age classes in towns and villages separately. This is an extension of the analysis based on the correlation of these traits in 9.5-year-old girls and 11.5-year-old boys (Wolański et al. 1990). The regression of somatic-fitness traits on some demographic and economic properties of regions (regional factors) is most significant for rural boys, a little less significant for rural girls, and it is weakest for urban boys. The largest differences in the regression of somatic-fitness traits on regional factors between age classes were noted for rural girls, moderate for urban youth, and the smallest for rural boys. Dependence of somatic-fitness traits on regional factors increased with age. It was most clearly expressed in urban boys, and least clear in rural girls. But the strongest relationships at an age of 18 years occurred only in towns (for both sexes), whereas at an age of 9 years for rural girls and at an age of 16 years for rural boys. The analyzed traits of body build and physical fitness in youth were most strongly related to the percentage of urban population in a region, especially for urban and rural boys and rural girls. In urban girls, the most important factor was migration rate. Generally, the second most important factor influencing somatic-motor traits was electric energy use per 100 km2. The strongest effect of regional factors on motor-fitness traits was recorded for runs, standing long jump, and sit-ups, whereas running broad jump (normalized on stature) and trunk flexibility were least affected. Among body build traits, Kaup index and chest circumference were most affected, whereas arm circumference (normalized on stature twice stronger), and chest flexibility were least influenced. For example, the strongest relationship was noted between Kaup index (35.1%) in 9.5-year-old girls and regional infant death rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"207-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12518789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory-cardiovascular adaptations in 7-49-year-old inhabitants of selected regions of Poland.","authors":"R Kozioł","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper is based on the examination of 2789 individuals of both sexes, aged 7-8, 10-11, 14-15, and 29-49 years, inhabiting the Suwałki region (S), Lublin Coal Basin (LCB), Bełchatów Industrial Center (BIC), Dabrowa Basin in Silesia region (DB) and the city of Lódź. Some respiratory-cardiovascular system and blood traits were analyzed (apnoea, minute lung volume, vital capacity, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit index, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate). It has been found that compensation of function within the respiratory and the cardiovascular system (an increase in some traits combined with a decrease in some others) is a characteristic way of adaptation to an agricultural environment with a harsh climate (the Suwałki region). In areas under industrialization (LCB and BIC) a functional compensation was observed for all the features under study. In DB, phenomenon of compensation was observed in children, and symptoms at the border of non-adaptation and overadaptation (most traits had average values, whereas respiratory and blood traits tended to be above average) were noted in adults. The inhabitants of Lódź were characterized by a high minute volume and long apnoea. Children were characterized by a compensation within the respiratory and the cardiovascular system, whereas in adults the response ranged from compensation within traits of one of the functional systems to the phenomenon at the border of non-adaptation and overadaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"221-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12518790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental screening of Afro-American infants using the Wolański Gross Motor Evaluation.","authors":"S K Chapman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to assess the appropriateness of using the Wolański Gross Motor Evaluation (WGME) to screen for development delay in Afro-American infants of low socioeconomic status. Screening of 122 Afro-American infants at the Jefferson County (Alabama, USA) Department of Health well-child clinics was performed using the WGME. No differences were noted in the performance scores of males and females. The Afro-American infants of low socioeconomic status received higher performance scores at each given age than did white, middle-class U.S. infants tested in another study. The Afro-American infants also scored higher at each given age than the Polish infants on whom the WGME norms were established. The WGME does seem to be an appropriate screening tool in terms of practicality and the items are appropriate prior to onset of walking for the population studied. Normative data on different populations is needed in developing grids that can be used appropriately. Further studies are needed to establish reliability and validity.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"107-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12517294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gross motor skills in Navajo American Indian children one year or under.","authors":"S K Stratman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to gather information on the appropriateness of using the Wolański Gross Motor Evaluation (WGME) with a Navajo population. Eighty normal healthy Navajo children (41 boys, 39 girls) were tested within 7 days of 4,6,9 and 12 months of age at Well Baby Clinics on the Navajo Indian Reservation. Total scores on the WGME were calculated for each age group. The scores of the Navajo boys and girls at each age were compared using a one-tailed Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, a = .05, to look for gender-related differences at each age. No significant gender-related differences were found. The scores of the Navajo infants did not correspond with the existing WGME grids. Navajo infants appeared to score substantially higher than the Polish sample at 4 months. At six months the mean scores of Navajo infants fell just above the 95th %ile on the existing WGME grids but scores below the mean fell within the grids. At 9 and 12 months the of Navajo infants fell between the 15th and 65th %iles on the infants grids. These results indicate that normative data on the WGME would need to be gathered on Navajo infants before the test could be used for screening with that population.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"115-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12517295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-economic conditions of the family and somatic and physiological properties of parents and offspring.","authors":"A Siniarska","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper discusses problems related to the formation of the somatic and physiological traits of the human body seen against a social and economic background. Source material for the study was collected upon the examination in 1975-1982 of a group of 1,108 families (altogether 3,830 persons including 1,756 men) from urban, rural and industrial areas of Poland. Their biological status was described by fourteen somatic and nineteen physiological traits. Social standing and material well-being were defined by four factors: culture, living conditions, genetic factor of mother and the same factor of father. These formed the criteria for a division of the families into sixteen types. It was only within such sub-groups that biological development of individual family members was assessed. In every type of family and in every one of its members we can distinguish positively and negatively developed traits. In couples where both spouses were tall, the biological development of the majority of traits was rather satisfactory. In the cases where husband and wife differed in stature (mother taller than father in categories specific for each sex), then blood properties of offspring had higher values than in the reverse type of mating. Analysis of traits unrelated to body height showed fathers more sensitive to family environment factors than mothers, while their offspring showed a much weaker sensitivity than either parent.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"139-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12517297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization and industrialization versus biological status of human populations.","authors":"A Siniarska,&nbsp;A Antoszewska,&nbsp;C Dziewiecki","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper concerns the biological status of the Polish population. A comparison was made for inhabitants of towns, villages, and areas under different levels of industrialization and environmental pollution. It has been found that urban populations as compared with rural ones were characterized by a smaller number of children within a family, higher natural abortion rate, and higher infant mortality (estimated during the first 24 hours of life). An analysis of birth rate in three groups of birth weight has shown that rural habitats were more suitable for prenatal development than urban habitats, as a higher proportion of newborns had optimum body weight at birth in villages. It has been observed that the biological status of fetus (estimated as the body weight at birth) depended on the socio-economic conditions (a relatively high birth rate with optimum body weight in the first half of the 1970s, and a low birth rate in the years of the social crisis in Poland in 1981-82). Moreover, it has been found that in agricultural areas relatively little polluted (the Suwałki region), birth rate and total mortality were high, respiratory traits reached highest values, and blood pressure was low as compared with values of these traits in other areas of Poland. The inhabitants of industrial centers (Puchaczów, Bukowno) were exposed to heavier environmental pollution than the rural population, and at Puchaczów they were characterized by a short stature and low body weight. The seaside region (Jastarnia) was over-crowded and also affected by the pollution of the Puck Bay. Both these factors could account for a high mortality and emigration rate. Inhabitants of the areas being industrialized (Bełchatów) were characterized by a low total mortality, below average for infants, poor development of the respiratory system, but a high psychomotor fitness. In the city of Lódź and in Strzemieszyce, environmental pollution was very high, which was combined with a very high total mortality, and in Lódź also with a high infant mortality. In Strzemieszyce, the values of some physiological traits such as Hb and HR were increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"335-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12517886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proportion of some somatic, physiological, and psychomotor traits to extreme values of selected morpho-physiological traits in humans.","authors":"R Kozioł-Kołodziejska","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The material analyzed in this paper consists of inhabitants of the Suwałlki region (rural area), Bełchatów Industrial Center (under industrial development), Dabrowa Górnicza Region (heavy industrial region) and Lódź (textile industry city). A total of 1012 individuals of both sexes were examined. They were aged from 4.5 to 24.4 years, and characterized by extreme values (small or large) of five basic traits (body weight, vital capacity of lungs, heart rate after work, hematocrit index, and diastolic blood pressure). Individual morphological, physiological, and psychomotor traits were examined in relation to extreme values of these five basic traits. It has been found that some traits were compensatory with respect to the basic traits, but some others were adapted in different ways.</p>","PeriodicalId":77401,"journal":{"name":"Studies in human ecology","volume":"10 ","pages":"233-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12518792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}